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8/3/2019 Dr Martin Richardson-The Future of Solid State Lasers
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The future of solid state lasers
Martin RichardsonTownes Laser Institute, College of Optics & Photonics
University of Central Florida, Orlando, [email protected]
June 21, 2011
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]8/3/2019 Dr Martin Richardson-The Future of Solid State Lasers
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The first laser a ruby laser
May 17, 1960
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Vernueil ProcessCzochralski process
Q-switching the invention thatnearly killed it all!
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The age of glass lasers
Flashlamp-pumped pulsed crystalline lasers eventually
limited by laser material size and damage threshold.
Crystal size limited by boule diameters. Dopant ~ 1%Maximum Nd:YAG rod diameter ~ 1 cm.Damage thresholds ~ 20 J/cms
Repetition rates 1- 10 Hz. Limited by heat deposition.
Nd- doped glass
Amplifiers use 3,072 42-kg neodymium-
doped phosphate glass slabs, measuring
3.4 by 46 by 81 cms
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Solid state lasers at the end of the 80s
Flashlamp pumping kept commercial
solid state systems to low powers.
Largely pulsed regime.
Low repetition-rates, ~ 100s Hz
heating, flashlamp recycling time,
Low efficiencies (
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Enter the 90s the age of diode pumping
808 nm pumping for Nd:YAG
..940 nm pumping for Yb:YAG even better
10.5% for Yb:YAG
LLNL 50 kW diode array
Average powers jump from 100Ws to KW
Efficiencies increase 100s fold to 20-30%
Renewed interest in crystalline lasers- 100 x higher thermal shock resistance- higher thermal conductivity
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Trumpf
Diodes enable new pump architectures
Rod type architecture Thin disc architecture
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JHPSL Northrop Grumman 100 kW SSDPL
To be deployed at HELSTF summer 2011
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Trumpf markets 16 kW thin disc DP SSL
Trumpf
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High power fiber lasersRapid development ofcommercial systems (IPG,
SPI, Nufern, )
Single mode powers of ~ 1kW.
BEAM COMBINING
Multiple beam tiling
Coherent Beam Combining
Spectral Beam Combining
25 kW
Nufern
SPI
IPG
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Diode pumping also enabled SS ultrafast
CW DPSL (2) pumpedTi:Sapphire
Regenerative and multi-passTi:Sapphire amplifiers pumped byDP or flashlamp pumped SSls
Pulse durations 50 -500 fs
Pulse energies < 10 mJ
Repetition rates 1 kHz 100 kHz
Newport -Spectra
Coherent
Amplitude
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The limits of todays technologies
High power SS lasersCreated a near-$B market in high power lasers for
manufacturing.Reaching limitations in high power architecture imposed by thermalloading and single crystal host.Beam quality and thermal loading primary constraints.Yb:YAG the most efficient SS laser material.Cryogenic Yb:YAG offering improvements in thermal dissipation.
High power fiber lasersRapid rise in high power fiber laser market ( $100Ms/year).Efficiency and cost important drivers.Mode size limiting maximum power.Component development (couplers, isolators..).
Ultrafast lasersTi:Sapphire based systems limited market penetration.Power (rep.rate), cost, complexity and efficiency.
Lack of identified single large market.
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Tomorrow New transformative technologiesNew Laser Materials
Polycrystalline materials transparent ceramicsNew laser host materials. New SSL architecturesNew infra-red laser materials. High powers in the Mid IR
New Pump SourcesCurrently limited to near IR high power diodes
Visible and UV diode sourceshigh power 15XX nm and 19XX nm diode sources
New Fiber ArchitecturesLMA fiber designs. Holey fiber and HOM designsNew fiber preform and fabrications techniques
Next generation of ultrafast lasersFiber-based systems. Increased reliability, efficiencyReductions in cost, complexity, footprint.Manufacturing market-leverage development
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Tomorrow New transformative technologiesNew Laser Materials
Polycrystalline materials transparent ceramicsNew laser host materials. New SSL architecturesNew infra-red laser materials. High powers in the Mid IR
New Pump SourcesCurrently limited to near IR high power diodes
Visible and UV diode sourceshigh power 15XX nm and 19XX nm diode sources
New Fiber ArchitecturesLMA fiber designs. Holey fiber and HOM designsNew fiber preform and fabrications techniques
Next generation of ultrafast lasersFiber-based systems. Increased reliability, efficiencyReductions in cost, complexity, footprint.Manufacturing market-leverage development
General trend to monolithic integrated functionality lightengines of the future
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Single Crystal Growth
Goal: Single crystal
One large grain
No grain boundaries
Difficult to grow crystals from high temperature melt:
Compositional variations
Crucible interactions
Phase transitions (strain cracking)
Poor RE solubility and uniformity
Size limitations
Low yield
Cannot grow large crystals or complexshapes from best crystalline materials
Split
crack
High Temperature Growth from Melt
RE doped powder
Sinter/Densify
(Add sintering aid)
Grains containing
rare earth ions
Transparent Polycrystalline Ceramic
Many small grains
Grain boundaries
Hot Press
Gas
HIPRE doped powder
Sinter/Densify
(Add sintering aid)
Grains containing
rare earth ions
Grains containing
rare earth ions
Transparent Polycrystalline Ceramic
Many small grains
Grain boundaries
Hot Press
Gas
HIP
Ceramic Process
Low temperature (
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Nano-powder synthesis
(wet-chemistry, spray pyrolysis)
Powder shaping
(cold pressing, slip casting)
Pressureless Sintering Field Assisted Sintering Hot-uniaxial pressing
Hot-Isostatic Pressing
(Ar, >150 MPa)
Post-sintering heat-treatments
(annealing, re-crystallization)
Powder handling
(de-agglomeration, blending)
Sinter-HIP
Binder burn-out, pre-sintering
CRITICAL STEPS
spinel
Fabrication of transparent laser ceramics
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Milestones on the ceramic laser road67 kW
100 kW
2006 2011
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Ceramic Nd:YAG large sizes- bonded materials
Konoshima
LLNL
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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
Attenuationcoefficie
nt(cm-1)
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
Maxim
umLaserPower(W)
Improvements in Nd:YAG ceramic laser power
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Develop of ceramic laser materials will bedriven also by other applications.
Preliminary diffusion bonded SPINEL samples(3 x 3 x ) showing excellent bonding
Sangera, NRL
Large IR-transmittingwindows
Next generationnuclear scintillators
Medical imagingHomeland Security
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Scintillator CeramicsScintillator Applications
Bruno Viana
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Property Measurements Fused Silica OFG Glass SPINEL
Optical
Absorption Coefficient (ppm cm-1 at
1.06 m)
12 75 6
Refractive Index (at 1.06 m) 1.45 1.45 1.707
dn/dT (/K) at 633 nm 1.2x10-5 -9.2x10-6 2.3 x10-5
Stress Optic Coefficient (/Pa) 3.4x10-13 4.1x10-13 3x10-13
Mechanical
Density (g/cm3) 2.2 3.75 3.58
Poissons Ratio 0.17 0.31 0.27
Hardness (kg/mm2) 600 500 (est) 1645
Fracture Strength (MPa) 50 102 350
Youngs Modulus (GPa) 74.5 69.6 271
Thermal
Thermal Expansion Coeff. (/K) 0.5x10-6 14.9x10-6 5.9 x 10-6
Heat Capacity Cp (J/g/K) 0.74 0.67 0.604
Thermal Conductivity (W/(m.K) 1.38 0.7 13.4
SPINEL compared to Fused Silica: 2x lower absorption coefficient
> 2.5x harder and 7x stronger 10x higher thermal conductivity
Property Comparison with Other Materials
SPINEL compared to OFG glass: >10x lower absorption coefficient 3x stronger and > 3x harder 3x lower CTE 20x higher thermal conductivity
Aggawal & Sanghera
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Engineered Laser Ceramics
Example of a non-uniform doping
Transverse doping profile geometry scalable to multiple kW
R. Gaume
Stanford
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Engineered Laser Ceramics
Fabrication of dopant-engineered ceramics
Non-reactive sintering:
Cold-pressing, Slip-casting, Tape-casting
Ceramic ceramic bondingCeramic single crystal bonding
Bonding of bulk materials:
Reactive sintering:Cold-pressing, Slip-casting, Tape-casting
Courtesy of A. Ikesue
A i t i C i M t i l
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Anisotropic Ceramic Materials- A new class of ceramics
Akayama, Sato & Tiara, Adv. Solid State Lasers, Denver 2009
Interaction between spin-orbit momentum of
f-electrons and host material under an
applied magnetic field.
Magnetic orientation of rare
earth-doped diamagnetic material
RE: Ca10(PO4)6F2 (RE:Nd, Yb) FAP
B
2 T
applied during
slip casting
Crystal orientation of ceramicsFor Yb:FAP (002) and (004) planes
corresponded to c-plane: (003) planecorresponded to a-planeFor Nd:FAP (003) plane correspondedto c-plane:
Absorption and Emission spectraStrongly axis-dependentc-axis/a-axis absorption coefft 1.3C-axis/a-axis emission ~ 1.43
N fib l t h l i
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New fiber laser technologies
New fiber designs
NKT Photonics
For the future:100 kW class fiber lasers?High power mid- IR fiber laser?Polycrystalline (ceramic) fiber lasers?Single crystal fiber lasers?
New IR fiber lasers
High power tunable,
all-fiber 2mTm fiber laser.
C-R 790 nm pumping
200 pm linewidth
LPL, Townes InstituteNufern
Rod-type PCF fibers
New LMA fiber designs
N lt f t l
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New ultra-fast lasers
Amplitude
IMRA
Raydiance
New GeometriesOPCPA systems. Hybrid amplifier technologies
Quasi- single cycle, CEP.
New compact high power fiber lasersRugged low cost systems
Initial niche market applications
Many new start-up companies
N l t t h l gi
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New laser component technologies
5 mm
5 mm
Waveguide
Layer
Diffractive Array of
Holes
New high power dispersive optics
Volume Bragg gratings Glebov, Optigrate
Guided-mode
Resonant
Filters
Johnson, UNCC
Optics for phase control
Direction oftranslation
Focusing element
DOE Glass sample
Input writingbeam
Direction oftranslation
Focusing element
DOE Glass sample
Input writingbeam
Direction oftranslation
Focusing element
DOE Glass sample
Input writingbeam
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Summary
A new era in SS laser technology
Light engines of the futureApproaching light-bulb efficienciesMonolithic integrated architectures
New laser sources and materialsceramic lasers
New infra-red materialsDiode pump sources in the visible and mid-IR
New laser modalitiesPhase and Spectral beam combining
Phase and mode controlmulti-pulse and multi-wavelength regimes
Many new application areasPrecision machining for electronics, medical, aeronauticsSSL enter medical therapy, imaging and surgery
Multiple applications in the defense and security fields
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Investments so far in the Townes Institute
Major Investment in Optical Fibers and Fiber Fabrication
> $2M investment in fiber fabrication facilities operational 2011
3 new faculty in optical fiber design, fabrication and applications
2010- 2011 Ceramic Laser Materials Initiative
Asst. Prof. Romain Gaume from Stanford to join in
Summer 2011.
Relocation of Stanford ceramics laboratory to UCF.
Appointment of 1-2 Research professors.
Townes Institute moves into Attoscience
Prof. Zenghu Chang moved to UCF 2010 from KSU. Joint position
with Physics Department. Critical mass in femtosecond lasers, High
Harmonic Generation, EUV and attoscience
Asst Prof. Ayman
Abouraddy
Quantum Optics
Multi-functional
fibers. Mid-IR.
Prof. Axel Schulzgen
Multi-structured
fibers. Fiber lasers.
Fibers for sensing.
Multi-functional
fibers. Mid-IR.
Asst Res. Prof. Rodrigo
Amezcua-Correa
Photonic crystal fibers
High temperature silica
fibers. Fiber lasers
http://www.creol.ucf.edu/People/Details.aspx?PeopleID=100688/3/2019 Dr Martin Richardson-The Future of Solid State Lasers
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Martin [email protected]
www.townes.ucf.edu
www lpl creol ucf edu
mailto:[email protected]://www.townes.ucf.edu/http://www.lpl.creol.ucf.edu/http://www.lpl.creol.ucf.edu/http://www.townes.ucf.edu/mailto:[email protected]