Scientific Research

Dr. Noura Al-dayan

Problem/Question

Observation/Research

Formulate a Hypothesis

Experiment

Collect and Analyze Results

Conclusion

Communicate the Results

Scientific research :Is studying or investigation phenomena or a problem scientifically using different methods

Scientific Method

Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Problem/Question: Develop a question or problem that

can be solved through experimentation.

Steps of the Scientific Method

2. Observation/Research: Make observations and research

your topic of interest.

Experimental Design Diagram.

Steps of the Scientific Method

3. Formulate a Hypothesis: Predict a possible answer to the problem

or question.

Example: If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will increase.

Hypothesis The hypothesis is an

educated guess about the relationship between the

independent and dependent variables.

Do you know the difference between the independent and

dependent variables?

Independent Variable

The independent, or manipulated variable, is a factor that’s intentionally varied by the experimenter.

Dependent Variable

The dependent, or responding variable, is the factor that may change as a result of changes made in the independent variable.

Steps of the Scientific Method

4. Experiment: Develop and follow a procedure.

Include a detailed materials list.The outcome must be measurable

(quantifiable).

Control Group In a scientific experiment, the

control is the group that serves as the standard of comparison.

The control group may be a “no treatment" or an “experimenter

selected” group.

Control Group The control group is exposed to the same

conditions as the experimental group, except for the variable being tested.

All experiments should have a control group.The constants in an experiment are all the factors that the experimenter attempts to keep the same

Trials

Trials refer to replicate groups that are exposed to the same conditions in an experiment.

Steps of the Scientific Method

5. Collect and Analyze Results:

Modify the procedure if needed.

Confirm the results by retesting.

Include tables, graphs, and photographs.

Steps of the Scientific Method

6. Conclusion: Include a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis. Make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedure.

Steps of the Scientific Method

7. Communicate the Results: Be prepared to present the project to an audience.

Expect questions from the audience.

Graduation project 1- Acknowledgment

2- list of contents

3- List of Tables

3 List of figures

4. Abstract

5- Introduction

6- Aim of the work

7- Review Of Literature

8- Materials and Methods

9- Results

10- Discussion

11- Conclusion

12- References

Project Roles

Font size : 16 for the titles14 for the text10 for the legends

Font type Times new RomanceNumber of pages 22-32Reference number 20-50

YOUR PROJECT GUIDE WILL BE YOUR SUPERVISORE

PROJECT NAME

Graduation projectMedical Laboratory Department

Written byYOUR NAME

Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesCollege of Applied Medical Sciences

Salman bin Abdulaziz UniversityFor

The degree of B.Sc.Supervised by

YOUR SUPERVISOR NAME AND POSTION

COVER PAGE

IntroductionState why you chose your particular project; tell why it is of interest or worthy of the attempt. State the explicit hypothesis (or hypotheses) that was (were) tested.

The Abstract is the description of your project as one paragraph, 250 word maximum. It has the following:Title , Background & Significance, Clear statement of the general question and the specific objectives ,Methods that will be used, explanation of how the methods will provide the data necessary to answer the question and finally Results and Conclusions

Abstract

MethodsGive sufficient details of methods (including information on materials used) to allow someone to duplicate your work, especially with respect to those factors that may have had major effects on results. Note any special problems and how you overcame them (e.g., protein precipitated unless pH was buffered)

MaterialsGive a names and brand names of machines and solution been used during the project .

ResultsPresent a summary of your data. This is where you cite your figures and tables. Graphs will usually be most appropriate for showing your findings, but data summaries (do not reproduce all your data) may be tabular. Include any non-quantitative observations in the text. Describe the analysis of the data including any statistical tests performed

Each table and figure should be cited in the text of your paper, and should be accompanied by an explanatory text legend. The legend should explain enough so that someone reading only the

legend can fully understand your table or figure. Include the meaning of any abbreviations used.

Table and Figure Legends

Avoid plagiarism

What is Plagiarism?

Plagiarism is the use of someone else’s ideas or language as they were created by you regardless of where you find them in a book, on a webpage, in an email. Whenever you include another person's information or wording in a document, you must acknowledge the source and include a citation that will tell your readers where you obtained it—otherwise you are guilty of plagiarism.Plagiarism is sometimes seen as intellectual theft-plagiarism.

quotation, paraphrase, and summary

Quotation: A quotation must use the exact words of the source. If the quotation is relatively short (usually fewer than 3 lines or 40 words), those words must be enclosed in quotation marks. At the end of the thesis , there would be a bibliographical entry that would give the author, the title of the source, the publisher, date of publication, etc. Paraphrase: To paraphrase is to put the ideas in a passage into our own words, usually following the order in which the ideas were presented in the original. All major ideas are included. Usually a paraphrase is a bit shorter than the original, but when terms or concepts have to be defined, a paraphrase might actually be longer. Summary: A summary puts the major idea(s) of a passage into our own words and significantly shortens it. Once again, you must attribute the ideas to the original source.

Discussion

State your conclusions. Was your null hypothesis rejected? How much confidence may one have in your results; how reliable are your results? Have additional questions been raised? Have you satisfied the objectives of your project? If you were to try to do the project again, would you do it differently?

Reference :There are few reference styles has been recommended by most world universities for medical and health science such as Vancouver Style Guide for Vancouver Style 

http://www.library.auckland.ac.nz/subject-guides/med/setref-vancouver.htm