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Government supported and community driven recovery projects after 2005 Kashmir earthquake Ingenious communication strategy for scientists and local stakeholders Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan

Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

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Page 1: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Government supported and community driven recovery projects after 2005 Kashmir earthquake

Ingenious communication strategy for scientists and local stakeholders

Dr. Sarosh H LodiInstitution of Engineers, Pakistan

Page 2: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Seismo – tectonic settings and Active Faults of Pakistan

Page 3: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

H

Page 4: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Kashmir Earthquake 2005:Consequences & Causes 

M. Asif KhanNational Centre of Excellence in Geology

University of Peshawar

Makran Seismic Zone

Chaman-Hindukush Seismic Zone

Kuchch-Gujerat Seismic Zone

Sulaiman-KirtharSeismic Zone

Himalayan Seismic Zone

Bhuj 2001 M7.6; Allah Band 1819 M 7.8

Armora 1945, M8.3

Quetta 1935, M7.5

Kashmir 2005, M7.6

Muchh 1931, M7.4

Kangra 1905, M ~8

Himalayan Seismic Zone

Dalbandin 2011, M7.2

Iran 2013, M7.8

Awaran 2013, M7.7

Page 5: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Date Epicentre, region Magnitude Max intensity1668 Samawani, Sindh 7.6 VIII to IX1819 Allahbund, Sindh 7.2 IX to X1852 Kahan, Balochistan 8 IX1868 Peshawar, KPK 6 VII to VIII1889 Jhalawan, Balochistan 8 VIII1892 Qilla Abdullah, Balochistan 6.8 VIII to IX1905 Kangra, North ~8 VII1909 Sibi, Balochistan 7 VIII to IX1929 Sibi, Balochistan 7 VIII to IX1931 Sharigh Valley, Balochistan 7 VIII to IX1931 Muchh, Balochistan 7.4 VII1935 Quetta, Balochistan 7.5 VIII1945 Pasni, Makran 8.3 VII to VIII2001 Bhuj, Gujarat 7.6 VII2005 Kashmir and Hazara 7.6 X2008 Ziarat, Balochistan 6.4, 6.4 VII2011 Dalbandin, Balochistan 7.2 IV to V2013 Mashkel, Balochistan 7.8 IX to X2013 Awaran, Balochistan 7.7 IX

Major Earthquakes

Page 6: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Arabian Plate

Interplate boundary

Population Growth in the Hazard Areas

Page 7: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Spatial Distribution of Population Density within Administrative Units

Page 8: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Building TypologiesBuilding TypologyNomenclature Type Picture

RC1 Reinforced concrete moment resisting frame  buildings

M1 Stone masonry

M2 Adobe masonry

M5 Brick masonry

M7 Wood/ Bamboo reinforced masonry

M8 Concrete block masonry

OO Others

Page 9: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Percentage of Building Types In Pakistan

62.38%14.60%

7.64%

5.27%5.19%

3.30%1.62%

Brick Masonry

Adobe Masonry

RC Buildings

Wood/Bamboo Reincorced

Stone Masonry

Block Masonry

Others

(M5)

(M2)

(RC1)

(M7)

(M1)

(M8)(OO)

Page 10: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Reinforced Concrete (RC1) Stone Masonry (M1) Adobe Masonry (M2)

Brick Masonry Buildings (M5)

Scale:1 Dot = 100 buildings

Wood/ Bamboo Reinforced Buildings (M7)

Scale:1 Dot = 100 buildings

Concrete Block Masonry (M8)

Page 11: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

SEMINAR ACI CODE

HYDERABAD BUILDING AND 

TOWN PLANNING REGULATIONS‐2007

???

KBCADHAFCCCKPTBu

ilding Co

des a

nd Im

plem

entatio

Page 12: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

7.6 Mw Kashmir 2005 Earthquake

• Devastated 30,000 km2 area. • Killed more than 73,000 people including 18000 school children. • About 600,000 families homeless• Affecting livelihood and infrastructure in nine districts

Page 13: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Reconstruction Target – 600,000 houses– 6298 educational facilities – 796 health units– 6440 km of road network – 50‐70 % of the infrastructure (telecom, power, water etc) 

• Challenge– Who & How …………– No Institutional Arrangement 

• Response– Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority” (ERRA) was constituted on 24th Oct 2005

13

Instructional Mechanism

Page 14: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Sectoral Challenges• ERRA intervened in twelve different sectors grouped under four 

clusters:– Direct Outreach to Households and Individuals, Rural Housing, Livelihood and Social Protection

– Social Services, Education Health, Water and Sanitation 

– Public Infrastructure, Governance, Transport, Power and Telecommunication

– Cross Cutting Programmes Disaster Risk Reduction, Environmental  Safeguards and Gender 

Equality

14

Page 15: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Housing‐ Challenges– Unreliable Data Base (No Updated Documentation Record Individuals & Land)

• Legal Aid Centers

– Bank Account for Cash Grant• Special Arrangement for Banking System 

– Male Dominant Society• Established Women Committees

15

Page 16: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Housing‐ Challenges

16

– Relocation • Individual‐ Comparatively Easier • Town‐ Alternate Site, Community resistance

– Many fold increase in Construction Activity ‐ Aggregated Demand of Building Material and Trained Workers 

• Construction Hub in affected Districts• Training of Costruction Workers 

– Deforestation ‐Tremendous pressure on Natural Resources 

Page 17: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Housing‐ Challenges

17

– Building Design/standards • Non‐engineered Structures‐Developing Guidelines 

• Dissemination among self buiders and contractors

• Seismic Buiding Code 

– Monitoring & Evaluation • Field AI Teams (Assistance and Inspection Teams)

• Grievances redress system for house ownerships, land availability and relocation issues.

Page 18: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Housing (updates & Impacts)• Updates

– 100 % reconstruction completed in 2012– Over 250,000 trained human resources for seismically safe non‐engineered construction. 

• Social Impact: – Promotion of  safer reconstruction methods and new technologies

– Established Culture of Compliance – Enhanced level of confidence in reconstructed houses. During a survey in 2008;  88 %consider their new house safer.  

18

Page 19: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Housing with Owner Driven Approach 

19

Page 20: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Health

• 306 health facilities (267 were pledged by donors but later 92 facilities were dropped)

• Challenges:   • Integration of Smaller Units into Primary Health Care

• Sustainability

20

First dialysis center at AJ& K, Abbass Institute of Medical Sciences, Muzzaffarabad

Page 21: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Health 

21

• Updates: • 100 % reconstruction completed in 2011.

Instead of pre EQ  smaller health unit an improved Rural Health Center with modern facilities of minor OT other diagnostic facilities was constructed at Chokothi‐AJK  

Page 22: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

HealthSocial Impact• A great proportion of patients felt donor/ NGO provided health facilities are better than the facilities managed by the government.  

22

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Better same Deterioated

2008 ERRA Social Impact Report 2008

05

101520253035404550

New Equipment& improved

medicine supply

ImprovedConstruction

Trained Staff

50

3515

Reason for Improved Health Facilities

Post EQ Facilities

65.5 %

30 %

Page 23: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

EducationChallenges:• Land availability was a big issue, many institution were to be relocated for improved facility. 

• Government department have serious capacity limitations

23

Instead of three to ten rooms Pre‐EQ facility more than 20 rooms school are built with all allied facilities

Page 24: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

EducationUpdates• 100 % completed by 2010.• Operation and maintenance of completed facilities is the basic challenge for concerned provincial and state government  

Social Impact• The new enrolment in primary schools has increased by 90 % as compared to pre‐EQ enrolment. 

24

Page 25: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Water Supply & Sanitation

Challenges• The scattered water sources in the rugged terrain and inadequate supply system

• 4001 Water Supply Schemes (WSS) and 623 sanitation projects.

25

Page 26: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Water Supply & Sanitation

26

Updates• 100 % completed

Social Impact• Installation of water supply schemes (WSS) within the proximity 75m radius compared to pre‐earthquake situation, on average, a household resulted in saving one hour daily.

• Improved behavioural changes on hygiene and sanitation in the community. 

Page 27: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Establishment of National Disaster Management System

Page 28: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Awaran, Pakistan, Mw=7.7 24 Sept 2013

Beyond Repair Damage Buildings

Casualties

4396 1085

Owner Driven Approach

Page 29: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Reconstruction by Balochistan Provincial Disaster Management Authority 

Challenges– Unreliable Data Base (No Updated Documentation Record Individuals & Land)

• Legal Aid Centers

– Bank Account for Cash Grant• Special Arrangement for Banking System 

– Insurgency/ Militancy • Reliable Local administration and NED University 

Page 30: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Housing with Owner Driven Approach 

Page 31: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Housing with Owner Driven Approach 

Page 32: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Housing with Owner Driven Approach 

Page 33: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Gaps in National Disaster Management System 

Policy

Research Practice

No formal system existed until recently to link the three important stake holders. There may a few stand alone examples of liaison 

Challenges• Political Will• Bureaucracy • Importance Realization

Not needed in the past

Three important pillar did not how to liaise 

Page 34: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

NDMA – PEC – University Nexusat National Level only

NDMA

Universities PEC

Building Code of Pakistan• Seismic Provisions• Building Energy Provisions• Building Electrical Safety Provisions• Fire Safety Provisions

Catalysts• The World Bank• UN Agencies• USAID, JICA, DFID etc.

No conscious efforts yet

Policy implement remains far from desirable in most of the cases

Page 35: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Dear Roger,I had an opportunity to read your paper in the Nature on corruption and comparison between developed and developing countries. It is a wonderful article, very detailed, comprehensive analysis and very articulate. The paper is supported by the necessary statistics and hence found its place the Nature. 

However, I am afraid that one cannot only blame 'poor corruption' as the root cause of poor and ill‐planned built environment ‐ the weapons of mass destruction.

I know nothing about political science like many other things, but the more I thing about it, more I realize the differences between the developing and developed countries. The basic question is what makes the two worlds so different and it may not be scientific to put blame on only one cause but I think it is the difference in the way these countries are governed. 

Unlike developing countries, developed countries are more economically strong and thus have more and better managed resources and hence they are what they are. I feel the difference is in the way developed countries have managed themselves. Developed countries are the result of prolonged and sustained good governance as compared to the developing countries. Developed countries are normally considered to be expensive but money collected from taxes and other service charges is well spent generally in developing infrastructure and provision of basic facilities. You may argue that this not the case but in relative terms it is. Corruption is the result of bad governance. I am experiencing it in Pakistan right from my childhood. As the governance is getting from bad to worse, so is corruption. More important position one holds in government more corrupt you ought to be. That's the system we have and I can vouch for that. I am sure it's not very different in other developing countries too. To me corruption is a symptom of bad governance like other symptoms i.e. lawlessness, inefficiencies, lack of capacity etc.  

Now a million dollar or may be a billion dollar question is how to change from bad to good governance. Look at how much money is being spent by the developing countries on disaster risk reduction by the developed world with very little success, if any. These days capacity building is the buzz word and there is huge thrust on community based approach i.e. leaving behind the governments. Is it intentional, consequence of past experiences? Will these types of efforts are going to be sustainable? Why there is bad governances?

Page 36: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Fruit for thought

• Forums like TC 21, ACECC may be the answer

Page 37: Dr. Sarosh H Lodi Institution of Engineers, Pakistan › TC21 › 1704Nepal.files › Presentation... · 2019-09-28 · Ingeniouscommunication strategy for scientists ... M8.3 Quetta

Thank you