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Dr Stephan Bojinski, GCOS Secretariat
CBS/GCOS Expert Meeting on GSN and GUAN, Asheville, USA
Global Climate Observing System
The GCOS Mission
To ensure that the data required to meet the needs of users for climate information are obtained and made available for:
• Climate system monitoring, climate change detection and attribution;
• Research to improve understanding, modelling and prediction of the climate system;
• Assessing impacts of, and vulnerability to, climate variability and change, e.g. extreme events, sea-level change, inputs for adaptation analyses;
• Application to sustainable economic development.
Global, long-term, high-quality, sustainable, reliable, …
GCOS Strategy Identify observational requirements for climate applications
Science panels (AOPC, OOPC, TOPC), partners, sponsors
Identify networks/systems needed to meet requirements
Build on existing systems to the extent possible
Work with partners to implement systems to GCOS standards;
other observing systems, sponsors, CEOS, IGOS, GEOSS…
Engage intergovernmental, regional and national bodies
UNFCCC/COP on ‘systematic observation’ requirements
National and regional entities to address deficiencies
Capacity building
Resource mobilization
Multi-governmental funding, national support
GCOS Cooperation Mechanism
GlobalClimate
ObservingSystem(GCOS)
WMOGlobal
Terrestrial Network forHydrology (GTN-H)Water
FAOGlobal
TerrestrialObserving
System(GTOS)
Land
WMOGlobal
AtmosphericWatch(GAW)
AtmosphericChemistry
WMOWWWGlobal
ObservingSystem(GOS)
Atmosphere
IOC/UNESCOGlobal Ocean
ObservingSystem(GOOS)Ocean
GCOS is comprised of climate components of various global observing systems including both satellite and in situ observations
OtherWCRP/GEWEX
BSRNSolar irradiance
Second Adequacy Report to UNFCCC (2AR)
Requested by SBSTA-15 (Marrakech, Nov. 2001) to: Determine progress since the First Adequacy Report (1998); Determine the degree to which current networks/systems meet
scientific requirements and observing principles; Assess how well current and planned systems meet the needs
of the Convention.
Identified 44 ‘Essential Climate Variables’ (ECVs) that are both currently feasible for global implementation and have high impact on UNFCCC requirements.
Endorsed by WMO Cg-XIV and SBSTA-19/COP-9 (Dec. 2003)
Essential Climate Variables Atmospheric (16)
• Surface – Air temperature, Precipitation, Air pressure, Surface radiation budget, Wind speed and direction, Water vapour
• Upper Air – Earth radiation budget (including solar irradiance), Upper-air temperature (including MSU radiances), Wind speed and direction, Water vapour, Cloud properties
• Composition – Carbon dioxide, Methane, Ozone, Other long-lived greenhouse gases, Aerosol properties.
Oceanic (15)• Surface – Sea-surface temperature, Sea-surface salinity, Sea level, Sea
state, Sea ice, Current, Ocean colour (for biological activity), Carbon dioxide partial pressure
• Sub-surface – Temperature, Salinity, Current, Nutrients, Carbon, Ocean tracers, Phytoplankton
Terrestrial (13)• River discharge, Water use, Ground water, Lake levels, Snow cover,
Glaciers and ice caps, Permafrost and seasonally-frozen ground, Albedo, Land cover (including vegetation type), Fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR), Leaf area index (LAI), Biomass, Fire disturbance.
GCOS Implementation Plan The Plan (requested by Decision 11/CP.9, UNFCCC COP-9, 2003):
Draws on expressed views of Parties with respect to 2AR
Takes account of existing global, regional and national plans and programmes, including IGOS, GMES, and GEO
Based on extensive consultations with a broad range of scientists and data users, including open review before completion
Includes indicators for measuring implementation
Identifies implementation priorities and resource requirements
Recommends that Parties (i.e., countries):
Need, both individually and collectively, to commit to the full implementation of the global observing system for climate, sustained on the basis of a mix of high-quality satellite measurements, ground-based and airborne in situ and remote-sensing measurements, dedicated analysis infrastructure, and targeted capacity-building.
UNFCCC COP/SBSTA Buenos Aires 2004Decision 5/CP.10 and SBSTA-21 Conclusions
Welcomed the Plan Encouraged Parties to strengthen their efforts to address the
priorities identified in the Implementation Plan, incorporate actions in their national plans and report on their
activities.
Welcomed the emphasis on enhancing the participation of developing countries and encouraged Parties to implement “regional action plans”
Appreciated the collaboration between GCOS and GEO. Welcomed progress on 10-year GEOSS implementation plan
Incorporate actions in GCOS IP into the GEOSS IP.
Invited Parties supporting Earth observation satellites to provide a coordinated response to IP actions.
Invited GCOS to report on progress at subsequent sessions.
Priority Areas in Implementation Plan
131 Actions to implement Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) globally
Priority over the first 5 years :1. Improving access to high-quality global data for the essential
climate variables (ECVs); Free and unrestricted data exchange
Adherence to the GCOS Climate Monitoring Principles for in situ and satellite systems
Availability of international data centres
2. Generating integrated global analysis products;
3. Improving key satellite and in situ networks;
4. Strengthening national and international infrastructure;
5. Enhancing of the full participation of least-developed countries and small island developing states.
Characteristics of the Plan
Estimated costs about $630 M/year
A major satellite component, operated in a manner that ensures the long-term accuracy and homogeneity of the data. [Satellites ~41% of costs]
Some ECVs will remain critically dependent on in situ observations for full measurement or for calibration and validation of satellite records. [In situ networks ~38% of costs]
Global participation is essential for global coverage of key in-situ networks. [Capacity building ~5% of costs]
Sustained product generation and improved data management. [Infrastructure ~10% of costs]
International oversight and coordination – linkage to GEO. [Oversight of implementation ~4% of costs]
Key Actions - Atmosphere
Key Action 12: (a) Ensure the implementation and full operation of the baseline networks
and systems noted below and to ensure the exchange of these data with the international community, and to recover and exchange historical records;
GCOS Surface Network (GSN). Atmospheric component of the composite surface ocean observation
system including sea-level pressure (see Key Oceanic Actions), GCOS Upper-Air Network (GUAN), Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) global CO2 network, MSU-like radiance satellite observations, Total solar irradiance and Earth radiation budget satellite
observations
(b) Establish a high-quality reference network of about 30 precision radiosonde stations and other collocated observations
Actions with agents for implementation
Key Action 2: Support for an International Project Office to provide overall coordination, to monitor performance, to report regularly on implementation, to initiate corrective actions
Other GCOS Activities
GCOS Regional Workshop Programme Goal - “….to identify the priority capacity-building needs related to
participation in systematic observation….” Completed 8 Regional Workshops and 7 Regional Action Plans
GCOS Cooperation Mechanism (GCM) ToR – focus on management issues, i.e. use of resources &
cooperative activities as well as resource mobilisation Cooperation Board (9 countries + EC) – recommended: preparing
donor inventory & developing priority improvements, e.g., rivers, sea level.
System Improvement – current priority on GUAN Upper Air systems – installed 2 new systems in 2004; 3 more in
2005 H2 Generators –installed 5 in 2004; 4 more in 2005 Regional Technical Support Projects – centralized management
capability to maintain reliability of the observing networks (esp.,, GSN and GUAN) – Pacific Islands, Caribbean Is. & Botswana
System Improvements – GSN & GUAN
Working with monitoring, analysis & archiving centres to improve functioning of the networks and the availability of historical data.
Working with interested donors, WWW and RCD on improvements in GUAN stations in tropical areas in Africa, South America and on oceanic islands.
• Strategic priorities established by AOPC – e.g., stations making greatest incremental improvement in global coverage of GUAN
• Implementation priorities jointly set by Donors and Project
• Funding from US with support from Australia, U.K., N.Z., SAWS
Initial demonstration projects for regional technical support centres
GSN & GUAN Certificates of Recognition
Initiated by GCOS AOPC Panel
Based on performance monitoring of the GSN and GUAN Monitoring and Lead Centres in 2003/2004
Letters from WMO SG to PRs of all participating countries, cc to GCOS Focal Points: 15 August 2005
Prepared by GCOS Secretariat
Certificates for station operators, indicating station performance
GSN & GUAN Certificates of Recognition
GSN & GUAN Certificates of Recognition
THANK YOU