Dr. Swanchara - AP Biology Summer Assignment/Review

Welcome to Dr. Swanchara’s AP Biology class. If you need to contact me, my email is karen.swanchara@lcps.org.. The first chapters of our AP Biology book cover background information from your Biology class. These reading guides are meant as a review of what you have previously learned. They are due on September 1 and 2. 1. Complete the 4 Reading Guides: To complete the following reading guides, go to the textbook or use the online website for your textbook: http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0003292010/ . All work must be done by hand – do NOT do the reading guides or vocabulary on the computer. This work is for you; complete sentences are not required; drawings are strongly recommended. o Chapter 1 – The Science of Biology

Reading Guide and vocabulary

o Chapter 2 - The Nature of Molecules and the

Properties of Water Reading Guide and vocabulary

o Chapter 3 – The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Reading Guide and vocabulary

o Chapter 26 – The Tree of Life Reading Guide and vocabulary

2. Vocabulary: see next page 3. Summer Reading Assignments: Read 1 of the books from the list and write a 1 page summary for the book as to why/how it covers the Big ideas for AP Biology. The Big Ideas are: BIG IDEA #1: Process of Evolution drives diversity and unity of life. BIG IDEA #2: Biological systems use free energy and molecular building blocks to grow,

reproduce and maintain dynamic homeostasis. BIG IDEA #3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life

processes. BIG IDEA #4: Biological systems interact and these systems and their interactions possess

complex properties. Reading List:

o Why We get sick - Randolph M Nesse and George C Williams o The Hot Zone - Richard Preston o The Language of Genes - Steve Jones o The Universe Within - Neil Shubin o Your Inner FIsh - Neil Shubin o Design in Nature - Adrian Bejan and J. Peder Zane o Zoobiquity - Barbara Natterson-Horowitz and Kathryn Bowers o When Germs Travel - Howard Markel o The story of the human body - Daniel Leiberman o Life - Richard Fortey o Microcosm - Carl Zimmer o The Beak of the Finch - jonathan Weiner o Time, Love, memory - Jonathan Weiner o Insectopedia - Hugh Raffles o The Undead - Dick Teresi o The Sixth Extinction - Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin

Additionally:

o This class will use VISION to post assignments and information. The link is on my website. Once

you click on the site you will be prompted to log into Vision. Use your network ID and password (***Important*** you first need to have logged onto a school computer and changed your temporary password which is your six digit birth date). Once you log into vision, you will be prompted to enter the enrollment Key (SWANCHARAAPBIO). You only need to do this one time and after that you will then be taken to the course. o I highly suggest purchasing a review book aligned with the new curriculum, such as

Preparing for the Biology AP Exam by Holtzclaw and Holtzclaw (on Amazon). Also known as Holtzclaw and Holtzclaw AP® Test Prep Workbook for Campbell Biology, Revised for New Curriculum( http://www.pearsonschool.com/). Read the corresponding chapters, highlight and make margins notes. This will be invaluable in helping you understand the class material and in studying for the AP exam.

o Assemble a 3-ring binder with the following tabs – Reading Guides, Notes, Quizzes and Tests, Labs information etc. You only 1-2 units in class every day, but you need to keep everything from the class in a binder at home. Never throw anything away.

You will need a separate laboratory notebook. Please order the following lab notebook: Life Sciences Student Lab Notebook: 70 carbonless duplicate sets – Hayden McNeil; spiral bound (look on Amazon). Some colleges want to see this to give you credit for the course. You must write in blue pen and no erasing allowed.

IMPORTANT DATES: AP Biology students are invited to attend an ecological hands-on field trip to Chincoteague Bay Field Station at Wallops Island, Virginia. This year the trip will take place from March 26-29, 2017 and the cost will be about $350.00. More to come next fall on this field trip. Vocabulary

Make flash cards for the following words with the word on one side and the definition on the back. DO NOT copy from the text book or other source. Put the definitions in your own words to receive credit! I need to know you understand the meaning of the term, not that you can copy out of a book. Diagrams help most people learn and are encouraged! Ch. 1

1. inductive reasoning 2. deductive reasoning 3. homologous 4. analogous

Ch. 2

1. atomic number, atomic mass 2. isotope 3. radioactive isotope 4. half-life 5. cation, anion 6. oxidation/reduction 7. octet rule (rule of eight) 8. ionic bond 9. covalent bond 10. polar 11. hydrogen bonds 12. specific heat 13. hydration shell 14. cohesion 15. adhesion 16. properties of water 17. hydrophilic, hydrophobic 18. buffer

Ch. 3

1. dehydration synthesis/hydrolysis 2. peptide bond 3. polypeptide 4. motif 5. domain 6. primary, second, and quaternary structure of

proteins

7. chaperonins

8. denaturation 9. dissociation 10. nucleotide (include a diagram of the

structure) 11. complementary 12. ATP (include structure and show where

energy is stored) 13. phospholipid 14. triacylglycerol 15. terpene 16. steroid 17. monosaccharide (include examples) 18. disaccharide (include examples) 19. isomer 20. glycogen 21. cellulose 22. chitin

Ch. 26

1. homeostasis 2. Miller-Urey experiment 3. microfossil 4. primary abiogenesis 5. coacervate 6. prokaryote 7. eukaryote 8. archaebacteria 9. methanogen 10. extremophiles 11. anaerobic 12. halophile, thermophile 13. eubacteria 14. endosymbiotic theory

Chapter 1: The Science of Biology Raven and Johnson, 2011

1. All Living things have 7 basic characteristics. Briefly describe each one.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

2. The biological world is organized in levels that build on the level below it. Briefly describe each one.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

3. What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning? Give an example of each.

4. How does a scientific theory differ from a hypothesis?

5. Briefly describe Darwin’s trip on the Beagle.

6. What were Malthus’ main conclusions? How do these relate to natural selection?

7. Briefly describe evidence that led Darwin to the idea that evolution occurs by natural selection?

8. How did artificial selection add to Darwin’s belief in natural selection?

9. Who was Alfred Russel Wallace?

10. Did Darwin include the evolution of humans in his books?

11. How have the following added to the theory of evolution recently? a. fossil record

b. age of the Earth

c. mechanisms of heredity

d. comparative anatomy

e. molecular evidence

12. What are the 7 unifying themes in Biology. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7.

Chapter 2: Nature of Molecules and Properties of Water Raven and Johnson, 2011

1. Briefly review the structure of atoms.

2. Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. Explain what these numbers mean and how to get them.

3. Draw the structure of a carbon molecule using energy rings. How many valence electrons does it have? How many bonds can it form?

4. What is an isotope? How do the isotopes of carbon differ from one another?

5. The half-life of carbon-14 is about 5600 years. If a sample contains one gram of C14, how many grams would it have contained 11200 years ago? (Yes you have to show your work.)

6. What is an ion? anion? cation? Are their masses different than the neutral atom?

7. What happens when an electron changes energy rings?

8. Explain oxidation and reduction. These are important terms that we will be using throughout the year. a. oxidation b. reduction

9. Why are valence electrons important in chemical reactions? 10. What is the octet rule and how does it affect the chemical nature of atoms? Does helium fulfill the octet rule (this is tricky!)?

11. How do atoms form ionic or covalent bonds? Give an example of each.

12. Draw 2 atoms forming a covalent bond. An ionic bond.

13. Which is the strongest covalent bond - single, double, or triple bond?

14. What is a chemical reaction? What things affect chemical reactions?

15. Why is water considered to be made of polar covalent bonds?

16. What are hydrogen bonds?

17. List the special properties of water and why they are important to living things.

18. Why are hydrogen bonds important for the properties of water?

19. Sketch a few water molecules. Indicate the polarity and where the H-bonds form.

20. How does water organize nonpolar molecules such as lipids?

21. Explain pH. What does it measure? Give examples.

22. A substance at pH 6 will have how many more hydrogen ions than a substance of pH 9?

23. How do buffers work? Why are they necessary in living systems? Chapter 3: Chemical Building Blocks of Life Raven and Johnson, 2011 1. What do biologic organic molecules consist of mostly? 2. Functional groups have specific chemical properties. Give the structural formula of each of the following functional groups and

where they are found.

Group Structural formula Found in:

Hydroxyl

carbonyl - aldehyde

carbonyl - ketone

carboxyl

amino

sulfhydryl

phosphate

methyl

3. Describe the reaction by which chemical subunits are put together to make macromolecules. 4. Describe the reaction by which macromolecules are disassembled into subunits.

5. What is the basic ratio of carbon, hydrogen , and oxygen in carbohydrates? 6. What is the difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide? 7. What are the two 5-carbon sugars? the three 6-carbon sugars? 8. What is an isomer? 9. What are the components of the disaccharides maltose, sucrose, and lactose? 10. Complex carbohydrates are energy-storage molecules. What are starch and glycogen, and where are they found? 11. Complex carbohydrates can also be used for structure. What are two important structural carbohydrates, and where are they

found? 12. Draw a nucleic acid including all 3 components. 13. What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines? Draw them. 14. What are the basic structures of (a) DNA, (b) RNA, (c) ATP?

15. What are the 7 functions of proteins? Give an example for each.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

16. Draw the structure of an amino acid.

17. What does the ‘R’ stand for?

18. What are the 5 side group categories? These are important in how proteins fold.

19. What is the bond called that connects amino acids into peptides?

20. The way proteins fold is very important to how they function. What are the 4 levels of protein structure? Indicate what bonds are used to maintain these structures.

21. What are motifs and domains? 22. What is the function of a chaperone protein? 23. What diseases can result from incorrectly folded proteins?

24. How does denaturation differ from disassociation? 25. Describe and give examples of these other types of lipids:

a. triacylglycerol

b. steroids

c. terpenes

d. prostaglandin e.

26. Why are saturated and unsaturated fats different structurally? 27. Phospholipids are the main molecules of biological membranes. Draw a diagram of the basic structure of a phospholipid.

Include glycerol, fatty acids, and a phosphate group. Indicate the hydrophilic (water-soluble) and hydrophobic (water-insoluble) ends.

28. Why do phospholipids form membranes while triglycerides form insoluble droplets? Chapter 26: The Tree of Life Raven and Johnson, 2011

1. What are the 8 fundamental properties of life? Give an example of each.

2. What are the 3 theories of the origin of life, briefly describe each one? Which do you think is a plausible theory?

3. What type of evidence would you accept to support the claim that life has been found on Mars?

4. How did Miller and Urey’s experiment support the spontaneous origin of life theory? What compounds have been made using their techniques?

5. Which do you think sound more likely as the first major molecules: RNA, proteins, or peptide-nucleic acid?

6. What is Oparin’s bubble theory? (Use the terms primary abiogenesis and protobionts.) – not in the book

7. What is a coacervate? – not in the book

8. Scientist believe that life started ____________ billion years ago(bya) and that the first eukaryotes existed ____________ .

9. What role did Cyanobacteria play in transforming the Earth’s atmosphere? 10. Explain how taxonomists name and group organisms. 11. What are the origins of the nuclear membrane and the ER thought to be? 12. What is Lynn Margulis’s theory of endosymbiosis? What organelles are involved? 13. Complete the following table.

Organization of Living Organisms

Domains

Eukarya

Kingdoms

Major charac- teristics of each kingdom

Example organisms

14. What is an evolutionary advantage of compartmentalization? 15. What is an evolutionary advantage of multicellularity? 16. What is an evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction? Can all eukaryotes undergo sexual reproduction? Name: _______________________________________________________ Date: _________ Block: _______

Graphing and Data skills practice Packet

Math and Statistics for AP Biology - Research the answer to the following questions

1. In designing an experiment or other scientific study, why do scientists sample from a population rather than using an entire population?

2. Suppose you are designing an experiment to test the effects of nicotine on the heart rate of rats. What are the disadvantages of having too small a sample size (i.e., testing on too few rats)? What are the disadvantages of having too large a sample size (i.e., testing on too many rats)?

3. Explain the difference between discrete variables and continuous variables. Give an example of each.

4. Explain the difference between quantitative and categorical variables. Give an example of each.

5. What is a null hypothesis?

6. What are some steps that scientists can take in designing an experiment to avoid false negatives?

Graphing Practice

Graphing is an important procedure used by scientists to display the data that is collected during a controlled experiment. Line graphs must be constructed correctly to accurately portray the data collected. A graph contains five major parts:

Title The independent variable The dependent variable The scales for each variable A legend

• The TITLE: depicts what the graph is about. By reading the title, the reader should get an idea

about the graph. It should be a concise statement placed above the graph.

• The INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: is the variable that can be controlled by the experimenter. It

usually includes time (dates, minutes, hours, etc.), depth (feet, meters), and temperature

(Celsius). This variable is placed on the X axis (horizontal axis).

• The DEPENDENT VARIABLE: is the variable that is directly affected by the independent

variable. Example: How many oxygen bubbles are produced by a plant located five meters below

the surface of the water? The oxygen bubbles are dependent on the depth of the water. This

variable is placed on the Y-axis or vertical axis.

• The SCALES for each Variable: In constructing a graph one needs to know where to plot the points

representing the data. In order to do this a scale must be employed to include all the data points. The

scales should start with 0 and climb based on intervals such as: multiples of 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, or 100.

The scale of numbers will be dictated by your data values.

• The LEGEND: is a short descriptive narrative concerning the graph's data. It should be short

and concise and placed under the graph.

• The MEAN for a group of variables: To determine the mean for a group of variables, divide the

sum of the variables by the total number of variables to get an average.

• The MEDIAN for a group of variables: To determine median or “middle” for an even number of

values, put the values in ascending order and take the average of the two middle values. Example:

2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10. Add 4+5 (2 middle values) and divide by 2 to get 4.5.

• The MODE for a group of variables: The mode for a group of values is the number that occurs

most frequently. Example: 2, 5, 8, 2, 6, 11. The number 2 is the mode because it occurred

most often (twice).

Problem A: Using the following data to answer the questions below and then construct a line graph.

Number of bubble per minute Depth in meters Plant A Plant B

2 29 21 5 36 27 10 45 40 16 32 50 25 20 34 30 10 20

1. What is the dependent variable and why?

2. What is the independent variable and why?

3. What are the mean, median, and mode of all three columns of data?

• Depth : Mean_______ Median _______Mode____ • Bubble Plant A.: Mean_______ Median _______Mode____

• Bubbles Plant B: Mean_______ Median _______Mode____

4. Title: ______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Problem B: Diabetes is a disease affecting the insulin producing glands of the pancreas. If there is not enough insulin being produced by these cells, the amount of glucose in the blood will remain high. A blood glucose level above 140 for an extended period of time is not considered normal. This disease, if not brought under control, can lead to severe complications and even death.

Answer the following questions concerning the data below and then graph it.

Glucose mL per Liter of Blood Time After Eating (Hours) Person A Person B

0.5 170 180 1 155 195

1.5 140 230 2 135 245

2.5 140 235 3 135 225 4 130 200

1. What is the dependent variable and why?

2. What is the independent variable and why?

3. What title would you give the table above?

4. Which, if any, of the above individuals (A or B) has diabetes?

5. What data do you have to support this conclusion?

6. If the time period were extended to 6 hours, what would the expected blood glucose level for Person B? Explain why.

Title: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Problem C: Temperatures were obtained in November in a fairly arid area of Nevada. At two different sites, temperature readings were taken at a number of heights above and below the soil surface. One site was shaded by a juniper (a plant) whereas the other was not.

Condition Height in cm from soil

surface Temperature (OC)

Beneath Forest cover Unshaded Field

Air 150 18 20 Air 90 18 21 Air 60 18 20 Air 30 18 21

Soil Surface 0 16 33 Humus -6 12 19 Mineral -15 9 15 Mineral -30 7 12

Construct a line graph, plot the data, and give an appropriate title in the space below.

Problem D: A researcher interested in the disappearance of fallen leaves in a deciduous forest carried out a field experiment that lasted nearly a year. She collected all the leaves from 100 plots scattered throughout the forest. She measured the amount of leaves present in November, May and August. The percentages reflect the number of leaves found, using the November values as 100 percent. Complete the table by calculating the missing percentages.

Collection Date Ash Beech Elm Hazel Oak Willow

November 4271g

100%

3220g

100%

3481g

100%

1723g

100%

5317g

100%

3430g

100%

May 2431g

57%

3190g

91%

1739g

______%

501g

_______%

4401g

83%

1201g

35%

August 1376g

32%

2285g

71%

35g

______%

62g

_______%

1759g

33%

4g

0.1%

Construct an appropriate line graph for the ash and elm leaves on the graph below.

Problem E: A species of insect has been accidentally introduced from Asia into the US. The success of this organism depends on its ability to find a suitable habitat. The larval stage is very sensitive to changes in temperature, humidity and light intensity. Expose to situations outside the tolerance limits results in a high mortality (death) rate. Study the data table below.

Temperature (oC)

Mortality (%) Relative

Humidity (%)

Mortality (%) Light

Intensity (fc)

Mortality (%) 15 100 100 80 300 0

16 80 90 10 400 0

17 30 80 0 600 10

18 10 70 0 800 15

19 0 60 0 1000 20

20 0 50 50 1200 20

21 0 40 70 1400 90

22 0 30 90 1600 95

23 20 20 100 1800 100

24 80 10 100 2000 100

25 100 0 100 2200 100

Plot line graphs for the effects of temperature and humidity on mortality rates.