Dr ... · the Photochemistry of Organic Molecules and Supramolecular Systems. Professor Nicholas J.Turro is the William P. Schweitzer Professor of Chemistry at Columbia University

MARCH 2007 Vol. 88 • No. 3 ISSN0019-6924

RECYCLE THIS PAPER PERIODICALS POSTAGEwww.theindicator.org

www.njacs.org www.newyorkacs.org

Dr. Nicholas J. TurroWilliam H. Nichols Medalist for 2007

THE INDICATORManager / EditorMALCOLM STURCHIO1 Cable Court, Montville, NJ 07045973-331-5142; Fax 973-331-5143e-mail: [email protected] ManagerVINCENT GALEMBO ServicesPO Box 1150, Marshfield, MA 02050-1150781-837-0424; Fax 781-837-1453e-mail: [email protected] COMMITTEENew York Section Rep.EVELYN SARNOFF97-37 63rd Road, Rego Park, NY 11374-1624718-459-3097North Jersey Section Rep.JACQUELINE ERICKSONGSK, 1500 Littleton Road, Parsippany, NJ 07054973-889-2368e-mail: [email protected] MasterPAUL TUKEY — e-mail: [email protected] YORK SECTIONhttp://newyorkacs.orgChairJOAN A. LAREDO-LIDDELL391 Palmer Road, Yonkers, NY 10701-5239914-476-6860e-mail: [email protected]. MARC WALTERSDept. of Chemistry, New York University100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10002212-998-8400; Fax 212-260-7905e-mail: [email protected]. IWAO TERAOKADept. of Chemical and Biological SciencesPolytechnic Univ., 333 Jay St., Brooklyn, NY 11201718-260-3466; Fax 718-260-3676e-mail: [email protected] OfficeSt. John’s University, Chemistry Dept.8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439516-883-7510; Fax 516-883-4003e-mail: [email protected] JERSEY SECTIONhttp://www.njacs.orgChairDIANE KRONENorthern Highlands Regional High School298 Hillside Avenue, Allendale, NJ 07401e-mail: [email protected]. MICHAEL M. MILLERDrug Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.Pharmaceutical Research Inst., P.O. Box 5400,Princeton, NJ 08543-5400e-mail: [email protected] HOWSON49 Hillside Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940-2612973-822-2575e-mail: [email protected] Office4 Cameron Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854732-463-7271

CIRCULATION: 8,500

The monthly newsletter of the New York &North Jersey Sections of the AmericanChemical Society. Published jointly by thetwo sections.

CONTENTSAdvertisers Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Call for Nominations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Call for Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21New York Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17 North Jersey Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11 Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-20 Professional/Product Directory . . . . 25-27William H. Nichols Symposium . . . . . . . . 6

EDITORIAL DEADLINESMay March 16June April 14September July 14October August 15November September 14December October 15January 2008 November 16February December 14March January 15, 2007April February 16

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PROFESSOR NICHOLAS J. TURRO — 2007 NICHOLS MEDALISTThe ACS New York Section congratulates and extends its best wishes to Professor NicholasJ. Turro who will receive the William H. Nichols Medal Award on March 16, 2007 in WhitePlains, NY. The Nichols Medal will be presented at an award dinner following the NicholsDistinguished Symposium. Professor Turro will be honored for Pioneering Research onthe Photochemistry of Organic Molecules and Supramolecular Systems.

Professor Nicholas J. Turro is the William P. Schweitzer Professor of Chemistry at ColumbiaUniversity where he has worked since 1964. He was born in Middletown, CT, where heattended Wesleyan University and received a BA in Chemistry before going to Caltech forhis PhD in Chemistry in 1960. He is the author of "Modern Molecular Photochemistry", astandard text in the field and has published over 800 research papers. He is a member ofthe National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.Seventy students have obtained a PhD degree, 180 postdocs and over 100 undergraduateshave been trained under his supervision.

Professor Turro is an internationally acclaimed pioneer and leader in the art and practice ofphysical organic chemistry and organic photochemistry. His intellectual and experimentalcontributions have been a major factor in providing the theoretical and experimental para-digms on which the fields of modern mechanistic organic photochemistry, chemiexcitationof organic molecules, the theory of organic photochemical reactions, supramolecular organ-ic photochemistry and organic magnetochemistry have been built. Through the agencies ofhis classes, public lectures, text books and research publications, Turro has made a majorimpact in the education of recent generations of physical organic chemists and photo-chemists both nationally and internationally.

Professor Turro is an exceptionally productive chemist who has been able to achieve dis-tinction and to create excitement in a wide range of areas of chemistry and to make deepintellectual and scientific penetration by examining the interface of organic chemistry withchemical physics and materials science. His research has been characterized by a strikingbreadth, encompassing synthetic organic chemistry, colloidal and interface chemistry,chemical physics, magnetic resonance theory and applications, and mechanistic aspects ofmolecular and supramolecular organic and inorganic chemistry.

His significant achievements and substantial contributions to chemistry include the pioneer-ing development in the fields of cyclopropanone chemistry, mechanistic organic photo-chemistry, chemiluminescent organic reactions, a general theory of organic photochemistry,magnetochemistry of organic molecules, direct spectroscopic detection and characteriza-tion of carbenes and biradicals, organic photochemistry in micelles, photochemical charac-terization of dendrimers and DNA, supramolecular control of radical reactivity throughsupramolecular and magnetic effects, the use of EPR to elucidate organic reaction mecha-nisms and the use of photochemical methods to elucidate long standing issues in polymerchemistry.

Professor Nichols J. Turro’s accomplishments have been recognized by his peers throughhis selection for major national and international awards in the fields of photochemistry,organic chemistry, physical organic chemistry and surface and colloids chemistry. In addi-tion to his signal accomplishments as a research scientist, Turro has published an impor-tant analysis of the way science is performed and is recognized as an educational leaderwho has made a national impact. He has pioneered the use of information technologies andcomputers for the enhancement and enrichment of undergraduate education in chemistry.His educational ideas and products are employed at Universities and Colleges across thenation. These accomplishments have been recognized by his selection as a DistinguishedTeacher Scholar by the National Science Foundation for 2002 and the Pimentel Award inChemical Education of the American Chemical Society.

NEW YORK SECTIONWednesday, February 28, 2007Analytical Topical GroupSee page 12.

Thursday, March 1, 2007Chemical Marketing & Economics GroupSee page 12.

Thursday, March 1, 2007Long Island SubsectionSee page 13.

Wednesday, March 7, 2007Westchester Chemical SocietySee page 14.

Friday, March 16, 2007Nichols Award BanquetSee page 5-6.

Friday, March 16, 2007High School Teachers Topical GroupSee page 14.

Wednesday, March 21, 2007Analytical Topical GroupSee page 15.

Tuesday, March 27, 2007NY Biochemical Topical GroupSee page 15.

NORTH JERSEY SECTIONThursday, March 1, 2007Careers in TransitionSee page 10.

Tuesday, March 6, 2007ChemTAGSee page 10.

Monday, March 12, 2007Teacher Affiliates Executive CommitteeSee page 11.

Tuesday, March 13, 2007No. Jersey Chromatography GroupSee page 11.

Monday, March 19, 2007No. Jersey Executive CommitteeSee page 10.

Wednesday, March 21, 2007NMR Topical GroupSee page 11.

Thursday, March 22, 2007Chem CentralSee page 11.


March Calendar

Deadline for items to be included in the May 2007issue of The Indicator is March 16, 2007.

NOT NECESSARILY SHODDY — WHAT EVERY NEW JERSEYCHEMIST SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE SCIENCE BETWEEN THESHEEP AND THE SWEATERBy Kevin Olsen

How many hours do you work in order to afford a good quality wool jacket?

Taking the mean salary for a person in New Jersey, $50,000 per year and sup-posing the same average person works 49 weeks annually at eight hours a daygives an hourly rate of $25 and since a typical good quality jacket is about $250,the average New Jersey worker toils just over one day.

This was not the case for most of human history.

Consider the case of an unidentified woman from New Fairfield, Connecticut, whoin October of 1770 worked at her spinning wheel for 12 hours. She produced 126skeins of worsted yarn or about 560 linear yards. This might have been enoughfor one small size jacket but there was a lot more work involved. It started withraising and shearing the sheep, preparing the wool for spinning, and finally weav-ing the finished yarn into cloth that would be hand-sewn into finished clothing.

Such marathon spinning sessions were not the usual custom in Connecticut. By1770 the American Colonies and Great Britain were already locked in the politicaland economic struggles that would eventually lead to the revolution. This house-wife was making a point about being free from reliance on imported British tex-tiles. (Or perhaps she made just the opposite point?)

Given the huge amounts of labor required to produce any sort of textile, it is notsurprising that this activity was one of the first to be brought out of the home andinto an industrial setting. And as all readers of the Indicator know well, wherethere is industry, there is chemistry.

Since wool comes from sheep, lets start there.

Writing in 1698 Gabriel Thomas reported that sheep in western New Jersey wereabundant and that the animals were naturally very sound and largely free of dis-eases and external parasites. As the number of sheep increased throughout thestate there were a number of laws passed dealing with stray sheep. In the late1700s Newark and other towns imposed taxes on dogs as a means of discour-aging animals that might prey on sheep. Eventually monies collected from thesetaxes were used to compensate people whose sheep had been attacked by dogs.

As valuable as they were, there seems to have been no systematic efforts toimprove New Jerseys sheep until after 1800. Modern sheep breeds are largely thedescendants of the Spanish Merino. Spanish herders routinely moved their flocksup to 400 miles between winter pastures in the southern part of the country andtheir summer pastures in the northern mountains. This annual migration produceda very hardy animal and good breeding made it one whose wool was both abun-dant and soft.

Merinos were so vital to Spain's wool industry that the exporting them from thecountry was punishable by death. But as most of Europe's royalty was related toSpain's, gifts of Merino sheep were made to many courts. Other nations were lesspunctilious and relied on animals smuggled through Portugal. By whatevermeans, Merinos began leaving Spain in the mid 1700s and by the end of the cen-tury were found in Saxony, Hungary, England, France, and even Australia.

THE INDICATOR-MARCH 2007 7

WILLIAM H. NICHOLS MEDALDISTINGUISHED SYMPOSIUM AND AWARD BANQUETPhotons, Electrons, Spins and Supramolecular Chemistry:New Tools for Unraveling Chemical Complexity

Award Recipient: Professor Nicholas J. TurroWilliam P. Schweitzer Professor of Chemistry, Columbia University

Date: Friday, March 16, 2007Times: 1:00 PM Registration 1:30 PM – 5:30 PM Symposium

5:45 PM Reception 6:45 PM Award DinnerPlace: Crowne Plaza Hotel, White Plains, NY

PROGRAM

1:30 PM Welcome Mrs. Joan A. Laredo-Liddell2007 Chair, ACS, New York Section

Marymount College of Fordham University

1:35 PM Opening of the Distinguished Symposium Professor Marc A. Walters2007 Chair-elect, ACS, New York Section

New York University

1:45 PM DNA Charge Transport Chemistry and Biology Professor Jacqueline K. BartonArthur and Marian Hanisch Memorial Professorof Chemistry, California Institute of Technology

2:30 PM Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Chirality Professor Ronald E. BreslowS. L. Mitchill Professor of Chemistry

Columbia University

3:15 PM Coffee Break

3:45 PM Protein Folding, Misfolding, and Disease Professor Harry B. GrayArnold O. Beckman Professor of Chemistry

California Institute of Technology

4:30 PM Photons, Spins and Special Pairs: An Integration Professor Nicholas J. Turroof Photochemistry, Magnetic Resonance and NICHOLS MEDALISTSupramolecular Chemistry

5:45 PM Social Hour

6:45 PM William H. Nichols Medal Award Dinner

More information regarding the Symposium is available on theNew York Section’s website at http://www.newyorkacs.org

Tickets may be reserved using the following form:

RESERVATION FORM

2007 WILLIAM H. NICHOLS DISTINGUISHED SYMPOSIUM & MEDAL AWARD BANQUETin honor of Professor Nicholas J. Turro, Columbia University

Return to: ACS, New York Section, c/o Dr. Neil D. Jespersen, Department of Chemistry,St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439 (516) 883-7510

Please reserve ___ places for symposium & banquet at $90/person, ACS member _______________ places for symposium & banquet at $100/person, Non-member _______________ places for banquet at $80/person _______________ places for symposium at $30/person, ACS member; $40 Non-member _______________ (Student or unemployed at $10/person) ____________

(For table reservations of 8 or more, use the ACS member $90/person rate for combination tickets)

Reserve a table in the name of: ____________________________Names of guests are: ______________________ __________________________

______________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ __________________________

Indicate numbers in your group who choose: ____ Chicken ____ Prime Rib ____ Salmon

Mail Tickets to: Name____________________________ Address_______________________________________

__________________________________________________________ RESERVATION DEADLINE March 5, 2007

Please make checks payable to: ACS, NEW YORK SECTION Check for $_____________ enclosed

6 THE INDICATOR-MARCH 2007

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(continued on page 8)


Merinos were first brought to New Jersey by Dr. James Mease of Philadelphia. Dr.Mease placed two imported rams on a farm in Gloucester County. The DuPontfamily received gifts of Merino sheep from the Spanish government in 1812 andeventually had one of the best herds in the United States. The first meeting of theMerino Society of the Middle States was held on the farm of James Caldwell nearHaddonfield, New Jersey, in 1811. Caldwell had been raising Merinos since 1806and at the society's meeting some 200 to 300 pure breed merinos were on exhib-it. By 1815, New Jersey had a total of 234,361 sheep of which 3,807 wereMerinos.

The attention paid to merinos soon inspired attempts to promote more systemat-ic breeding. Starting in the 1820s county agricultural societies started offeringprizes for the best sheep and best wool goods. Twenty years earlier, in 1798,Newark had decided to spend its dog tax revenues on promoting sheep hus-bandry and offered cash prizes for the most wool produced.

Whatever the sheep's breed, its wool coats one purpose is to protect it from theelements. Wool fibers are keratin, as they emerge from the follicles they are over-laid with lanolin from the skins sebaceous glands. The ducts from these glandsopen directly into the follicle.

The wool fiber itself consists of overlapping scales with the cell matter insidethem. This outer layer is resistant to wetting but water vapor will be absorbed bythe fibers. A wool fiber can absorb up to 1/3 of its own weight in moisture withoutany detriment. This is why wool worn next to the skin will help remove perspira-tion from the body. The adsorption of water vapor is also accompanied by the lib-eration of heat. This is why wet wool has such a strong odor, the heat vaporizesoils from the sheep. (or Janet Ambrose of Syracuse University explains it, "If youwear one of those Irish wool sweaters, you'll smell sheep.'') On the plus side, theslow absorption of water vapor and the release of heat provides a thermal bufferthat contributes to keeping the wearer warm, especially when moving from awarm, dry environment into a cold, wet one.

Lanolin is the waxy covering of wool fibers. Although it is called wool fat and woolgrease technically lanolin is a wax since the esters (typically 18 to 26 carbonatoms) contain no glycerin in combination with the fatty acids. Lanolin's primarypurpose is to waterproof the sheep but it also has anti-fungal and antibacterialproperties.

After shearing, the wool fibers are sorted. The shorter and courser fibers are usedfor blankets, carpets, and other cloth where texture is not important. Longer andthinner fibers are used for worsted cloth that is easier to wear because it is finerand lighter. (Just remember, the worsted is the bestest.)

The first step of wool preparation is scouring, which removes the lanolin. In thepre-industrial period scouring was done on the farm using alkali soaps. Years ofexperimentation by European wool producers showed that the best results wereobtained with alkali soaps that were made using the ashes of burned kelp. Themixture of salts found in the marine environment made a superior soap.

The problem was that there were not enough ashes in all of Europe to makeenough soap to keep pace with the growing textile production. Americans beganexporting wood ash in the 1700s and this activity continued until French chemistsintroduced methods for converting sodium chloride to sodium carbonate in the1790s. Freeing soap production from dependence on biological sources of alkalis

was the start of the heavy chemical industry.

As the process industrialized the scouring mill used a series of washing vats sothat as the wool was moved into progressively cleaner environments. For labora-tory scale scouring, the ASTM recommended a 0.1% soap solution with 0.3%sodium carbonate. The industrialization of scouring allowed for the recovery oflarge quantities of lanolin and expanded its use as an emollient for cosmetics andpharmaceuticals. (Recipes using lanolin as an emollient go back well over 2000years and the ancient Egyptians applied it to their heads by placing a lump of iton their skulls and allowing it to melt in the sun.)

At one time the city of Camden, New Jersey, was home to worlds largest woolscouring mill. Located at South 3rd & Jackson Streets, the Eavenson & Leveringplant was opened shortly after the firm moved from Philadelphia in 1906.Eavenson & Levering's 500 production workers processed 50,000,000 pounds ofwool annually.

Between scouring and spinning the wool must be carded. This is a process ofcombing the fibers until they are straight and parallel to one another. After scour-ing and carding, the wool needs a small amount of oil to lubricate it before it isspun. Without this step, the fibers tend to break during spinning. Oiling also helpsto discourage the build up of static electricity. Prior to World War II, animal oils likeolein, lard, and neatsfoot oil were used in ordinary yarn spinning. But for the finerworsted yarns, vegetable oils, especially peanut and olive oil, were employed.Shortages of imported oils during the first and second world wars lead to thedevelopment of synthetics. Today mineral oils containing emulsifying agents arethe industry standard.

NOT NECESSARILY SHODDY(continued from page 7)


TEACHER AFFILIATESExecutive Committee Meeting

Date: Monday, March 12, 2007Time: 4:30 PMPlace: Chatham High School

255 Lafayette AvenueChatham, NJ

Contact: Diane Krone at (201) 385-4810or [email protected].

q

NORTH JERSEYCHROMATOGRAPHY GROUP Seminar is sponsored by WatersCorporation

Fast and Efficient Separations UsingSub-2 µm Particles and Ultra-highPressures in Liquid Chromatography

Speaker: Dr. Mark BolgarSr. Principal ScientistBristol-Myers Squibb

Brief History of HPLC Columns, fromµBondapak in 1973 to Hybrid Packingsin ACQUITY Columns

Speaker: Dr. Uwe NeueWaters Corporation

Date: Tuesday, March 13, 2007Times: Social 5:30 PM

Dinner 6:30 PMSeminar 7:30 PM

Place: Somerset Marriott Hotel 110 Davidson Avenue Somerset, NJ

Cost: Free (Seminar is sponsored byWaters Corporation)

Reservations: Please reserve by Friday,March 9, 2007. Please, note, seats are lim-ited and pre-registration is required.

To register online, go to www.njacs.org,click on chromatography. Or phone: DavidKohler, ES Industries, (856) 753-8400.

pNMR TOPICAL GROUP —POSTDOCS NIGHTNMR Studies of the 204 kDa SecAATPase

Speaker: Dr. Yiannis Gelis(From Dr. Babis Kalodimos’Group), Chemistry DepartmentRutgers, Newark, NJ

More Presentations to be Announced on http://njacs.org/nmr.html

Date: Wednesday March 21, 2007Times: Dinner 6:30 PM

Seminar 7:00 PMPlace: Woodbridge Hilton

Iselin, NJ

Directions: http://njacs.org/d_woodhilt.html

Register online: http://njacs.org/nmr.html, or via e-mail [email protected].

WCHEM CENTRAL MEETINGDate: Thursday, March 22, 2007Time: 4:00 - 6:00 PMPlace: High Technology High School

765 Newman Springs RoadLincroft, NJ

Contact: Lois Lyons at (732) 842-8440 [email protected].

North Jersey Meetingshttp://www.njacs.orgNORTH JERSEY EXECUTIVECOMMITTEE MEETINGSection officers, councilors, committeechairs, topical group chairs, and sectionevent organizers meet regularly at theExecutive Committee Meeting to discusstopics of importance to running the sectionand representing the membership. All ACSmembers are welcome to attend this meet-ing and to become more involved in sectionactivities.

Date: Monday, March 19, 2007Time: 5:30 PM Place: Fairleigh Dickinson University

College at FlorhamHartman Lounge, the MansionMadison, NJ

Cost: $5.00 - pizza dinner

Directions: can be found atview.fdu.edu/default.aspx?id=238.

Reservations: call (732) 463-7271 or [email protected] prior toWednesday, March 14, 2007.

Dinner at the Section Meeting is payable

at the door. However, if you are not ableto attend and did not cancel your reser-vation, you are responsible for the priceof your dinner.

[IN MEMORIAMDr. Eugene A. Barr 67 years serviceDr. Howard L. Bender 85 years serviceMr. Robert R. Buck 62 years serviceMr. Dominic F. Cundari 64 years serviceMr. Bernard Jaffe 59 years serviceDr. George E. Milliman 47 years serviceDr. Carl Moore 64 years serviceDr. Charles W. C. Stein 71 years service

vCAREERS IN TRANSITION GROUPJob Hunting??

Are you aware that the North Jersey Sectionholds monthly meetings at FairleighDickinson University in Madison to helpACS members? Topics covered at thesecost-free workshops are:

• The latest techniques in resume prepara-tion

• Ways for improving a resume

• Answers to frequently asked interviewquestion and

• Conducting an effective job searching.

The next meeting for the Careers InTransition Group will be held Thursday,March 1, 2007, in the Rice Lounge on thefirst floor of the New Academic Building.The meeting will start at 5:30 PM and end at9:00. There will be a Dutch-treat dinner. Toget the most from the meeting, be sure tobring transparencies of your resume.

Please contact [email protected], if youplan on attending this meeting.

qChemTAG MEETINGDate: Tuesday, March 6, 2007Time: 4:00 - 6:00 PMPlace: Union High School

2350 North Third StreetUnion Township, NJ

Contact: Maureen Guilfoyle at (908) 851-6500 or [email protected].


LONG ISLAND SUBSECTIONIridium Oxide (IrOx) Based Fuel AciditySensor

Speaker: Dr. Justyna WideraAssistant ProfessorDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Arts and SciencesAdelphi University

The measurement of acidity in organic liq-uids is a difficult, but important technique,for instance to ascertain the acidity of petro-leum products. Measuring acidity of petrole-um products during refining, storage andapplication is useful as a diagnostic tool forspecification tests, thermal stability monitor-ing, R & D tool for additive development andprocess control application. Traditional elec-trochemical pH measurement technology ispoorly suited for the nonaqueous environ-ments. The measurement of acidity inorganic solvent base matrices like petrole-um products is much more difficult due totheir complexity and the fact that they areextremely non-conducting. Currently themeasurement of “Total Acid Number” in non-conducting fluids is performed by tedious,

time consuming and solvent intensive meth-ods based on titration.

We will show the feasibility of the IrOx sen-sor with respect to the potential applicationas a fast, accurate real-time acidity sensorfor the testing of petroleum products. Finally,by the comparable studies of other commer-cially available pH sensors, the IrOxresponse will be demonstrated to be faster,better defined, more accurate and morereproducible than a response of the othercommercially available sensors in non-aqueous solutions.

Date: Thursday, March 1, 2007Times: Coffee 5:30 PM

Seminar 6:00 PMDinner 7:00 PM

Place: Hofstra UniversityChemistry BuildingLister Lecture HallHempstead, NY

Cost: Dinner $20.00

For information contact Professor EugeneBrown (516) 572-7579.

THE INDICATOR-MARCH 2007 1312 THE INDICATOR-MARCH 2007

New York Meetings

www.newyorkacs.org

ANALYTICAL TOPICAL GROUPIndustrial Applications of Microscopy toStudy Paint and Waterborne Coatings

Speaker: Dr. John R. ReffnerThe Rohm and Hass Company

Microscopy is often an important tool instudying paint and waterborne coatings. Inthis seminar I will present some typicalexamples of the use of transmission elec-tron microscopy, scanning electronmicroscopy and optical profilometry to studythe visual appearance of films, defects infilms and performance issues.

Dr. John R. Reffner is currently the TeamLeader for the Microscopy Group in theCentral Analytical Support Department atRohm and Haas Company where he hasbeen employed since 1991. He received hisPh. D. from the University of Massachusettsin Polymer Science and a B.S. in Chemistryfrom Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Date: Wednesday, February 28, 2007Time: 6:00 PMPlace: The Graduate Center of the

City University of New York365 Fifth AvenueNew York, NY

The room number will be posted in theLobby.

CHEMICAL MARKETING &ECONOMICS GROUPNeowater: Redefining Water for the LifeSciences

Speaker: Dr. Eran GabbaiChief Scientific OfficerDo-Coop TechnologiesIsrael

Date: Thursday, March 1, 2007* * * * *

Biofuels: Markets and Technologies

Speaker: Mike KratochwillVice President, Finance & StrategyNexant Chem SystemsWhite Plains, NY

Date: Thursday, April 5, 2007Times: Cocktails 11:30 AM

Luncheon 12 noonPresentation 1:15 PM

Place: The Chemists’ Club40 West 45th StreetNew York, NY

Fees: $40 discount price for Members who reserve by the Tuesday beforethe meeting (12 noon). $55 for Guests and Members (at the door without reservations).

To reserve: Please reserve early to be eligi-ble for discount price. Call Vista Marketing at(917) 684-1659 or via e-mail to:[email protected]. You can alsopay online (via credit card): go to ourWebsite: http://www.nyacs-cme.org/.


ANALYTICAL TOPICAL GROUPSolving Unusual Chemical ProblemsUsing the Infrared Microprobe

Speaker: Dr. John A. ReffnerSenior Scientist andResearch DirectorSmiths Detection, andAdjunct Professor, John Jay College of Criminal Justice andthe Graduate Center, CUNYas well as a Consultant in Analytical Microscopy

The growing trend in analytical chemistry toa culture of “dilute-and-shoot” fails toaddress many challenging problems inforensic, geological, material and pharma-ceutical sciences. When different batchesof an active pharmaceutical ingredient arefound to have different solubility, meltingpoints or processing properties, it is essen-tial to directly analyze the solid and deter-mine both its physical and chemical proper-ties. Molecular spectroscopy, opticalmicroscopy and x-ray diffraction are meth-ods for detecting and identifying polymor-phic forms. Telling a mineralogist that a rockcontains calcium carbonate is only half theanswer; is it calcite or aragonite? Multiplayerlaminates are commonly used as packagingmaterials. A bulk chemical analysis of thesefilms has little value. Each layer must beidentified and sequenced in the film's struc-ture. The forensic scientist is challenged toidentify and link evidence to a commonsource or incident, while maintaining theevidence and records for legal review. Theinfrared microprobe is a valuable tool fornondestructive analysis of molecular chem-istry and microstructure, providing solutionsto many unusual problems.

Dr. John A. Reffner, received his Ph.D. fromthe University of Connecticut (Storrs, CT).

Date: Wednesday, March 21, 2007Time: 6:00 PMPlace: The Graduate Center of the

City University of New York365 Fifth AvenueNew York, NY

The room number will be posted in theLobby.

BIOCHEMICAL TOPICALGROUP — JOINT MEETINGWITH THE NYAS BIOCHEMICALPHARMACOLOGY DISCUSSIONGROUPImmunotherapy for NeurodegenerativeDiseases

Organizers: Robert MartoneWyeth Research

and

David D. AuperinPfizer

Speakers: Dennis SelkoeHarvard Medical School andBrigham and Women’s Hospital

Thomas WisniewskiNew York University School of Medicine

Eliezer MasliahUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego

Anne MesserNew York State Department ofHealth

Date: Tuesday, March 27, 2007Time: 1:00 – 5:00 PMPlace: New York Academy of Sciences

7 World Trade Center250 Greenwich Street – 40th FloorNew York, NY

Space is limited. Reserve a seat on-line athttp://www.nyas.org/events.

NYAS Members and BPDG Affiliates mayattend BPDG meetings free of charge. Non-members may attend for a fee of $20 perevent; Student Non-members for $10. Tobecome a Member of the Academy, visithttp://www.nyas.org/landing.html.

2

WESTCHESTER CHEMICALSOCIETYFormulating Semi-solid Topical DeliverySystems: Development of a Microbicidefor HIV

Speaker: Dr. David FairhurstColloidal Consultants Ltd.Congers, NY

Date: Wednesday, March 7, 2007Times: Registration and Refreshments -

5:30 PMSpeaker’s Talk - 6:15 PMDinner at a nearby restaurant -

7:30 PMPlace: Polytechnic University

Westchester Graduate Center40 Saw Mill River RoadHawthorne, NY

For more information, contact ProfessorMary Cowman: [email protected].

ZHIGH SCHOOL TEACHERSTOPICAL GROUPHydrogen Fuel Cells

Speaker: Dr. Paul StonehartStonehart Associates Inc.

Date: Friday, March 16, 2007Time: Social and Dinner 5:45 PMPlace: No reservations required

Caffe Pane e Cioccolato10 Waverly Place at Mercer Street (south-west corner)New York, NY (You eat, you pay cash only, no credit cards.)

Time: Meeting 7:15 PMPlace: New York University

Silver Center Room 20732 Waverly Place (south-eastcorner Washington Sq. East)New York, NY

Security at NYU requires that you show apicture ID to enter the building. In case ofunexpected severe weather, call JohnRoeder, (212) 497-6500, between 9 AM and2 PM to verify that meeting is still on; (914)961-8882 for other info.

Note: Street parking is free after 6:00 PM.For those who prefer indoor attended park-ing, it is available at the Melro/RomarGarages. The entrance is on the west sideof Broadway just south of 8th Street, direct-ly across from Astor Place. It is a short, easywalk from the garage to the restaurant ormeeting room.

Joan Laredo-Liddell and Ivi Tamm, members of the NY High School Teachers TopicalGroup, demonstrating at the STANYS Annual Conference in Ellenville, NY.

SCENES FROM THE NEW YORK SECTION-WIDE CONFERENCEJANUARY 20, 2007 AT ST. JOHN’S UNIVERSITY


LONG ISLAND SUBSECTIONEleventh Annual Frances S. SterrettEnvironmental Chemistry Symposium

“Liquefied Natural Gas: Safe ‘n Sound?”

Mark your calendar and save the date!

The annual Frances S. Sterrett Symposiumis dedicated to presenting the public withup-to-date, factual scientific information onenvironmental topics. Email questions to Dr.Barbara Hillery at [email protected] or call (516) 876-2738.

Date: Thursday, May 24, 2007Place: Hofstra University

Hempstead, NY

eNICHOLS FOUNDATION HIGHSCHOOL CHEMISTRY TEACHERCongratulations to Dr. Sara Henry McCoy,who was presented with the 2006 NicholsFoundation High School Chemistry TeacherAward at the annual Section-wideConference of the New York Section onJanuary 20, 2007 at St. John’s University.This award was established in 1958 byCharles W. Nichols, Sr. to recognize highlyeffective teaching and inspirational leader-ship to students in chemistry. It is present-ed annually to an outstanding high schoolchemistry teacher in the ACS, New YorkSection.

Dr. Sara McCoy received her BA in chem-istry from Hanover College, Indiana; her MAin physics from the College of William andMary, Virginia and a PhD in ScienceEducation from teachers College, ColumbiaUniversity. In her forty-four years of teach-ing, Sara has taught in ten schools alongthe East and West Coast of the UnitedStates as she traveled with her husband,who was a Naval Officer. She taught at theNaval Academy in Newport, as well as, pub-lic, private and independent schools andcommunity colleges. She brought herdiverse experiences to the CollegiateSchool in New York City, where she hastaught for the past twelve years. TheCollegiate School is an independent school,grades K-12. Sara teaches Chemistry andAP Chemistry. Her students have participat-ed in the Chemistry Olympiad andChemagination. Sara recently brought twoposters created by her Chemagination stu-dents to the Middle Atlantic RegionalMeeting and they were first place winners.Sara’s students compete in the New YorkState Science Olympiad. For the past fiveyears her students have participated in theState level competition at West Point and fortwo years have won the small school award.Thank you, Sara, for your enthusiasm forchemistry and for encouraging the creativenature of your students.


ACS Past President Bill Carroll with Frank Romano and Joan Laredo Liddell.

Joan Laredo-Liddell presents award to Sara Henry McCoy.

Marcia Rudy (Salute to Excellence Award - National Chemistry Week at theHall of Science), Sara Henry McCoy (Nichols Foundation Teacher Award),Bill Carroll (2005 ACS President), Frank Romano (Outstanding Service Award),Joan Laredo-Liddell (2007 ACS New York Section Chair), Jill Rehmann (2006 ACSNew York Section Chair), Vijaya Korlipara (Salute to Excellence Award -Chemagination), Richard Cassetta (Salute to Excellence Award - Long RangePlanning), David Sherman (Salute to Excellence Award - National Chemistry Week.)


NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY — OTTO H.YORK DEPARTMENT OFCHEMICAL ENGINEERINGGraduate Seminar Series — Spring 2007

March 5Precious Metal Monolithic Catalysts –Advantages and Limitations of This NewTechnology in Small Scale HydrogenGenerationDr. Wolfgang ReuttingerSenior Chemist, Strategic TechnologiesBASF Catalysts LLCIselin, NJ

March 9*Modification of Rheological Properties andProcessability for Microbial Poly(3-hydroxy-butyrate)Prof. Masayuki YamaguchiAssociate ProfessorSchool of Materials ScienceJapan Advanced Institute of Science andTechnologyIshikawa, Japan

March 19Edible Film and BiomaterialsDr. Peggy TomasulaResearch Leader for the AgriculturalResearch Service of the United StatesDepartment of AgricultureWyndmoor, PA

March 26Rapid Product Development in a RapidlyEvolving Technology EnvironmentDr. Marc HornPresident, Prospect Biosystems, LLCNewark, NJ

March 29* [tentative]TBAProfessor Vicki ColvinRice UniversityHouston, TX

April 9The Wonderful Enzyme ZooProfessor Peter ReillyProfessor of Chemical Engineering andAnson Marston Distinguished Professor inEngineeringIowa State UniversityAmes, IA

April 16Complex Geometry Flows of Concentrated

SuspensionsProfessor Nina C. ShapleyAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Chemical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew York, NY

April 23Recent Developments in Plastics FoamResearchProfessor Chul Bum ParkCanada Research Chair Tier 1 in AdvancedPolymer Processing TechnologicalUniversity of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada

Times: Refreshments 2:30 PMSeminars 2:45 PM

Place: New Jersey Institute of TechnologyRoom 117, Kupfrian Hall

Seminar Coordinator: Professor Kun Hyun(973) 596-3267, [email protected]..

SEMINAR SERIES SPONSORSBradley Pharmaceuticals, Inc. –ConocoPhillips Bayway Refinery – Engelhard Corporation – Infineum USA L.P.

OthersASSOCIATION OF CONSULTINGCHEMISTS & CHEMICALENGINEERSThe Chemical Trading Business

Speaker: William McShea

Mr. McShea will briefly review the past, pre-sent, and future of the trading companybusiness model in the global chemicalindustry.

Most of Bill McShea’s 38-year career hasbeen within the global chemical industry.He has worked for US, British, German andJapanese chemical companies. His busi-ness-related travel has taken him to 23countries and all 50 States. He is currently aTrading Department Manager for a sub-sidiary of Mitsubishi Corporation where heacts as a bridge between Asian specialtychemical manufacturers and industrial cus-tomers here in the US.

Bill earned bachelor of chemical engineer-ing, and master of business administrationdegrees, both from Stevens Institute of

Technology. He holds three US patents.Bill and his wife live in Bridgewater, NJ.

Date: Tuesday, March 27, 2007Times: Networking/Cash Bar 6:00 PM

Dinner 6:30 PMPresentation 7:30 PM

Place: Snuffy's RestaurantPark & Mountain Ave.(Route 22 East)Scotch Plains, NJ

Registration: $40 ACC&CE Members,$50 Non-members

To Reserve: Call Linda B. Townsend at(973) 729-6671 or e-mail: [email protected]. Advanced registration isrequired.

Cancellations must be made 24 hours inadvance or be invoiced.

+LABORATORY ROBOTICSINTEREST GROUPEmerging Technologies for Sample andProduct Tracking

This meeting will focus on ways to track sam-ple, bar coding and Radio FrequencyIdentification Tags. These technologies areapplicable in a wide range of industries. Theyare not just for analytical and retention sam-ple tracking. Many manufacturers are usingthese technologies to protect their productsfrom counterfeiting and adulteration.

Date: Tuesday, March 6, 2007Place: Somerset Marriott Hotel

110 Davidson Avenue Somerset, NJ

Meeting Details and Registration at thegroup’s web site: http://lab-robotics.org/.

* * * * *

ANNUAL TECHNOLOGY EXHIBITION

Academic Poster Contest

The annual Academic Poster Contest isopen to all students and will be run in con-junction with the Technology Exposition onMay 24th. Cash prizes will be awarded.

Posters may be on ANY TOPIC in the phys-ical or biological sciences. Content relatedto robotics or automation is NOTREQUIRED.

Date: Thursday, May 24, 2007Place: New Brunswick Hilton

To enter a poster please contact KevinOlsen at [email protected] or(973) 655-4076.


Call For Papers

55TH ANNUAL UNDERGRADUATERESEARCH SYMPOSIUMSponsored by: The New York ChemistryStudents’ Association of the AmericanChemical Society’s New York Section.

The symposium provides an excellentopportunity for undergraduate chemistrystudents in the NY metropolitan area topresent the results of their research. Theprogram includes a keynote address byDr. Spiro Alexandratos, Professor ofChemistry at Hunter College CUNY, pre-sentation of student papers (15 minutetalks to small groups), followed by a lun-cheon.

To:1. Submit an abstract on-line 2. Print a flyer for posting - Print “Call

For Papers” frame 3. Obtain directions to Manhattan

College. Go To:http://newyorkacs.org/grp_ stu-dents.html

Date: Saturday, May 5, 2007Place: Manhattan College

Riverdale

If you have any questions please con-tact:

Alison Hyslop, [email protected]

Sharon Lall-Ramnarine, [email protected]

JamieLee RizzoJaimeLee I’olani Rizzo, [email protected]

Call For Nominations

GOLD MEDAL AWARD — SOCIETY FOR APPLIEDSPECTROSCOPY, NEW YORKSECTIONNominations are being sought for the2007 Gold Medal Award of the New YorkSection of the Society for AppliedSpectroscopy. This coveted award wasestablished in 1952 to recognize out-standing contributions to the field ofApplied Spectroscopy. The Gold Medalwill be presented at a special award sym-posium, arranged in honor of theawardee, at the 2007 Eastern AnalyticalSymposium. A nominating letter describ-ing the nominee’s specific accomplish-ments should be submitted along with abiographical sketch by March 15th,2007. Please send all materials toRichard Castino, Analytical andCharacterization Group, c/o SunChemical Corp., 631 Central Avenue,Carlstadt, New Jersey 07072.

If you have any questions or require moreinformation, you may contact me at 201-933-4500, ext. 1238, or email me [email protected].

Thank you for your consideration.

Sincerely,Richard Castino

BROOKLYN COLLEGE OF THECITY UNIVERSITY OF NEWYORKChemistry Department Colloquium —Spring 2007

Friday, March 9, 20072:30 PM, Room 432NE“Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater— A Global Health Threat”Prof. Zongqi “Joshua” ChengDepartment of GeologyBrooklyn College of CUNY

SPECIAL SEMINARTuesday, March 20, 20071:45 PM, Room 432NE“Six Decades at the Interface: Semi-Permeable Boundaries BetweenBrooklyn, Barcelona, Jerusalem andBeijing”Prof. Milton J. RosenEmeritusDepartment of ChemistryBrooklyn College of CUNY

Friday, April 13, 20072:30 PM, Room 432NETopic to be announcedProf. Ishita MukerjiDepartment of Molecular Biology and

BiochemistryWesleyan University

Friday, April 20, 20072:30 PM, Room 432NE“Mouse Models of Disease: Applicationsof MRI and Image Reconstruction inHeart Disease and Cancer Research”Prof. Linda A. JelicksDepartment of Physiology andBiophysicsAlbert Einstein College of Medicine

Friday, April 27, 20072:30 PM, Room 432NETopic to be announcedProf. Beatrice WittenbergDepartment of Physiology andBiophysicsAlbert Einstein College of Medicine

Friday, May 4, 20072:30 PM, Room 432NETopic to be announcedDr. Arokiasamy J. FrancisBrookhaven National LaboratoryDepartment of Environmental Sciences

Place: Brooklyn College of CUNY2900 Bedford AvenueBrooklyn, NY


Contribute to The IndicatorThe Indicator is interested in adding new features

to the publication. Your input would beappreciated. Please let us know which type of fea-

ture you would like to see in future issues; i.e.,book reviews, member news, short articles aboutyour research or other ideas. Would you be willing

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Phone: (973) 331-5142 • Fax: (973) 331-5143


assembled into a loose mat. Heat andpressure are applied to the mat whichcauses the fibers to interlock. The pro-duction of woolen felts is beyond thescope of the present article but it shouldbe noted that beaver fur, and other typesof hats worn in the 1800s and into the1900s were made from felted animalhairs.

The next physical - chemical processinvolved fulling the woven cloth. Thisprocess takes advantage of a propertycalled felting, which is unique to Keratinfibers. When a group of these fibers ispressed together, the roots become per-manently entangled with the other fibersand the resulting cloth tends to becomeheavier, thicker, firmer, and smoother, ina word, fuller. Oils that were added dur-ing spinning and any accumulated dirtwere also washed out.

Wool fibers will not felt unless they arelubricated. They must slide along thepath of least resistance but their scalysurface generates considerable frictionso that no fulling will occur in air or anon-swelling solvent.

Alkaline soaps were commonly used forthis process. Before mechanical equip-ment became available the cloth wassoaked in warm soapy water and thenbeaten with sticks on a wooden floor.Afterwards the cloth might be placed in astream and beaten again to wash out thelast traces of soap.

Another option was to tread on the cloth.At a fulling bee the soapy cloth wasplaced in the center of a circle of bare-foot young men and women who wouldkick it back and forth. The opportunitiesfor flirting were not lost on the partici-pants.

In the Middle Ages and in certain mills,urine was used as the fulling agent. Thekeratin proteins structure changes underalkaline conditions so the felting wasenhanced. Naturally the fullers' workingconditions were extremely unpleasant.Aside from the heavy physical labor,fullers were constantly exposed to theodors of putrefied urine and any

pathogens growing in it. By 1700 the dis-eases of fullers were already listed in theearliest handbooks of occupational safe-ty and health.

The best fulling agent was then and stillis fuller’s Earth. It was widely used in the1800s and replaced stale urine. This is aclay mineral that when mixed with waterproduces a sudsy, surfactant rich solu-tion. No appreciable deposits of fuller’sEarth are found in the northeasternUnited States and the material had to beimported from Europe. Today it is minedin the western and southeastern states.

Mechanical fulling mills were alreadyoperating in the Middle Ages and theywere among the first mechanical textileprocessing operations built in NewJersey. As early as 1667 WilliamLawrence of Monmouth County wasoperating a fulling mill and in the sameyear John Ogden of Elizabeth construct-ed a sawmill that would eventually beconverted to fulling. Historians believethat early fulling mills seldom employedmore than a single fuller and one or twoapprentices. Perhaps this is the reasonthat fullers are seldom mentioned in cen-sus documents and lists of colonial eratradesmen.

Fulling mills operated by using water-power to raise heavy woolen mallets thatwould be dropped onto the cloth. Insome European towns the fulling millwas made available to its neighbors as alaundry during slack times in cloth pro-duction. Later mills used a series ofrollers squeeze the cloth as it was pulledthrough vats containing the fullingagents.

Because the fuller was the last person tohandle the cloth, it was only logical thatmany of them branched out into the dyebusiness.

In terms of the chemistry involved, wooldying was the most complex part of theprocess. Sometimes wool was dyed afterspinning and before weaving. This re-sulted in a garment that was more uni-form in color. The thoroughness of the

Unsaturated fatty acids are not suited forwool oiling. Because they can be easilyoxidized, certain oils such as cottonseedand soybean have been known to heatup and catch fire. The wastes from card-ing operations may contain up to 30% oiland present a dangerous fire hazard.Tiny bits of iron from the teeth of woolcombs can co-catalyze rapid oxidationalong with certain dyes. (Olive Drab dyesare particularly dangerous.)

In addition to their other problems, cheapand low-grade fatty acids are hard toremove from the carded wool and theirpresence can block the penetration ofdyes into the fiber. (The oil can also turnrancid.) Converting the fatty acids tosoap can facilitate their removal. Theaddition of alkalis or ammonia cansaponify (or neutralize) the fatty acidsbut this must be done carefully as theexcess alkali can adversely affect thewool quality. An 1848 recipe calls for sixounces of sodium bicarbonate and twoounces of sodium chloride in one gallonof warm water to be added to wool card-ing oil.

If one reads the histories of the industri-al revolution, it may seem that the textileindustry spawned huge vertically inte-grated factories virtually overnight. Theactual process was far more gradual.This was especially true in areas thatwere still rural, like much of New Jerseyin the first half of the 1800s.

Throughout the early 1800s asmachines became available, owners ofgrist mills and saw mills began branchingout into wool processing. Farmers mightbring wool to one or another specializedmills for a specific step in cloth produc-tion. Raw wool might be carded in onemill, brought back home for spinning,and brought to yet another mill for weav-ing. Other entrepreneurs branched outinto dying or oiling, or fulling. Wool gar-ments produced in the home were saidto be homespun and this word is stillused to describe something that is sim-

ple and unpretentious. In 1810, 374,313yards of woolen goods were produced inNew Jersey homes. Sussex and MorrisCounties lead the others producing97,561 yards and 60,830 yards respec-tively. Essex County produced 43,000yards. Bergen County, which at that timeincluded most of present day PassaicCounty, produced the smallest amount,some 11,739 yards. Perhaps this wasbecause Bergen County had excellentwater and road transportation to NewYork and thus better access to importedtextiles.

After 1840, the production of goods inNew Jerseys homes dropped dramati-cally. The 1840 census lists the totalvalue of all home produced goods at$201,625, by 1850 this dropped to$110,705, and was down to $22,226 by1860. Industrialization more than madeup for the decline, in 1860, New Jerseys35 woolen mills were consuming1,712,000 pounds of wool annually.

Many New Jersey families during thisperiod had a spinning wheel for everyfemale member, wool cards, a dye vat ortwo, and a loom. (The primary responsi-bility for spinning was the eldest daugh-ters which is why an older un-marrieddaughter is still called a spinster by thepolitically incorrect.) Given the tremen-dous amount of labor involved, as well asthe capital investment, not to mentionthe itching, it is no wonder that manypeople gave up homespun fabrics at theearliest opportunity.

The experience of the Smith-Terry familyof Cape May County was typical of theperiod. During the 1850s they keptsheep and the mother washed, dyed,and spun a small percentage of the woolinto yarn for knitting socks. Most of thefamily's wool was collected by a oneIsaac Dubois who brought it to the EastLake Woolen Mills in East Bridgeton. Itcame back woven into cloth and blan-kets.

The alternative to weaving wool intocloth was to felt the material. Pressed feltis a fabric where the fibers are first




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process gave our language the expres-sion dyed in the wool.

Prior to the explosion of synthetic dyes inthe late 1800s, most wool dyes could bebroadly divided into two categories, mor-dant and fast. Fast dyes were those thatbound directly to cloth and would holdfast. It was hard to wash them away andthey generally resisted fading and rub-bing off. Mordant dyes were those requir-ing the wool be pre-treated with a metalsalt (usually a sulfate) if the dyes were tobite. Although the word mordant camefrom a French word meaning to bite, thisis not an accurate description of theprocess.

A mordant is usually a metallic salt hav-ing an affinity for both the dye and thefiber. They combine in the fiber to form alake or insoluble precipitate. Mordantsused for wool are, alum, potassiumbichromate, iron sulphate, tin crystals(stannous chloride), and cream of tartar.The handling of the mordant can changethe shade of the dye. Mordant dyes areclassified by a Colour Index where thedye is named according to both the mor-dant and base color.

To deposit a metal ion on the fiber, mostdyers soaked the fabric in a hot solutionof mordant. The fabric was then trans-ferred to another vat for the dying. Thedyestuff itself is a large organic anionbound to sodium cation. In the dye vatthe sodium is lost and the anion forms aninsoluble complex with the metal ion.

Copperas (ferrous sulfate) was obtainedfrom iron pyrites and this material wasused both as a mordant and an additivethat would alter the colors of producedby the botanical dyes. Readers fromMorris County might be familiar withCopperas Mountain in RockawayTownship, which was mined for bothmagnetite iron ore and iron pyrites dur-ing the 1800s. Alum (aluminum sulfate)was another popular mordant althoughthere were few deposits in the UnitedStates. It was not produced commercial-

ly in this country until after 1811.

Natural dyes available in New Jerseywould have included indigo (blue), mad-der (red), logwood (used to turn woolensa rich navy blue), cochineal (scarlet),and woad (blue, or green after somemodification.) In the years prior to 1850,the dyers palette had 32 natural reds, 3natural blues, 5 natural greens, and 6natural blacks.

After dying the cloth needed to dry sothat it was stretched over a tent-likewooden frame and hooked into place.The hooks used for holding the clothwere called tenterhooks which has beencorrupted to tenderhooks when used todescribe being kept waiting while in anervous state.

The astute reader will have noticed thatafter 3200 words, we have only reachedthe point where the cloth is ready for thetailor or the seamstress.

The history of tailoring and dressmakingis an entirely separate story but it shouldbe noted that the costs of new clothesmade them inaccessible to all but the rel-atively affluent. Before the era of mass-produced clothes in the late 1800s, apoor person might never own a suit ofnew clothes and an average middleclass person would have seldom beenable to purchase a new suit. For manyupwardly mobile immigrants, owningtheir first set of newly manufacturedAmerican clothes was an important stepin the process of assimilation. For thepoor and the downwardly mobile, a livelymarket in second hand clothes persistedwell into the twentieth century.

Wool became one of the first recycledmaterials to reach a large market.Scraps of fabric, loose fibers, and otherwastes were gathered up, shredded andre-spun. This re-working often took placein a specialized factory called a shoddymill. The resulting fibers were shorterand the cloth made from them was of aninferior quality. The cloth was calledshoddy and despite its name, the cloth is




still being manufactured today.

Until the Civil War the word was a nounand not an adjective. The huge demandfor uniforms caused many unscrupulousmanufacturers to supply the Unionarmies with shoddy cloth that quicklywore out. Sometime around 1862 shod-dy became a word describing anythingof low or inferior quality.

The wool industry has been an impor-tant part of New Jerseys industrial histo-ry and has been one of the most impor-tant sources of manufacturing employ-ment. In 1909, 28% of the states manu-facturing workers were employed in tex-tiles. The number dropped to 22% in1929 and rose again to 28% (121,500workers) in 1939. In 1992 the industryemployed 37,900 workers or 13% of themanufacturing workforce and produced5% of the states value added manufac-turing. Today about 8300 persons areemployed in the states 286 companiesin the apparel trade.

ANALYTICALAstec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Bruker Daltonics Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Cargille Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Case Consulting Labs., Inc. . . . . . . . . . 26 Chemir Analytical Services . . . . . . . . . . 25 Chemo Dynamics, L.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Desert Analytics Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . 9 DuPont Analytical Solutions . . . . . . . . . .11 Eastern Analytical Symposium . . . . . . . . 2Huffman Laboratories, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . 26IQSynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 ISSI Laboratories, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Jordi FLP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Micron Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 New Jersey Institute of Technology . . . . 25 Numare Spectralab Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 NuMega Resonance Labs. . . . . . . . . . 26

Primera Analytical Solutions Corp. . . . . 26

Robertson Microlit Labs . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Schwarzkopf Microanalytical . . . . . . . . . 25

Syntask Laboratories, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . 26

Tovatech LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

CAREER OPPORTUNITY

ACS-NY/NoJ Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

EQUIPMENT

Abacalab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Eastern Scientific Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Mass Vac, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Rudolph Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

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Scientific Bindery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

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Dr ... · the Photochemistry of Organic Molecules and Supramolecular Systems. Professor Nicholas J.Turro is the William P. Schweitzer Professor of Chemistry at Columbia University