Draft Report - Climate Change

Draft PCCAAP 2014-2020

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Draft Report


i

Message from the Hon. Minister of Environment and Renewable Energy


ii

Message from the Hon. Minister of Agriculture, Irrigation, Agrarian Development, Animal Production

& Development and Environmental Activities, Southern Province


iii

Message from the Country Director, United Nations Development Program, Sri Lanka


iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


v

Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv

List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vii

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... vii

ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ix

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Context- Sri Lanka .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Importance of a Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan ..................................................................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Climate Change and Adaptation ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 3

1.4 Climate Change Scenarios ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Reference ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

2. PHYSICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2.1 Physical Features .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2.2Population ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

2.3 Water Bodies .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

2.4 Forest Cover ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

3. CLIMATE PROFILE FOR SOUTHERN PROVINCE ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4

3.1 Climate Parameters ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

3.2 Climatic Zone .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

3.3 Agro Ecological Regions ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

4. Climate Change Related Disaster Profile ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7


vi

4.1 Water Related Disaster .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

4.2 Climate Change - Atmospheric Temperature ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8

4.3 Sea level rise – Disaster Profile ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9

Reference ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

5. Culture and Climate Change ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

5.1 Culturally Important Sites .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

5.2 Archeological Sites ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

6. Present state of adaptation and vulnerability to the Climate Change Impacts ......................................................................................................................... 12

6.1 Urban Development and Human Settlement ...................................................................................................................................................................... 12

6.2 Biodiversity and Forestry ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

6.3 Health ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

6.4 Coastal and marine eco systems .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

6.5 Food Security ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

6.6 Water ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

Reference ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24

7. Action Plan-Southern Province .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26

7.1 Approach and Methodology ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26

7.2 Key Challenges and Limitations ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 28

7.3 Sector Definitions as used in the PCCAAP ............................................................................................................................................................................ 29

7.4 PCCAAP ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 29

Appendices ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55


vii

List of Figures Figure 1-Employment by Person- Southern Province 2011 ............................................................................................................................................................. 2

Figure 2-Agro Ecological Regions in Sri Lanka ............................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Figure 3- Housing and Urban Development Sector Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise Exposure ...................................................................................................... 14

Figure 4- No. of Home Gardens in Southern Province ................................................................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 5-Paddy Sector Vulnerability to Drought Exposure ............................................................................................................................................................ 19

Figure 6-Sector Wise Issues identified in NCCAS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 27

List of Tables Table 1-Major sectors affected by climate change ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Table 2-Population of Southern Province .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Table 3-Comparison of GDP Contribution .................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Table 4-Sources of Income, 2011 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2

Table 5-Natural Forest Cover of Southern Province ................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Table 6- Frequencies of Flood Occurrences in Southern Province .................................................................................................................................................. 8

Table 7- Archeological Sites in Southern Province......................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Table 8- Housing and Urban Development Sector Vulnerability to Drought Exposure................................................................................................................. 13

Table 9- Housing and urban Development Sector Vulnerability to Flood Exposure ..................................................................................................................... 13

Table 10- Housing and Urban Development Sector Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise Exposure ..................................................................................................... 14

Table 11- The Natural Forest covers of Three Administrative Districts of Southern Province and their Coverage (%) of Total Land Area ................................. 15

Table 12- Paddy Sector Vulnerability to Drought Exposure .......................................................................................................................................................... 20

Table 13-Water Users and Consumption (Southern Province 2011) ............................................................................................................................................. 21

Table 14- Household in Occupied Housing Units in Southern Province by Principle Source of Drinking Water, 2012 ................................................................. 22

Table 15-Drinking Water Sector Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise Exposure .................................................................................................................................... 23

Table 16- Summary of Action Plan ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 31

Table 17-Identified Climate Change Adaption Actions- Galle ........................................................................................................................................................ 34


viii

Table 18-Identified Climate Change Adaption Actions- Matara .................................................................................................................................................... 41

Table 19-Identified Climate Change Adaptation Actions-Hambantota .................................................................................................................................... 48


ix

ABBREVIATIONS

CBO Community Based Organization

CCS Climate Change Secretariat

DSD Divisional Secretariat Division

FTZ Free Trade Zone

GoSL Government of Sri Lanka

LA Local Authority

NCCAS National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

NCCP National Climate Change Policy

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

PCCAAP Provincial Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan

SLRDC Sri Lanka Land Reclamation & Development Corporation

TMS Total Management Solutions Company Pvt Ltd

UNDP United Nations Development Program


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Context- Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, a developing island nation subject to tropical climate

patterns, is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change

though it is a negligible contributor. Extreme weather patterns

such as periods of high intensity rainfall resulting in disaster

events such as floods and landslides followed by extended dry

periods resulting in drought conditions have become more and

more common in the country. In addition to floods, landslides,

and droughts, increases in temperature and sea level rise are

other potential more long term impacts expected with climate

change. Though the impacts have started to show and there is

reasonable awareness on climate change, little action has been

taken to actually adapt to it.

Sri Lanka has a population of 20,266,363iand a land area of

65,610 km2. Sri Lanka is divided into three climatic zones; dry

zone, intermediate zone & wet zone, which predominantly

characterize the climatic conditions of the country. The average

temperature varies from 240C-280C (Wet Zone-Dry Zone) while

average rainfall varies from <1,750 mm- >2,500mm (Dry Zone-

Wet Zone)ii.Considering the country’s topography nearly 60% of

the land comprises of environmentally sensitive areas which are

not suitable for developmentiii.

As a nation with varied geomorphology Sri Lanka has

experienced various climate change impacts during the last four

decades such as slow and continuous rise of ambient

temperature and increased frequency of extreme weather

events which have caused severe damage to lives and

livelihoods.

In 2010 GoSL initiated a landmark project in collaboration with

Asian Development Bank to prepare a National Climate Change

Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS) for the country. Consequently in

2012 a National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) was formulated

by the Climate Change Secretariat (CCS) of Ministry of

Environment and Renewable Energy in collaboration with UN-

Habitat. Subsequently, the CCS initiated activities to prepare

Provincial Climate Change Adaptation Action Plans (PCCAAP) in

line with NCCAS for each of the Provinces in Sri Lanka, the first

of which was undertaken for the Southern Province with the

support of UNDP.iv

This Provincial Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan

(PCCAAP) provides a framework to provincial level decision

makers to prepare southern province as a climate resilient

region in Sri Lanka. Under this action plan a Climate Change

Adaptation Program Monitoring Cell will be established to

monitor the implementation of this action plan through various

provincial level authorities with the assistance of national level

inline agencies.


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This CCAP has been prepared for Southern Province of Sri Lanka

which includes the geographical areas of districts Galle, Matara

and Hambantota. Therefore, this CCAP provides background

information on climate change, basic statistical information on

Southern Province including information on physical and

environmental settings as well as socio-economic aspects.

1.2 Importance of a Climate Change Adaptation Action

Plan

This Climate Adaptation Action Plan will outline the challenges

the Southern Province of Sri Lanka faces, in the short and

medium terms as a result of changes in climate pattern expected

in the future. It provides actions based on present-day

knowledge on how to counter these impacts.

Living and coping with uncertain impacts of climate change is no

longer a choice; it is an imperative. Sri Lanka is a negligible

contributor to global warming. Though, as a nation, we are

highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, which

include:

• increases in the frequency and intensity of disasters such

as droughts, floods and landslides;

• variability and unpredictability of rainfall patterns;

• increase in temperature; and

• sea level rise, among others.

Climate change vulnerabilities cut across many sectors in the

economy, and threaten to compromise the significant

achievements the country has recorded in the last 20 years.

Investments currently being deployed as part of our ongoing

development drive are also at risk.Table 1 provides details of

the major sectors affected by climate changev;

Table 1-Major sectors affected by climate change

Sector Impacts

Power sector • High rate of evaporation from hydro-power reservoirs

• Increasing demand for air conditioning and ventilation

• Reduced efficiencies in thermal plants, industrial installation and engines

Agriculture sector • Increased frequency of soil moisture stress in upland crops

• More droughts • More floods • Reduced water availability for irrigation • Reduced productivity of high-value crops • Increased Pest & Disease outbreaks and their range • More land degradation

Health sector • Additional strain from thermal stress in work places

• More vector and water borne diseases • Increased rate of respiratory disorders • More communicable diseases • More accidents under extreme weather conditions • Malnutrition • Psychological problems

Transport sector • Inundation of roads and rail lines due to floods,


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Sector Impacts

inadequate road side drainage, landslides, rock slides etc.

• Erosion of road sides and rail tracks, and earth and gravel roads

• Cracking on road surfaces and pavements • Destruction of turf on road embankments • Increased cost of maintenance

Human settlement • Dry zone - Agricultural based community - Vulnerable to droughts & increased

temperature • Coastal community (276km coastline)

- Sea level rise & Cyclones • Urban poor community

- Increased food prices - Increased disease incidences

• More & intense floods • Landslide prone areas

Through changes in the climate will take place over a long

period of time. It nevertheless makes good sense to start work

on climate adaptation now. Doing so provides a good

opportunity to analyse challenges and proposed solutions and

identify the optimum solutions and consequently avoid making

wrong investments.

1.3 Climate Change and Adaptation

Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the

statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging

from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average

weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the

average conditions.

UNFCC defines climate change as “change of climate which is

attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the

composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition

to natural climate variability observed over comparable time

periods”.vi

Climate change adaptation means anticipating the adverse

effects of climate change and taking appropriate action to

prevent or minimize the damage they can cause, or taking

advantage of opportunities that may arise. It has been shown

that well planned, early adaptation action saves money and lives

later.viiExamples of adaptation measures include: using scarce

water resources more efficiently; adapting building codes to

future climate conditions and extreme weather events; building

flood defenses and raising the levels of dykes; developing

drought-tolerant crops; choosing tree species and forestry

practices less vulnerable to storms and fires; and setting aside

land corridors to help species migrate.

Therefore, spatial planning has an important role to play in

responding to the urgent need to address both causes of climate

change and unavoidable impacts of climate change. This Action

Plan provides structural and non-structural spatial

interventions for Sri Lanka’s Southern Province to adapt to some

of the key impacts of climate change.

Source: Climate change: Challenges and Opportunities in Sri Lanka, Dr.B.V.R.

Punyawardena


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1.4 Climate Change Scenarios

Climate change scenarios enable decision makers to use

computer simulations to explore with increasing confidence the

consequences for their climate to various levels of emissions of

greenhouse gases from human activities. IPCC defines climate

change scenarios as “coherent, internally consistent and

plausible descriptions of possible future states of the world”viii.

Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8°C

(1.4°F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since

1980ix.Climate model predictions have indicated that during the

21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a

further 1.1 to 2.9°C. Various research studies conducted in Sri

Lanka reveals thatx;

• Cold days and nights have decreased

• Warm nights and days have increased

• Consecutive dry days have increased

• 24 hour heavy precipitation has increased

It is critical that climate change scenarios are consistent with

our understanding of climate change and are internally

consistent. The basic set of climate variables should consist of

maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation,

radiation/cloud, specific/relative humidity or vapor pressure

and wind speed. Therefore, criteria to evaluate climate change

scenarios should be of the following nature;

• straightforward to obtain

• simple to interpret and apply

• estimate a sufficient number of climate variables on a

spatial and temporal scale that allows for impacts

assessment

• physically plausible

• spatially compatible

• consistent with the broad range of global warming

projections

• reflect the potential range of future regional climate

change

• representative of the range of uncertainty of projection

For scenarios to be effective analyses of vulnerability and

adaptation, they have to provide information on a spatial scale

compatible with impacts analysis where the spatial scale of

analysis can vary from a watershed to farm. It also needs to

consider appropriate time scale. Some analyses may need only

monthly data and others may require daily or even sub daily

data.

There are four main data options for developing climate change

scenariosxiwhich are detailed below;

1. Past climates: analogues

Analysis based on past climates where the instrumental record

is the observed climate (i.e., the recordings of temperature and

precipitation data that can stretch back decades). Paleoclimatere


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constructions which can also be used in this type of analysis are

based on proxy data, such as tree rings, sediments in lakes, or

boreholes. They typically estimate climate conditions over the

past centuries to millennia. The estimates of change in climate

from paleoclimatic reconstruction cover a much longer time

period than the instrumental record which on the other hand is

able to highlight more extreme weather events. Therefore, the

accuracy of paleoclimate reconstructions is considered far lower

than that of the instrumental record.

2. Spatial analogues

Spatial analogues are current climates in other locations that

may be representative of the future climate of a specific location.

Analogues paint a simple picture, which is good. But future

climate is not likely to be exactly like climate in another region.

3. Arbitrary changes; incremental

Arbitrary scenarios are typically constructed by analysts and are

done after examining model projections of regional climate

change and consultation with climatologists. Of all the scenarios,

arbitrary scenarios can be the easiest to apply. However they

often do not capture the variance across space or time. Also,

some combinations of variables can be implausible.

4. Climate models

Climate models are the most sophisticated options for

developing climate change scenarios, but can also be

complicated to use. Because climate models run assuming

higher GHG concentrations, they are the only option of the four

that explicitly incorporates climate change conditions resulting

from increased GHG concentrations. Global climate models

range from simple, one-dimensional models such as MAGICC to

more complex three-dimensional models such as general

circulation models (GCMs).MAGICC/SCENGEN is a user-friendly

software package that takes emissions scenarios for greenhouse

gases, reactive gases, and sulfur dioxide as input and gives

global-mean temperature, sea level rise, and regional climate as

output. GCMs model the atmosphere, ocean, the cryosphere, and

interactions with land surfaces. They model change on a

regional scale, typically estimating change in grid boxes that are

approximately several hundred kilometers wide.

Reference iCensus of Population and Housing 2011, Department of Census and Statistics

ii Study on Climate change: Challenges and Opportunities in Sri Lanka by Dr. B.V.R.

Punyawardena [online] Available at:

http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pres_ranjith_punyawardena.pdf [Accessed on 14th

November]

iii National Planning Group Project, Research Study, Department of Town & Country Planning,

University of Moratuwa

iv Total Management Solutions Company (TMS) is the technical consultant of this project

v FULL TEXT OF THE CONVENTION, ARTICLE 1 . 2013. FULL TEXT OF THE CONVENTION,

ARTICLE 1. [ONLINE] Available at:


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http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/2536.php [Accessed 14

November 2013]

vi Climate Action, 2013, Adaptation to Climate Change, [ONLINE] Available at:

http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/adaptation/ [Accessed at 14 November]

vii Climate Change Scenarios, 2013. [ONLINE] Available at:

http://www.parc.ca/pdf/conference_proceedings/jan_01_barrow1.pdf

[Accessed 14 November 2013]

viii Global warming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2013. Global warming - Wikipedia, the

free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-AmericasClimateChoices-2011-

FullReport-2 [Accessed 14 November 2013]

ix G.B. Samarasighe, 2013, Long Range Forecast of Climate Change: Sri Lanka Future Scenario,

[ONLINE] Available at:

http://www.ips.lk/events/workshops/19_8_09_climate_change/3_samarasinghe.pdf[Accessed

14 November 2013]


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2. PHYSICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES

2.1 Physical Features

Southern Province is one of the unique regions of Sri Lanka

which has multi-cultural, traditional and economic importance

through its history. Total land extent of the province is 5576km²

and south west and south east borders are coastal with a coast

line of 276km extent.The Galle, Hambantota and Matara districts

have land areas of 1,689 km2, 2,623 km2

and 1,264 km2 respectively.

The Southern Province is demarcated mainly by natural

boundaries. The Bentara Ganga and Kumbukkan Oyaseparate it

from the Western and Eastern Provinces. The province

constitutes and coastal strip of approximately 276 km extending

from Bentota to Tissamaharama. This coast is indented at

frequent intervals by bays, river estuaries and inlets. Few areas

in the Galle and Matara districts rise to an elevation of

approximately 1,200 feet above MSL while the rest of the

province is generally flat.

Southern Province is comprised of three major climatic zones

and nine agro climatic zones prevailing in the country. They are

Low land Wet Zone, Low land Dry Zone and Intermediate Zone.

Both Galle and Matara are located 300 m above MSL is classified

as Low-land Wet Zone. Hambantota District classified as Dry

Zone low land.

Major soil group distributed in Galle and Matara districts is red-

yellow podzolic soils. The coastal parts of the Southern Province

have mainly alluvial, bog half bog and regosal soil types

respectively.

The geo-morphology of Hambantota is slightly different where

the low lands are comprised with bintenne gnesses.

2.2Population

According to Census of Population and Housing 2012, the

Population of Southern Province is 2,466,127 people which

is12.1% of the total population of the country. Table 2-Population of Southern Province

District Population

Galle 1,058,492

Matara 809,610

Hambantota 598,025

Total 2,466,127

Source: Census of Population and Housing 2012

This province is constituted predominantly by a Sinhalese

population (more than 90% of the total population in all three

provinces). The population breakdown is given in table 2.


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Table 4-Sources of Income, 2011

Table 3-Comparison of GDP Contribution

Sector Southern

Province

Sri Lanka % of Total

GDP

Agriculture 112,346 792,457 14.2

Industry 254,228 1,956,658 12.9

Services 360,422 3,794,893 9.5

Total GDP 726,996 6,544,009 11.1

Source: Central Bank Annual Report 2012

The Southern Province contributes 11.1% to the National GDP

(Table 3) and subsistence farming and fishing are the main

sources of income for the vast majority of the people of this

province (Figure 1 and Table 4).

Figure 1-Employment by Person- Southern Province 2011

2.3 Water Bodies

Major rivers of the Southern Province are Nilwala, Gin and

Walawe which originate in the south central highlands and flow

through the low lands before reaching the sea. Walawe is 130km

long and flows out to sea near Ambalantota in Hambantota

District. Both Nilwala and Gingangahave the outflows to sea in

Ginthota, Galle. In addition to these three major rivers the

Province also drained by seven medium rivers and 25 small

rivers. These rivers overflow and give rise to hydro-

meteorological disasters during the monsoon period especially

in Galle and Matara districts. On the other hand these water

bodies are the irrigation sources for agriculture activities in the

Dry Zone. Streams which play an important role in supporting

biodiversity, can be divided into two categories; seasonal and

perennial streams. According to Southern Province Biodiversity

Profile, the streams in the Wet Zone are characterized by the

abundance of small rocks, in between which occur mixed

Source: - Sri Lanka Labor Force Survey, Annual Report – 2011-

Department of Census and Statistics

Source: - Sri Lanka Labor Force Survey, Annual Report – 2011-

Department of Census and Statistics


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population of ferms such as Bulbitisspp, Cyatheaspp,

Lindseasppand Trigonosporaspp. Such fern assemblages are

quite common in association with streams found in Galle and

Matara Districts.

In addition significant number of inland reservoirs (man-made)

large and small irrigation tanks are found in the Province. The

majority of them are located in the Hambantota district. These

reservoirs are the water source for agricultural activities in the

area.

Marsh lands are found in low lying areas in all three districts.

Inundation by flood waters brings considerable amounts of

alluvial soils, which accumulate as mud on the surface. These

nutrient rich muddy films facilitate more luxuriant growth of

marshy plants. Kiralakale(475 ha) and Garanduwa(425 ha)

wetlands located in Matara districts are two of the major

marshes in the Province. Both these wetlands play an important

role in the prevention of floods and in supporting economic

activities of the local people.

2.4 Forest Cover

Southern Province is blessed with diverse types of forest

vegetation. The three main types of observed in this Province as

Wetland Rain Forest in the South Central High Lands, Wet Zone

forests in certain parts of Akuressa and Morawaka in Galle and

Matara districts. These forests are important in providing food

and indigenous medicine. Intermediate Zone and Dry Zone

forests reserves together add value to the rich bio-diversity of

Southern Province. The table below table shows the estimated

natural forest cover in the three administrative districts of

Southern Province;

Table 5-Natural Forest Cover of Southern Province

District Land Area

(Km2)

Forest Cover

(Km2)

%

Galle 1,689 176 10.4

Matara 1,264 168 13.3

Hambantota 2,623 173 6.6

Total 5,576 517 9.27

Source: Southern Province Biodiversity Profile and Conservation Action

Plan-2008


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3. CLIMATE PROFILE FOR SOUTHERN PROVINCE

3.1 Climate Parameters

“Climate” in a narrow sense is usually defined as the average

weather, or more rigorously, as the statistical description in

terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a

period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of

years. The classical period for averaging these variables is 30

years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization.

The relevant quantities are most often surface variables such as

temperature, precipitation, and wind. Climate in a wider sense is

the state, including a statistical description, of the climate

system.Different averaging periods, such as a period of 20 years,

are also used (IPCC).

The average temperature in Sri Lanka ranges from 28º to 32ºC

and the average temperature in the Southern Province is

between 24ºC-28ºC. Meteorological Observation, 2012 provides

average district temperatures for Galle, Hambantota and Matara

to be 27.30C, 29.90C and 26.7ºC respectively.

Annual rainfall of the country varies from under 900mm in the

driest parts (south-eastern and north-western) to over

5,000mm in the wettest parts (western slopes of the central

highlands). In the Southern Province, the Galle District receives

approximately 2367.2mm of rainfall annually while Hambantota

receives 1,294.4mm of rainfall and Matara District receives

2,500mm of rainfall annually.

Change in winds patterns appeared to be most predominant

change in the recent years. With respect to spatial distribution,

high wind related disaster events are most prevalent in the

districts of Rathnapura, Badulla, Anuradhapura, and Colombo.

Compare to other parts of the country the Southern Province

has experienced low wind related disasters/losses including

agricultural losses.

Considerable damages occurred during 2011 in Galle District

due to high winds 12,220 people were affected and 3,061 houses

were damaged. In 2013, 17,863 people were affected and 844

houses were damaged due to high winds. In Matara district in

2011, comparatively high damages were recorded where total

number of people affected were 17,863 while 1,518 houses were

destroyed and 2,471 houses were damaged.

3.2 Climatic Zone

Sri Lanka is demarcated into three climatic zones; they are Dry

Zone, Intermediate Zone and the Wet Zone which

predominantly characterize the climatic conditions of the

country. The average temperature varies from 24ºC- 28ºC

between the wet zone to the dry zone while average rainfall

varies from 1750mm to 2500mm.


5

IL2

DL1B

DL2B

DL3

DL1C

WL1A

DL1E

IL3

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DL1D

DL1F

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WL3

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IL1C

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AGRO - ECOLOGICAL REGIONS IN SRI LANKA

The southwestern low lands below 300m altitudes are regarded

as the Lowland Wet Zone where most parts of Galle and the

major part of Matara districts are located. The mean air

temperature of this region is around 25ºC with slight seasonal

variation. The average annual rainfall is over 2,300 mm for the

region. The Southern Dry Zone Lowland from Panama to

Tangalle covering much of the Hambantota district receive an

annual rainfall up to 1,500mm and much of it occurs during

October to December mainly as conventional and North-East

monsoon rains. Extreme South-east Hambantota to Yala receives

the lowest annual rainfall of only up to 950mm with prolonged

drought periods from April to September and a short but severe

dry spell in February. The transitional region between the Dry

and Wet Zones is known as the Intermediate Zone, which shares

many features of the two major climatic counterparts. This

climatic region occurs from Matara to Tangalle. The total annual

rainfall is about 2,000mm and the mean temperature of the

region is around 27ºC with little variations.

3.3 Agro Ecological Regions

An agro-ecological region represents a particular combination of

the natural characteristics of climate, soil and relief. When an

agro-climatic map, which can be considered as areas where the

integrated effect of climate is uniform throughout the area for

crop production, is superimposed on soil and terrain, the

resulting map identifies agro-ecological regions.

Figure 2-Agro Ecological Regions in Sri Lanka


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Agro-ecology has an important role to play in designing and

evaluating agricultural research, land use and other

development strategies. In recognition of this potential, Sri

Lanka was delineated into 24 agro-ecological regions, (AERs) in

1975 which were subsequently revised in 2003 to identify 46

AERs (Figure 2). Each AER represents a particular combination

of natural characteristics of climate, soil and relief and rainfall

and therefore each region has specific vulnerability for climate

change impacts. AERs within Southern Province are mainly

exposed to hydro metrological disasters such as flood, cyclones

and drought. In addition, coastal issues such as sea erosion and

sea water intrusion affect the agricultural activities of the

Province.


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4. Climate Change Related Disaster Profile

A “disaster” can be referred as a sudden, calamitous event that

seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and

causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses

that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its

own resources. These natural disasters have caused loss of life,

and huge damage and destruction to property2.

Sri Lanka being a small island in the Indian Ocean in the path of

two monsoons is mostly affected by weather related hazards

floods mostly due to monsoonal rain or effects of low pressure

systems and droughts due to failure of monsoonal rain are the

most common hazards experienced in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka is

also prone to hazards such as landslides, lightning strikes,

coastal erosion, epidemics and effects of environmental

pollution of which all are being experienced in the Southern

Province.

4.1 Water Related Disaster

“Floods” defined as waterthat overflows from rivers or streams

and runs slowly or quickly on small or large areas whichare

more of common occurrence in Sri Lanka than the other natural

disasters. There are three major rivers in the Southern Province.

Among these major rivers Gin and Nilwala those run through

Southern Province are vulnerable to floods. This area is

occupied by a population of 2,464,732 with density of 1532

thereby increasing the risk to life and property by floods. Heavy

rainfall, deforestation, improper land use and the absence of

scientific soil conservation practices could be identified as the

major factors for floods in the Southern Province. Inadequate

and improper maintenance of drainage system is another main

cause for such flood situation during high intensity rainfall.

The records published in the Road Map for Disaster Risk

Management (DRM) for Sri Lanka shows that the total number

of people affected in the southern region during 1974-2004 was

923,495. The total number of floods reported by the region

during this same period was 148. The frequencies of these

floods have been more persistent in recent years (Disaster

Management Information System-DMIS). See table 6 for details:


8

Table 6- Frequencies of Flood Occurrences in Southern Province

Landslides are also often associated with high intensity rainfall

and they are often exaggerated by unplanned human activities.

It’s defined as all mass movements other than surface erosion of

a hillside. This event includes terms such as precipitation of

earth, settling, horizontal land thrust, mass movement,

displacement and detachment of soil masses on watersheds or

hillsides. Some causes of landslides are excessive rainfall, typical

landform and geology, deforestation and

unplanned land use practices. Though landslides are not

common in the Southern Province, in 2003, landslides in Matara,

Galle and Hambantota districts caused massive damages to

human settlements and the environment. Paddy fields and

forests were destroyed and there was a huge loss of human lives

and livelihood. Another such incident in 1978(80,000) people

were affected in the Ambalantota Division of Hambantota. In

Matara district relatively high damages were recorded in 2003

where1025 people were affected7.

4.2 Climate Change - Atmospheric Temperature

Drought occurs in the south-eastern, north central and north-

western areas of Sri Lanka due to low rainfall during monsoons.

Main causes of drought are low rainfall, deforestation, improper

land use and unplanned cultivation. The Southern Province on

average receives 1,800 mm of rainfall annually but it is

distributed unequally. There is a stronger tendency to drought

in the South-Eastern district of Hambantota5. Although droughts

cannot be classified as sudden disasters, they cause hardship

and financial loss mostly to farmers.

Severe droughts have been recorded during the years 1935-

1937, 1947-1949, 1953-1956, 1965, 1974-1977, 1981-1983,

1985, 1993-1994, 2000-2001 and 2003-2004. According to the

DMIS, severe droughts affecting large numbers of people have

occurred during the three years of 2001 and 2004 with the

Year District No. of

Times

Occurred

No. of Houses

Destroyed

No. of

People

Affected

2003 Galle 17 1179 105125

1994 Galle 7 0 4505

1978 Galle 9 0 0

2007 Hambantota 49 236 7221

1997 Hambantota 4 463 20220

1978 Hambantota 7 0 320

2003 Matara 100 604 43132

1995 Matara 18 0 7500

1984 Matara 7 0 0

Source: DMIS Disaster Management Centre, Sri Lanka.


9

worst being 2001 982,805 affected in Southern Province) where

358,305 were affected in the Hambantota District.

In terms of agricultural loss, there were unusual increases in

crop loss in 1987, 2001 and 2004, due to the severity of the

droughts experienced in Hambanthota.

4.3 Sea level rise – Disaster Profile

Sea Level Rise (SLR) could be defined as rise of sea water above its mean level. Potential local effects projected by changes in sea level must account for associated coastal storms, tides, and inland precipitation and runoff. Environmental effects induced by SLR are far reaching and will differ based on the geophysical setting. Local evaluation of such consequences will be essential. Potential environmental effects include the following:

• increased storm damage to coastal infrastructure • more rapid coastal erosion • shoreline change including the possibility for total loss of

protective natural barriers • saltwater intrusion into aquifers and surface waters • rising water tables

These effects will occur over time at different rates or re-

occurrence intervals. Although passive inundation is

straightforward to estimate, coastal environments are dynamic

and complex.

Sri Lanka has a coastline of 1,585 km of which 17.4% constitutes

the Southern Province. The economic importance of the coastal

areas has increased as a result of rapid urbanization,

development of commercial harbors, fishing harbors and

anchorages, main lines of communication, recreational facilities

and tourism. It has been estimated that over 50- 55 % of the

shoreline is subjected to coastal erosion in Sri Lanka. Erosion

severely affects infrastructure facilities such as the railway, road

system, communications and disturbs economic activities along

the coast such as fishing, recreational and other coast-related

activities. Severe damages have been recorded in Hikkaduwa,

Thissamahara and Weligama. During the stakeholder

workshops, participants pointed out that local agriculture and

ground water are subsequently affected due to consequences of

SLR such as salt water intrusion and coastal erosion.

Reference

1Climate change - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change [Accessed 13 November 2013]

2International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Types of disasters: Definition

of hazard, 2013, [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-

management/about-disasters/what-is-a- disaster/[Accessed 13 November 2013]

3Sri Lanka Disaster Knowledge Network, Floods, 2013, [ONLINE] Available at:

http://www.saarc-sadkn.org/countries/srilanka/hazard_profile.aspx[Accessed 13 November

2013]

4Ministry of Disaster Management, December 2005, Towards a Safer Sri Lanka A Road Map for

Disaster Risk Management, Disaster Management Centre.


10

5Sri Lanka Disaster Knowledge Network, Drought, 2013, [ONLINE] Available at:


2013]

6Ministry of Disaster Management, December 2005, Towards a Safer Sri Lanka A Road Map for

Disaster Risk Management, Disaster Management Centre- Droughts

http://www.adrc.asia/documents/dm_information/srilanka_plan02.pdf

7DMIS, Disaster Management Centre, Sri Lanka,

http://www.desinventar.lk/DesInventar/main.jsp?countrycode=sr&continue=y

8Sri Lanka Disaster Knowledge Network, Coastal Erosion, 2013, [ONLINE] Available at:


2013]

9 DMIS Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka National Report on Disaster Risk, Poverty and Human Development

Relationship, Chapter 03 Disaster Event and Impact Profile, Drought- Impacts, [ONLINE]

Available at: http://www.desinventar.lk/des_html/disaster_profile/drought.pdf [Accessed 13

November 2013]

5. Culture and Climate Change

5.1 Culturally Important Sites

Climate change could affect our society through impacts on a

number of different social, cultural, and natural resources. For

example, climate change could affect human health,

infrastructure, and transportation systems, as well as energy,

food, and water supplies. Some groups of people will likely face

greater challenges than others. Climate change may especially

impact people who live in areas that are vulnerable to coastal

storms, drought, and sea level rise or people who are poor.

Hence located in the coastal belt of Sri Lanka, the cultural sites

of Southern Province potentially face a high vulnerability. Table

7 shows some of the religious places located with100m from the

sea in the Southern Province. All these sites are potentially

vulnerable to coastal disasters particularly sea level rise and

hydro-meteorological disasters such as flash floods, cyclone.

However, it must be recognized that very limited work has been

carried out to determine the actual vulnerabilities of these sites

and the implication of negative climate change impacts to the

national economy and local communities.

5.2 Archeological Sites

In ancient and mediaeval times Ruhuna had been one of the

three principal territorial divisions of Sri Lanka, other two being

Pihiti and Maya. Present Southern Province has been a part of

Ruhuna rata. Pre-historic evidences found in places like

Bundala, Usangoda and Pallemallala within the district of

Hambantota bears testimony to the existence of human

settlements as far back as BC 5th century.


11

TYPE DISTRICT DSD GN NAME

Buddhist temple Galle Balapitiya Ahungalla Samuddrarama

Purana Viharaya

Buddhist temple Galle Galle Four Gravets Kaluwella Galle fort

Church Galle Galle Four Gravets Fort

Mosque Galle Galle Four Gravets Ginthota West

Buddhist temple Galle Habaraduwa Yaddehimulla Yaddehimulla

Temple

Buddhist temple Galle Habaraduwa Koggala

Buddhist temple Galle Habaraduwa Ahangama Central

Historical Sites Galle Hikkaduwa Seenigama Seenigama Devalaya

Church Galle Hikkaduwa Wellabada Thiranagama

Buddhist temple Hambantota Ambalantota Welipatanvila

Buddhist temple Hambantota Ambalantota Welipatanvila

Buddhist temple Hambantota Ambalantota Bataatha South Henagahapugala

Buddhist temple Hambantota Hambantota Mirijjawila

Buddhist temple Hambantota Tangalle Kudawella South Kudawella

Buddhist temple Hambantota Tangalle Gurupokuna

Historical Sites Hambantota Tissamaharama Medawelena Kirinda

Buddhist temple Matara Devinuwara Thalalla South Lanka Rajamaha

Viharaya

Buddhist temple Matara Dickwella Kottagoda Sirisumanaramaya

Buddhist temple Matara Dickwella Beliwatta Pantharamaya

Buddhist temple Matara Dickwella Bathigama Central

Buddhist temple Matara Matara Four Gravets Thotamuna Chulalankaramaya

Buddhist temple Matara Matara Four Gravets Pamburana Balasooriyaramaya

Mosque Matara Weligama Paranakade Buhari Mosque

Mosque Matara Weligama Kapparathota South

Buddhist temple Matara Weligama Kamburugamuwa South Sri Dharmaramaya

Buddhist temple Matara Weligama Thal Aramba East Samudratheera

Maha Viharaya

Table 7- Archeological Sites in Southern Province

• Roomassala: it’s a well-known bio-archeological site in

the province located by the side of the Galle harbor. The

antiquity of Roomassala is even traced to a much earlier

period as tradition links Ramayana, Hindu Epic.

According to historians, it was well known as a reserve

associated with the trees and plant having miraculous

healing power. However, due to negligence of authorities,

this valuable site is degraded and today a very small

patch of land is retained.

• Usangoda:- It is also believed to be a historically

important place. It is approximately 2.5Hain extent and

located long the cost off Ambalanthota. It is particularly

popular due to its unique soil profile, which consists of an

unusual deposit of red ochre surfaces. The deposit is the

result of weathering of serpentine rock, which has given

rise to iron oxides of extremely fine particle size. Nickel

and chromium occur as trace elements. The ochre was

used as a ceramic stain.

• Curd Village is situated in Hambanthota-

Thissamaharama main road. Although entire district of

Hambanthota is known for Ruhuna Curd, Koholankala is

the most popular village credited with the production of

curd. Several hundreds of the people were engaged in

curd industry during the past. However, due to

constraints face by the livestock farmers at present, many

of them have given up the industry and the remaining

producers depend on the milk collected somewhere else.


12

6. Present state of adaptation and vulnerability to

the Climate Change Impacts

6.1 Urban Development and Human Settlement

Urban development is the social, cultural, economic and physical

development of cities, as well as the underlying causes of these

processes1. The structural changes that are taking place as a

result of uneven development have caused a rapid growth in the

urban sector in the country. Around 70% of Sri Lanka’s

population is still rural2but similar to many other countries in

the world, Sri Lanka is urbanizing rapidly. Urban populations in

Sri Lanka have been broadly defined by the Urban Development

Authority (UDA) as those living in areas serviced by the

country’s 18 Municipal Councils, 42 Urban Councils and 15 other

areas termed urban development areas-identified on the basis

of population density and national importance.

Cities and metropolitan areas are major contributors to national

economies and they play a key role in global markets. Accurate

estimates of economic contribution from urban areas are

difficult to be obtained, but in the year of 2009, through

manufacturing, construction, and services sectors, which are

primarily urban-based, accounted for 83.3% of GDP. The

development trajectory that Sri Lanka is currently following

envisages an increase of the current urban population of 30% to

50% by 2016 and to 70% by 20303.

Human settlements define people’s existence. They are places

which can be large and small, urban and rural, formal and

informal where people live, learn, work, and create. It is an

important component of Sri Lanka’s development where the

demand for houses and urban infrastructure is growing with

population growth and economic advancement. The public

sector of the country has taken efforts to improve housing

through programmes such as Janasewana SahasraLanka Urban

Development Programme, Janasewana Swashakthi Human

Development Programme, Visiri Housing assistance programme

continued (1000 houses), "Cities devoid of shanties" housing

Programme, Infrastructure uplifting Programme and Nagamu

Purawara Programme4.

The current availability of houses is 5.1million of which271304

are below standard5, belonging to the urban low-income

families living in slums and shanties. The current availability of

houses in the Southern Province is accounted as 6276575. By

2030, 70% of Sri Lanka’s population is expected to reside in

urban settlements6. With the looming emergence of climate

change it is important to ensure that new development is

climate proofed to minimize impacts by adopting measured to

combat/ adapt to sea level rise, floods, droughts and other

natural disasters. The impact of climate change varies for rural

and urban areas, coastal cities, mountain cities and low-latitude

cities.


13

In Sri Lanka there is a heavy concentration of human

settlements in coastal areas. Of these 285 km2 of coastal land is

gazetted as municipal and urban land, which amounts to nearly

half the urban areas in the island. These urban areas located

along the coastline are highly exposed to impacts of climate

change with the main concern being which is also expected to

exacerbate already existing coastal erosion.

When considering the vulnerability of housing and human

settlements to drought is the Southern region of the country

come up as a highly vulnerable region7. Hambantota district is

the most drought affect in Southern Province with five DS

Divisions (DSD) emerge as having settlements highly sensitive

to droughts (see Table 8). Urban development and human

settlement could be highly vulnerable to drought, particularly if

local economies are sustained by highly sensitive industries

such as agriculture.

Table 8- Housing and Urban Development Sector Vulnerability to Drought

Exposure

Vulnerability to flood to the housing and urban development in

the Southern Province is moderate (see Table 9).

Table 9- Housing and urban Development Sector Vulnerability to Flood

Exposure

Flood conditions will cause erosion and physical damages to

infrastructure and public utilities imposing significant burdens

on individual house holdings and national economy.

Vulnerability of the urban development sector to sea level rise in

the Sothern Province is expected to be moderate (see table

below for details of vulnerability to sea level rise exposure).

DSD Name Total Population No. of Households

Suriyawawa 43,029 11,474

Ambalantota 72,673 18,543

Lunugamvehera 31,326 8,453

Katuwana 46,359 12,266

Angunukolapeles 48,271 12,715

Source: Sri Lanka Census of population and Housing, 2012

District Name DSD Name Total

Population

No. of

Households

Matara Mulatiyana 49,941 12,886

Hambantota Ambalantota 72,673 18,543

Galle Thawalama 32,447 8,836

Matara Hakmana 31,464 7,943

Galle Nagoda 53,467 14,365



14

Table 10- Housing and Urban Development Sector Vulnerability to Sea Level

Rise Exposure

The main vulnerabilities associated with sea level rise to human

settlements include inundation of land, saltwater intrusion, and

increased frequency of storm along the costal belts. Land,

settlements, and costal infrastructure may be affected with

considerable losses/ damage of assets, disruption of economic

opportunities and threats to the physical and social wellbeing of

coastal communities, especially since the coastal zone accounts

for about 43% of the nation’s GDP. Salt water intrusion will

reduce the availability of fresh water for both drinking and

irrigation, again undermining the viability of settlements in

certain coastal areas and some downstream human settlements,

well beyond the coastal zone.

Figure 3- Housing and Urban Development Sector Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise

Exposure


Population

No. of

Households

Hambantota Hambantota 57,028 14,518


Galle Habaraduwa 62,095 15,344

Matara Weligama 72,522 17,202

Galle Karandeniya 62,341 17,321

Galle Hikkaduwa 101,381 25,047



15

6.2 Biodiversity and Forestry

Biodiversity refers to all the variety of life that can be found on

earth including plants, animals, fungi and micro-organisms as

well as to the communities that they form and the habitats in

which they live. It underlies the goods and services that are

crucial for human survival and wellbeing due to a host of vital

supporting, regulating, provisioning and cultural eco system

services. Biodiversity is determined by many factors, including

mean climate and variability12, as well as disturbance regimes

caused by changes of tectonic, climatic, biological,

anthropogenic and other origin.

Sri Lanka is one of the smallest, but one of the most biologically

diverse countries in Asia. Consequently it is recognized as

a Biodiversity hotspot of global and national importance. Its

varied climate and topographical conditions have given rise to

this rich species diversity, believed to be the highest in Asia in

terms of unit land area. Most of the species are endemic, a

reflection of the island's separation from the Indian

subcontinent since the late Mesozoic period. This is especially

relevant for mammals, amphibians, reptiles and flowering

plants. These species are distributed in a wide range of

ecosystems which can be broadly categorized into forest,

grassland, aquatic, coastal, marine and cultivates11.

Sri Lanka also has a rich marine and coastal biodiversity along

its 1,620 km coastline8 and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

which comprises the sea bed and water column over an area8 of

517,000 km2. Due to a long history of agriculture that stems

from a unique hydraulic civilization, Sri Lanka also has a rich

agro-biodiversity, resulting from selection by farmers and

adaptation of crops and livestock to varied ecological conditions

that prevail in the country.

The Southern Province is blessed with diverse type of forest

vegetation due to its diverse edaphic and climatic conditions

influenced by its location. The forest types include wetland rain

forests, wet zone forests, intermediate zone forests, dry zone

forests thorn scrubs and grasslands. Table 11 shows the forest

area for the 3 districts.

Table 11- The Natural Forest covers of Three Administrative Districts of

Southern Province and their Coverage (%) of Total Land Area

District Total area km2 Forest cover

km2

%

Galle 1689 176 10.4

Matara 1264 168 13.3

Hambantota 2623 173 6.6

Total 5576 517 9.27

Source: Department of Forest (2001)

The Southern low lands and the Southern lowlands (Galle and

SW of Matara districts) are categorized as wetland rain forests.

The lowland wet zone forest area9 consists of 34,000ha (0.76%

of the total area sheltered by natural forest9). They consist of

diverse variety of plant communities differing floristically,


16

phytosociologically and physiongnomically. The Wet Zone

forests in the Province consist of Sinharaja which is notable for

its species richness and high endemicity and recognized as a

globally important biodiversity hotspot. Intermediate Zone

forests are located between Wet Zone and Dry Zone which fall in

between Matara and Hambantota districts. These forests mainly

consist of thorn scrub jungles. Thorn scrubs represent the most

stable community occurring in areas surrounding salt marshes.

The grasslands in the region play a very important role not only

ecologically but also economically.

6.3 Health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-

being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Good

health is important for intellectual, physical and spiritual growth

and one of the driving forces behind economic and social

development of a country. Sri Lanka has one of the leading

healthcare systems among developing countries since both the

Government and Private sector have been rapidly building and

improving infrastructure, quality of services and human capital

base in the health care sector. It is stated that in a month, nearly

31.7% of household population obtain health treatment as out-

patients per month13.

Climate change can have significant impacts on health. It affects

the social and environmental determinants of health including

clean air, safe drinking water, sufficient food and secure shelter.

The impacts are expected to be in the areas of vector borne

diseases, rodent borne diseases, food and water borne diseases,

nutritional status and other environment related disorders. The

main mosquito vector borne diseases in Sri Lanka are dengue

fever, malaria, filariasis and japanese encephalitis of which

dengue fever has become as a serious pubic issue during recent

years. During the year 2013, 27,221 suspected dengue cases

have been reported in the island. Approximately 15.51% of

dengue cases were reported from the Southern Province. Galle

district recorded 770 cases, Hambantota 299 cases while 428

cases were reported from the Matara district15.

Rodent borne diseases are those that are carried by rodents

such as rats, mice and bats and even cattle. The main rodent

borne disease in Sri Lanka, which is on the rise with predicted

increase due to climate change, is Leptospirosis. In the fourth

quarter of year 2012, 750 cases and 20 deaths were reported

compared to 1148 cases and 17 deaths during corresponding

quarter of 201116. With respect to Southern Province, 43 cases

were recorded in Galle district while 37 cases were reported in

Hambantota and 71 cases in Matara district. Food and water-

borne illnesses may be caused by micro-organisms created by

growing bacteria or contamination of food and/or water with

certain bacteria, viruses or parasites. The main illnesses in this

category are typhoid, dysentery, cholera diarrhoea, hepatitis A &

B, and polio. Of all the food and water borne diseases currently

occurring in Sri Lanka, dysentery is the most prevalent though

its incidence is declining. In the 4th quarter in 2012, a total of

1524 cases of dysentery were reported in comparison to 1639


17

cases in the corresponding quarter of 201118. In the Southern

Province, 25 cases were recorded in Galle district, 20 cases were

in Hambantota and 53 cases in Matara district19.

Extreme conditions resulting from climate change induced

impacts such as floods, land-slides and droughts are expected to

increase the incidence of water and food borne diseases. Other

than the above mentioned diseases there are a range of other

environment related disorders including non- communicable

diseases. An increase in temperature can potentially exacerbate

incidence of heat rashes, heat syncope, heat cramps, heat

exhaustion and heat stroke. Respiratory diseases such as asthma

and allergies are also expected to increase with increasing

temperature by speeding up chemical reactions and

consequently worsening pollution from ozone.

Climate change will also affect food production, especially cereal

crops. As a result the incidence of malnutrition is expected to

become more widespread affecting mostly children and

pregnant mothers. Increase in salinity of surface and ground

water in coastal areas will affect freshwater availability for

communities for domestic use. This will result in reduced

sanitary facilities in the area, further exacerbating the current

morbidity due to common water and food borne diseases.

6.4 Coastal and marine eco systems

Sri Lanka has a variety of coastal and marine habitats that

include large expanses of beaches (including barrier beaches,

spits and dunes); estuaries and lagoons, mangroves, salt

marshes, sea grass beds, and several types of reefs including

coral reefs. These systems support a rich array of species. Yet, it

is known that Sri Lanka’s coastal strip has been degraded by

anthropogenic and non- anthropogenic activities. Available

records indicate an average rate of coastal erosion of about 0.5

m/year and an accretion rate of about 0.2 m/year (CCD 2006).

The fisheries constitute a significant part of the Sri Lankan

economy. Recent statistics shows(2009), annual fish production

to be about 339,730 t and fishery products also contributed

2.6% to all export earnings through the export of various

aquatic products such as prawns, lobsters, crabs, chank shells,

beach demer, molluscs, fish and fish maws and shark fins. Other

than fishery, Sri Lanka is blessed with a pool of Marine species.

Any damage to estuaries and lagoons, coral reefs or coastal

wetlands would lead to reduced feeding, breeding and nursery

habitats for commercially important coastal and marine finfish

and shellfish used in the food fishery

In the Southern Province Dickwella beach (also called Dikwella

or Dikwella South) is about 22 km east of Matara.This long


18

sandy beach is largely protected by headlands, reefs and sand-

bars, making it safe for swimming/snorkeling.The headlands

have reefs along their rocks, close to the beach.

Hikkaduwabeach, 100 km from Colombo is the first area to be

developed for tourism in the Southern cosat. Tangalle is located

in Hamabanthota district, few km away from Mathara. It is a

beautiful and natural palm fringed sea bay witha Fishing Harbor.

Matara district accounts for 15% of total marine fish production

in the country and Galle district accounts for 8.5% (Fisheries

Statistics Sri Lanka, Ministry of fisheries and aquatic resources

2009).Hambantota district contributed about 5.8%. Inland

fisheries and aqua culture production and Galle and Matara

districts contribute about 0.1% each.

The coastal belt of the Southern Province is already stressed

with negative anthropogenic activities such as sand mining in

coastal areas, destruction of coastal flora systems, improper

anchoring and maintenance of boats and illegal constructions at

coastal areas. Increased frequency of extreme weather events in

the environmental delegation will be further exacerbated.

Coastal vulnerability can be managed by controlling

anthropogenic activity that exacerbates there risk.

6.5 Food Security

The World Food Summit of 1996 defines “food security” as

existing when all people at all times have access to sufficient,

safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.

Generally, it includes both physical and economic access to food

that meets people's dietary needs as well as food preferences.

The total land devoted for paddy is estimated to be about 57,439

Hectares at present22 in the Southern Province. There are two

cultivation seasons namely; Maha and Yala which are

synonymous with two monsoons. Maha Season falls during

“North-east monsoon” from September to March in the

following year. Yala season is effective during the period from

May to end of August. The highest average yield of 12,752

bushels per net acre (6,575 kg per net hectare) was reported

during this season from the Hambantota district. The main of

income for the vast majority of the people in the southern

province is fishing and subsistence farming. The total paddy

production recorded for the Southern Province is 250125MT

with 38,984MT, 45,691MTand 165,450MT, being recorded for

Galle, Matara and Hambantota23.

The plantation sector comprises tea, rubber, coconut and

sugarcane, which together with other minor export crops such

as coffee, cocoa, spices. Nearly 49751ha are under tea24 and

10132ha are under rubber24. Cinnamon and citronella

plantations are found mainly in the Southern Province. Home

gardens constitute a traditional system of permanent cropping

for a wide range of valuable crops, and are known to be

particularly important for providing construction and industrial

wood and maintaining high species and genetic diversity of fruit,

vegetables and spices that can be used to improve capacity of

such crops to withstand climate change. There are about 23,399


19

home gardens (2002) in the Southern Province accounting for

about 188,994 Acres22.

Figure 4- No. of Home Gardens in Southern Province

Source: - Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka

Saline intrusion due to sea level rise and storm surges are bound

to exacerbate with lowered river flows during drought and in

coastal areas, surface and groundwater will be affected,

restricting freshwater availability for farming communities and

agricultural activities leading to reduced agricultural

productivity. Salt water intrusion may be felt up to considerable

distances inland along rivers discharging to the sea, and could

degrade arable coastal land, particularly paddy fields, causing

them to be abandoned.

Figure 5-Paddy Sector Vulnerability to Drought Exposure

The higher variability of rainfall due to climate change will

adversely affect some agro-ecological regions, and hence affect

rice production especially rain fed paddy comprising over 30%

of all rice paddies in the country. The Dry Zone, where nearly

70% of the paddy is cultivated in Sri Lanka, is already showing

an increasing number of consecutive dry days due to rainfall

Galle, 10,523

Matara, 8,014

Hambantota,

4,862


20

variability. Further incidences of drought and variability in

rainfall are bound to adversely affect paddy yields. This may

cause serious socio economic impacts and imperil the future

food security of the country. Similarly, high intensity rainfall and

prolonged floods can also cause destruction to paddy.

Focusing on to the Southern Province, DSDs those are most

vulnerable to drought is Ambalantotata, Suriyawawa and

Tissamaharama are (see Table 12)

Table 12- Paddy Sector Vulnerability to Drought Exposure

As fisheries is heavily dependent on conducive environment

conditions for sustainability, it is critically important that

development of the fishery sector should take into account

ramifications of climate change, including sea level rise, and take

steps to strategically adopt appropriate adoption measures to

ensure the continued sustainability of fishery industry.

The second main source to fulfill the food need in the country is

the fisheries industry, which contributes significantly to the

nutrition, employment and food security (provide 70% of

animal protein consumed), foreign exchange earnings, and

government revenue. Therefore its sustainability should be a

primary concern in economic development of the country. The

fisheries sector in Sri Lanka mainly consists of coastal fisheries,

offshore fisheries, inland capture fisheries and aquaculture and

shrimp farming.

On an average 1.7 % of the GDP comes from fisheries. The total

number of persons employed in the industry both directly and

indirectly is over 600,000. The national fish production in 2012

was 486, 170 MT, comprising 417,220 MT of marine fish and

68,950 MT of inland fish. The amount earned annually in foreign

exchange by exporting fish and other fishery products has

exceeded LKR 25,000 million. In 2012, Sri Lanka exported

18,631 MT of processed fish products (estimated wet whole-fish

equivalent 28,000 MT) comprising mainly tuna and other large

pelagic fish of shrimp, crab and lobster at a value of LKR 26,363

million. The same year Sri Lanka has imported a total of 71,413

MT of fishery products (estimated wet whole-fish equivalent

143,000 MT) comprising mainly of dried fish, dried sprats

(anchovies) Maldive fish and canned fish at a value of LKR

17,401 million27.

Vulnerability of inland and brackish water fishery to drought

exposure is widespread, particularly in the Dry and

Intermediate zones. Hambantota shows moderate vulnerability

to drought exposure and is the most vulnerable area in the


Population

No. of

Households


Hambantota Suriyawawa 43,029 11,474

Hambantota Tissamaharama 43,029 11,474



21

Southern Province. Marine fishery vulnerability to sea level rise

exposure in the Southern Province shows Devinuwara DSD in

Matara moderately vulnerable.

As fisheries is heavily dependent on conductive environment

conditions for sustainability, it is critically important that

development of the fishery sector should take into account

ramifications of climate change, including sea level rise, and take

steps to strategically adopt appropriate adoption measures to

ensure the continued sustainability of fishery industry.

Livestock is an important component of the agricultural sector.

At present there are about 68,550 Cattle and 25,150 Buffalo,

14,690 Goats, and 1,930 Swine, 442,070 Chickens and 785

Ducks in the Southern Province26. Livestock sector vulnerability

to drought exposure shows Suriyawava DSD of Hambantota as

high vulnerability which consists of a human population of

3,029 and 11,474 household units and a livestock population26

of Cattles 39,600, Chickens 81,870, Swine 640, Goats 6,100 and

Buffalos 48,080.

6.6 Water

Water is essential for life and human wellbeing which satisfies a

basic human need. It is used in both productive and

consumptive activities and contributes to rural and urban

livelihoods in numerous ways. Water is a vital resource for

proper functioning of all sectors of Sri Lanka’s economy such as

agriculture, health, energy, supply of water for drinking and

sanitation and industry. Overall the Southern Province uses

about 43.2m3MN of water per year. The number of water users

and the quantity of waters consumed by the Southern Province

is demonstrated below (see table 13).

Table 13-Water Users and Consumption (Southern Province 2011)

In Sri Lanka 40% of population has organized water supply

facilities and 59.4% is dependent on other sources such as wells,

tube wells, streams and rivers etc, including 10% being

dependent on unprotected sources28 (Department of Census,

2012). See Table 14 for sources accessed in the Southern

Province.

Category No. of. Customers Quantity of Water

(m3Mn)

Domestic 208963 34.8

Government 1760 2.6

Industry 99 0.1

Other 11650 5.7

Total 222472 43.2

Source: Economic and social statistics of Sri Lanka 2012- Central Bank of Sri

Lanka.


22

Table 14- Household in Occupied Housing Units in Southern Province by Principle Source

of Drinking Water, 2012

The main sources of water in Sri Lanka are rainfall (primary

source of soil moisture), stream-flow and groundwater. Sri

Lanka’s plentiful water resources are mainly due to an average

annual rainfall of over 2000 mm, which provides an annual

average volume of over 130 billion m3 of freshwater. Among

this, about 35% contributes to stream flow; a further 20%

serves to replenish soil moisture and groundwater bodies, while

the balance is released to the atmosphere as evapo-

transpiration. Sri Lanka’s surface waters are both natural and

man-made. The former comprises rivers and streams,

freshwater marshes, small isolated freshwater bodies,

freshwater springs and seasonal ponds. The major rivers in

Southern Province are Nilwala, Gin and Walawe, which are

originated from the South Central highlands and flowing

through the lowlands before reaching the sea. The Walawe River

is 130km long, and flows in to the sea near Ambalantota in

Hambanta. Nilwala and Gin ganga originates from the Deniyaya-

Rankwana range and former flows southwards for about 70km

to join the sea at Matara while Gin ganga reach the sea at

Ginthota in Galle33.

In addition to that a large segment of the rural population in Sri

Lanka, which constitutes over 70% of the total population,

depend on rainfall-based sources of income, such as agriculture,

livestock production and inland fishery. In addition to human

requirements, inland freshwaters also provide for the country’s

basic environmental needs. Freshwater availability is, therefore,

a key limiting factor for food production and enhancement of the

national economy.

The share of water used by the urban population in Sri Lanka is

projected to increase to 45% by 2015 and to 65% by 2030,

which will lead to increase the pressure to meet the national

targets for drinking water30. Currently 138,255 of population in

the Southern Province have accessed to pipe- borne water while

rural populations still rely on well water for drinking purposes

and other uses31.

Well Pipe born water Other

District

Nu

mb

er

of

ho

us

eh

old

Pr

ote

cte

d w

ell

w

ith

in p

rem

ise

s

Pr

ote

cte

d w

ell

o

uts

ide

pr

em

ise

s

Un

pr

ote

cte

d w

el

l Ta

p w

ith

in u

nit

Ta

p w

ith

in p

rem

ise

s b

ut

ou

tsid

e

Ta

p o

uts

ide

pre

mis

es

Ru

ra

l w

ate

r s

up

ply

pr

oje

ct

Tu

be

we

ll

Bo

ws

er

Bo

ttle

d w

ate

r

Riv

er/

Ta

nk

/S

tr

ea

m/

Sp

rin

g a

nd

Matara

204,1

94

65,24

5

25,3

65

13,6

90

44,3

76

15,7

84

3,47

1

20,

390

1,5

83

0 2

1

14,2

69

Hambant

ota

155,2

99

18,67

9

11,5

87

3,75

4

38,7

90

41,4

85

7,48

7

24,

339

3,5

71

5

1

1

1

0

5

4,99

1

Galle

269,7

40

116,2

45

39,3

04

20,2

07

55,0

89

13,8

99

6,20

4

8,1

35

2,9

59

1

8

1

2

9

7,48

8

Source: Department of Census, Sri Lanka.


23

When analysing the climate data for Sri Lanka clearly indicates

changes in rainfall and temperature throughout the country. As

climate change expected to change pattern and quantity of

rainfall, evapo-transpiration, surface run-off and soil moisture

storage, changes in water availability for irrigated agriculture

and public use could well be anticipated. Sri Lanka is often

subjected to several natural hazards, mainly floods, droughts

and landsides. The frequency and intensity of these hazards are

expected to increase with climate change. Also sea level rise,

coastal flooding, coastal erosions, changes in rainfall regimes

and increase in temperature are expected through climate

change.

Drinking water sector vulnerability to drought exposure is

widespread but the south/south-central, north-western and

north-central regions are especially vulnerable. According to the

data driven regarding the southern region, Suriyawawa

Divisional Secretarial Division which belong to Hambantota

District is highly vulnerable in the district 43,029 people were

affected (11,474 household units)31. Vulnerability to Sea level

rise is seen to be high in the Southern regions of the country

(see Table 15 for details)30.

Table 15-Drinking Water Sector Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise Exposure

District DSD Name Total

Population

No. of

Households

Galle Habaraduwa 62,095 15,344

Hambantota Hambantota 57,053 14,518

Matara Weligama 72,511 17,202


Matara Malimbada 34,735 8,872

Galle Hikkaduwa 101,382 25,047

Galle Karandeniya 62,278 17,321

Matara Devinuwara 34,735 11,586

Source: Department of Census, Sri Lanka.


24

Reference 1Department of Sociology and Human Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences

http://www.sv.uio.no/iss/english/research/subjects/urban-development/- Urban Development

2Ministry of Environment, December 2010, Sector Vulnerability profile: Urban Development, Human

Settlement and Economic Infrastructure, Page-3, Urban Development,

file:///C:/Users/TMS/Google%20Drive/TMS/Projects/NCCAAP_UNDP%202013/NCCAS%20Docs/Files/Urba

n_SVP.pdf


Settlement and Economic Infrastructure, Page-3, Urban

Development,file:///C:/Users/TMS/Google%20Drive/TMS/Projects/NCCAAP_UNDP%202013/NCCAS%20Do

cs/Files/Urban_SVP.pdf

4Ministry of Construction, Engineering and Services, Housing and Common Amenities, Major projects,

http://www.houseconmin.gov.lk/index.php/major-projects/housing-sector-major-projects

5Department of Census and Statistics, Occupied housing units in districts and Divisional Secretary's Divisions

by type of housing unit, 2012,

http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=hhd61&gp=Activities&tpl=3


Settlement and Economic Infrastructure, Page-10, Urban Development- 2.0 Climate Change Related Issues and

Vulnerability

file:///C:/Users/TMS/Google%20Drive/TMS/Projects/NCCAAP_UNDP%202013/NCCAS%20Docs/Files/Urba

n_SVP.pdf

7Ministry of Environment, Sri Lanka,January 2011, Climate Change Vulnerability Data Book.

8Ministry of Environment, December 2010, Sector Vulnerability profile: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

Page-10, Introduction,

file:///C:/Users/TMS/Google%20Drive/TMS/Projects/NCCAAP_UNDP%202013/NCCAS%20Docs/Files/Biodi

versity_SVP.pdf

9Ashoka Gunawardena , December 2008, Bio Secretariat Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Sri

Lanka, Southern province Bio Diversity profile and conservation Action Plan, Page- 24, 3.4.1 Wetland Rain

forest.

10Ashoka Gunawardena, December 2008, Bio Secretariat Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Sri

Lanka, Southern province Bio Diversity profile and conservation Action Plan, Page- 24, 3.4.2 Wet zone Forest.

11Ashoka Gunawardena, December 2008, Bio Secretariat Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Sri

Lanka, Southern province Bio Diversity profile and conservation Action Plan, Page- 64, 3.4.2 Grasslands.

12Dr. Hiran Amarasekera, 2012, Environment Sri Lanka, Biodiversity,

http://www.environmentlanka.com/biodiv/biodiv.php

13Department of census and Statistics, June 2013, Household Income and Expenditure Survey - 2012/13

Preliminary Results of First Three Monthly Rounds, July, August, September 2012, Page- 2, Health,

http://www.statistics.gov.lk/HIES/HIES201213BuletinEng.pdf-

14Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, 2013, Disease Surveillance-Trends,

http://www.epid.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=171%3Adengue-

update&catid=51%3Amessage-for-public&Itemid=487&lang=en

15Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health,

http://www.epid.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_casesanddeaths&Itemid=448&lang=en

16Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, 4th Quarter 2012, Page-4, Leptospirosis,

http://www.epid.gov.lk/web/images/pdf/bulletin/2012/4th_qeb_2012.pdf-

17Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, 4th Quarter 2012, Page-4, Summary of Notifiable Diseases - 4th

quarter 2012, Page-2 (table-28), Leptospirosis,

http://www.epid.gov.lk/web/images/pdf/bulletin/2012/4th_qeb_2012.pdf

18Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, 4th Quarter 2012, Page-4, Dysentery


19Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, 4th Quarter 2012, Page-4, Summary of Notifiable Diseases - 4th


25

quarter 2012, Page-2 (table-28), Dysentery,


20 FISHERIES SECTOR DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (2010-2013)-Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

Development New Secretariat, MaligawattaColombo 10, http://www.fisheriesdept.gov.lk/fisheries_beta/

21 REVIEW OF COASTAL AND MARINE LIVELIHOODS AND FOOD SECURITY IN THE BAY OF BENGAL LARGE

MARINE ECOSYSTEM REGION-PHILIP TOWNSLEY, IMM Ltd, The Innovation Centre, University of Exeter

22Department of Census and Statistics,

PaddyStatisticshttp://www.statistics.gov.lk/agriculture/Paddy%20Statistics/PaddyStats.htm

23Department of Census and Statistics, Table- Paddy Statistics - Extent, Sown, Harvested (gross &nett),

Average Yield and Production by District - 2012/13 Maha

Season.http://www.statistics.gov.lk/agriculture/Paddy%20Statistics/PaddyStatsPages/2012_13%20Maha%2

0Table03%20FINAL.pdf

24Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Biodiversity Secretariat, December 2008, Southern

Province Biodiversity profile and Conservation Action Plan.

25Department of Census and Statistics, 2002, Crop and livestock in land holding below 40 perches (0.10

hectares), Table-3: Number of Land Holding, Home Gardens and their Extent in Holding below 40 perches- by

District, Agriculture and Environment Statistics Division,

http://www.statistics.gov.lk/agriculture/Small%20holding%20sector/index.htm

26Agriculture and Environment Statistics Division, Department of census and Statistics, Sri Lanka. National

livestock statistics 2003-2012, http://www.statistics.gov.lk/agriculture/Livestock/LivestockStatistics.html

27Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.http://www.fisheriesdept.gov.lk/fisheries_beta/

28Investment Cost and Cost Recovery - Water Sector Sri Lanka P H SarathGamini and Dr. D.R.I.B Werellagama

Project Director, Greater Kandy Water Supply Project and Former Senior Lecturer, Uni. of Peradeniya

http://www.waterboard.lk/Scripts/htm/Articles/Session%2004%20-%2002%20

%20Mr.%20P%20H%20Sarath%20Gamini%20-%20Cost%20of%20Water.pdf-

29Ministry of Environment, December 2010, Sector Vulnerability profile: Water, Human Settlement and

Economic Infrastructure, Page-2-7, The Resource,

file:///C:/Users/TMS/Google%20Drive/TMS/Projects/NCCAAP_UNDP%202013/NCCAS%20Docs/Files/Wate

r_SVP.pdf

30Ministry of Environment January 2011, Climate change vulnerability Data Book, Page 61-74

31Department of Census and statistic of Sri Lanka

Households in occupid housing units in Districts and Divisional Secretary's Divisions by Principal Source of dri

nking water, 2012 (A-10)

http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=hhd64&gp=Activities&tpl=3

32Water – consumers, consumption and revenue by Province 2008 – 2011 (Page- 62), Economic and Social

Statistics of Sri Lanka 2012, Central Bank of Sri Lanka

http://www.cbsl.gov.lk/pics_n_docs/10_pub/_docs/statistics/other/econ_&_ss_2012.pdf

33Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Biodiversity Secretariat, December 2008, Southern

Province Biodiversity profile


26

7. Action Plan-Southern Province

7.1 Approach and Methodology

A bottom up approach was adopted for the development of the

PCCAAP, aimed at encouraging and capturing local participation and

views. This approach enabled the capture of local climate change-

linked issues and priorities, to recognize the existence of diverse

needs and to build consensus among local players. The steps in the

process of developing the Southern Province Climate Change

Adaptation Action Plan are presented below;

• Preparation of Stakeholder Inventory

A comprehensive stakeholder inventory was prepared to represent

the relevant sectors in the Province. It aimed to bring as many

grassroots level people as possible (e.g. fishermen, farmers, local level

NGOs, etc) together to capture their views. This was driven by CCS

with consultation and assistance from the consultants.

• Preparation of project brief and other supporting

documents

A project brief was developed to provide an introduction to the

project and introduce the purpose of the workshop to the

stakeholders involved. This brief was sent to the participants along

with the invitation letters in order to ensure a base-level

understanding of climate change and the issues that were to be

addressed. The brief was supplemented by presentation materials

developed by the CCS and TMS teams.

• Provincial and District Level Stakeholder Workshops

Initially a provincial level stakeholder workshop was conducted to

identify the provincial level climate change issues. Subsequently, two

district level workshops were conducted to gather further localized

information. Issues identified in the sector vulnerability profiles of

NCCAS were used as a platform to initiate PCCAAP in Southern

Province. Issues identified in provincial level workshop were used as

the basis for the discussions in the district level workshops. The

provincial level workshop with the participation of the provincial level

institutional representatives was held on 17th March 2013 in Matara,

while the two district level workshops were held in Galle and

Hambantota on 14th& 17th May respectively. A list of attendees at the

workshops is in Appendix 01. Once the workshops were completed,

the project team synthesized the workshop findings (Appendix 02)

and then further validated/discussed them through a series of

brainstorming sessions between the project team and CCS.

During workshop sessions, sector-specific climate change issues were

identified along with geographic locations and root causes.

Subsequently, all the identified sectoral climate change issues were

prioritized by the participants by voting. About 3-4 issues were

prioritized under each sector considering the magnitude of impact in

the area concerned. Again participants joined together as groups and


27

identified actions to solve prioritize issues. The following figure

illustrates the process adopted during the workshop sessions of

PCCAAP.

The consulting team anticipates that the draft action plan proposed in

this document will be validated by more field-based discussions. The

priority activities are developed to a further level of detail prior to

finalizing the PCCAAP. This further development will be subject to the

concurrence of CCS and UNDP.

Figure 6-Sector Wise Issues identified in NCCAS

•

• Formulation of Action Plan

This draft PCCAAP was prepared by the consulting team based

on the findings of the stakeholder workshops conducted in the

three districts of Southern Province. From the numerous actions

identified during the workshop, the project team has selected

only the highest priority issues for the purpose of preparing

action plan. This prioritization is based primarily on the views of

the stakeholders.


28

7.2 Key Challenges and Limitations

• Ensuring balanced stakeholder representation at the

workshops

Workshops were conducted at the provincial level and district

levels, but the stakeholders who participated were not familiar

with the conditions in the entire Southern Province. Grassroots’

ideas were only representative of the area covered. This was

primarily due to budget and logistical limitations preventing a

much wider array of workshops which would enable a better

sample of views.

• Reaching consensus on sectors and locations to be

included in the PCCAAP

Initially, it was decided to prepare PCCAAP under seven sectors;

food security, human settlements, health, water, bio diversity,

coastal and marine resources and disaster management.

Subsequently after a series of discussions with CCS, it was

decided to exclude disaster management since was not a

standalone sector but one that gets captured and each of the

other sectors.

Generally, the proposed actions during the workshops were

generic and not specific to particular area/s. Some of the given

locations were quite broad, such as Divisional Secretariat or

town area. In some instances (especially Matara) location-

specific information was lacking.

• Dominant persons or sub groups within workshops

distort picture

As often happens in stakeholder workshops, a few of the

stronger voices and groups tended to dominate some of the

discussion. However, this was managed with the breakout into

groups and careful facilitation.

• Lack of awareness on the difference between climate

change adaptation and mitigation

Often, Stakeholders were confused with the concept of climate

change adaptation, as it was rather new to them. Therefore

many issues and actions identified during the workshops were

mitigation related. However, the facilitators were successful in

managing the discussions to obtain substantial views on

adaptation as well.

• Stakeholder proposed actions sometimes not

actionable at the Provincial level

Some solutions that were proposed during workshops focused

on non-structural actions such as regulatory control measures

including revision of existing regulations and research studies.

Since most of these regulations were formulated and enacted by

central government agencies, the amount of change of such

regulations at provincial level is questionable.


29

7.3 Sector Definitions as used in the PCCAAP

Food security:

Under food security all issues related to crops, livestock,

plantation agriculture and other crops and irrigation water for

agricultural purposes were considered.

Water:

In water sector adequate access to potable water, pollution of

potable water sources especially ground water and inland water

bodies. In addition quality of water especially in community

based water supply schemes was also considered under water

sector.

Health:

Health sector of PCCAP considers vector borne diseases

especially mosquito borne diseases and rodent borne diseases

such as Leptospirosis. All these diseases were caused by effects

on agricultural production, water availability, extreme weather

event, etc.

Human Settlement:

As climate change affecting the many aspects of human

wellbeing due to rising temperatures, water stress, sea level rise

that would affect coastal areas and the impacts of more intense

rainfall events leading to more frequent floods and landslides,

application of adaptation measures would be necessary to

counteract the challenges brought

about by climate change. Therefore importance given to disaster

related impacts on human settlements under PCCAAP.

Bio Diversity:

Bio diversity sector of PCCAAP has accounted cultivation

harmful commercial crops and promoting the cultivation of

climate resilient crops which suites to climatic conditions of the

area.

Coastal and Marine Resources:

Coastal and marine ecosystems are intimately linked to climate.

Thus, PCCAAP has addressed the issues which exacerbated the

coastal climate change issues. Sand mining, destruction of

coastal flora such as coral reefs and habitat loss of coastal

ecosystems are the major issues discussed under this sector.

7.4 PCCAAP

The Southern PCCAAP was assembled by analyzing the

outcomes of the stakeholder consultations and identifying a

primary climate change linked vulnerability for the region

(Galle, Matara and Hambantota) to be addressed for priority


30

action. For each of the districts, the causes for the vulnerability

were identified by the stakeholders as the factors to be

addressed. The identified causes/factors to be addressed in

most instances are anthropogenic (human induced) activities

which exacerbate the consequences of climate change such as

floods due to high intensity rainfall further exacerbated by poor

maintenance of drainage systems. Human induced activities are

much easier to mediate than natural causes.

For each of the Districts, the affected areas were identified with

the exception of Matara where detail is lacking, and the

proposed adaptation measures suggested by the

stakeholders. Of the many suggested adaptation measures, the

most applicable and practical actions were selected and

strengthened where needed. The proposed adaptation actions

were District specific, through in some instances, good and

applicable interventions identified for one District, has been

suggested for other similar scenarios.

The Summary Action Plan (Table 16) below provides an

overview by sector (Coastal, Food Security, Human Settlements,

Water, Health and Biodiversity) of the primary climate change

linked vulnerability identified for the Province, the factors to be

addressed for each sector, and the district affected by each of

these factors. This table also provides the linkage to the NCCAS

identifying the Strategic Thrust area that is being addressed at a

national level. The proposed adaptation actions have been

collated and presented as short, medium and long term

actions and presented as theme-specific action plans the

Province in Table 17.


31

Primary CC-linked Vulnerability Factors to be addressed Galle Matara Hambantota Linkage to NCCAS

Deposition of salt in the

arable lands which are located

below MSL • • •Soil erosion and

sedimentation in arable lands • • •Impact on cultivation due to

changes in rainfall pattern • • •Limited facilities in

community based water

supply schemes to purify

water (Turbidity is a problem,

and other quality issues are

not investigated)

• • •

Pollution of potable water

resources • • •Reduction of the capacity of

the waterbodies • • •Limited awareness of

communities on water quality • • •Dengue- Lack of proper

maintanence of environment • • •Leptospirosis- due to water

stagnation • • •

Strategic Thrust 3,B(2)

Improve Maintenance of

Existing tanks and reservoirs

including the including the

watershed and catchments

Strategic Thrust 3,B(3)

Adopt and Promote the

principles of IWRM

Strategic Thrust 3,A(3)

Ensure easy access to seed

stock alternatives / advice to

counter rainfall variability

Strategic Thrust 2,C(1)

Promote water saving

technologies including rain

water harvesting

Strategic Thurst 2(D)

(1),(2)(3),(4)

Combat Climate change

related health concerns in

settlements

Unreliable and inadequate output

from agriculture: CC impacts on food

security are manifold, stemming

from procuctivity loss due to

variability in rains, and unsuitable soil

conditions. These factors significantly

impact small-scale subsistence

farmers in the province.

Scarcity of potable water: Drinking

water availablity is adversely affected

by changes in climate patterns,

especially for those dependent on

community-based water supply

schemes utilizing surface or ground

water.

Spread of vector borne diseases:

Dengue and Leptospirosis have seen

increases in recent years, and

changing climate patterns are viewed

to be one of the contributing factors

Fo

od

Se

curi

tyW

ate

rH

ea

lth

Table 16- Summary of Action Plan


32

Primary CC-linked Vulnerability Factors to be addressed Galle Matara Hambantota Linkage to NCCAS

Inadequate capacity and poor

maintenance of drainage

systems• • •

Illegal constructions &

incompatible uses in river

reservation• • •

Siltation of water bodies

• • •Illegal constructions along

drainage canals • • •Uncontrolled cultivation of

harmful commercial crops

(e.g. Oil Palm)• • •

Spread of climate resilient

flora threatening diversity of

local ecosystems• • •

Sand mining in coastal areas

• • •Destruction of coastal flora

systems • • •Improper anchoring/

maintenance of boats • • •

Illegal new costructions • • •

Bio

div

ers

ity

Coastal Erosion: Increased frequency

of extreme weather events resulting

in an increase in coastal erosion.

Vulnerability can be managed by

controlling human activity that

exacerbates risk

Flash floods: Flooding is on the

increase due to changing weather

patterns, and is a major concern

across the major urban centers in the

province. The poor, who live in low-

lying areas and in poorly constructed

dwellings are particularly at risk.

Spread of invasive species: The

spread of invasive species threatens

local biodiversity

Co

ast

al

Hu

man

Sett

lem

en

ts

Strategic Thrust 5

G(2)

Promote training and

Awareness on the use of the

ecosystem approach for

conservation

Strategic Thrust 2 B(2)

Upgrade drainage in key

settlements

Strategic Thrust 5 D(1)

Protect marches/flood

retention areas in urban

areas and limit

land conversion

Strategic Thrust 5,B(1):

Link/Restore/Conserve

forest and other habitat

refugia to increase resilience

of ecosystems and species

Strategic Thrust 5

G(2)

Restore and Rehabilitate

degraded coastal ecosystems

and depleted coastal species


33

The primary climate change linked vulnerability identified for

the coastal sector is coastal erosion which is linked with

increased incidence of extreme weather events. Outcomes show

that the vulnerability can be reduced by managing exploitative

and destructive human activity locally. Sand mining and

destruction of coastal ecosystems came out strongly as factors

that exacerbate coastal erosion for the whole Province.

Unreliable and inadequate output from agriculture was

identified as the primary climate change linked vulnerability

under Food Security. The primary cause identified, common to

Galle and Matara was the salinization of arable land. The

contributing factors in Hambantota were different - soil erosion

and sedimentation being the anthropogenic factors and the

changes in rainfall pattern.

Flash floods were identified as the main vulnerability for Human

Settlements and the main cause identified commonly for all 3

Districts was the inadequate capacity and lack of maintenance of

the existing drainage system. Illegal constructions along

drainage canals and siltation of water bodies were also major

issues identified for the Province.

Under Water, the scarcity of drinking water was identified as the

primary vulnerability with limited facilities in community based

water supply systems to purify water being the common

primary factor to be addressed in both Matara and Hambantota.

Lack of awareness of community on water quality was identified

factor to be addressed in Galle.

The spread of vector borne diseases was the main vulnerability

identified in the Health Sector with the need to address both

dengue and leptospirosis as priority issues in all 3 Districts.

Under Biodiversity, the spread of invasive species posing a

threat to the biodiversity of the local areas was identified as a

key issue for all 3 Districts. Two key factors were identified

common to the Province including uncontrolled cultivation of

harmful commercial crops, and spread of climate resilient flora

threatening diversity of local ecosystems.

Table 17, below provides the combined Action Plan to address

the primary climate change linked vulnerability for each Sector

and District in the Southern Province.


34

Factors to be

addressed

Location Proposed adaptation measures Short term Medium term Long Term

Deposition of salt in

the arable lands which

are located below MSL

Benthara DSD.

Hikkaduwa,

Habaradoowa DSD,

Holuwagoda south,

Baddegama DSD, Bope-

Poddala

Increase productivity of arable

lands

Prepare a participatory

assessment on

traditional salinity

control methods

(Kiwul Ela, Soda

hareema)

Pilot effectivity

traditional control

methods

Adopt effective


control methods in

affected areas

Provide training

Research on salinity

resilient crops &

alternative planting

techniques

Introduce salinity

resilient crops

Grow mangroves in

river mouth

Introduce alternative

uses

Establish a micro

water suply project to

supplement the

existing rainfed

agricultural system

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: REDUCTION IN AGRICULTUARAL YIELDS

FO

OD

SE

CU

RIT

YTable 17-Identified Climate Change Adaption Actions- Galle


35

Factors to be

addressed

Affected areas Proposed adaptation measures Short term Medium term Long term

Reduction of ground

water levels (due to

increase of runoff rate

and reduction of

infiltration)

Galle Municipal

Council, Maha Modara

Preserve tree covers in the

existing government SLRDC Land

Identification of SLRDC

Lands

Suggest programmes

for Reforestration

Incorperate with local

development plans

Introduction of Rain water

harvesting Programmes

Aware and provide

technical advices to

the households &

other users on rain

water harvesting

Provide incentives for

the developers to

incorporate rain water

harvesting tanks with

their development

facility

Ground water recharging units in

household level

Encourage community

level bio retention

ponds

Provide incentives for

the developers to

incorporate rain water

harvesting tanks with

their development

facility

Limited awareness of

communities on water

quality

Periodical testing of water quality Awareness

programmes to the

community

Water Pollution

(Well water pollution

due to contaminated

rain water)

Neluwa, Alpitiya,

Habaradoowa,

surrounding areas of

Loadstar Tyre Factory,

Koggala FTZ

Control well water pollution Revise the regulations

to make green buffer

as a mandatory

requirement

Create a tree buffer

around factories

Filter the emissions

(fumes)

Increase the height of

smoke chimneys

WA

TE

R

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: SCARCITY OF POTABLE WATER


36

Factors to be

addressed


Dengue- Lack of

proper maintanence of

environment

Appoint committees

with grassroot

participants at every

DS/LA Level

Better equipment for

hospitals and clinics

for early detection

Awareness programs

on dengue prevention

Incorporate dengue

prevention programs

in the weekly work

programs of the

institutions

Leptospirosis- due to

water stagnation

Town Area Raise awareness

among farmers on

consequences and

precausions to be

adopted

Facilitate early

detection of diseases

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: VECTOR BORN DISEASESH

EA

LTH

Town area Anti-dengue campaign


37

Factors to be

addressed


Siltation of water

bodies

Banks of the Gin ganga Control sand mining Review regulations on

sand-mining and

identify

implementation

constraints

Address constraints

identified through

study

Implement proper soil

conservation methods

Identification of risk

areas and proper soil

conservation method

Implementation

Encourage tree cover in riverbank

and watershed areas

Demarkate areas for

tree-cover restoration

Design tree

planting/incentive

program

Pilot test riverbank/

watershed tree

planting program

Scale up tree planting

program

Inadequate capacity

and poor maintenance

of drainage systems

Neluwa, Thawalama,

Nagoda, Mapalagama,

Wakwella, Ginthota,

Baddegama, Elpitiya

Increase capacity and

maintenance of drainage systems

Study local area

drainage systems to

identity constraints

and required

improvements **

Implement

recommendations of

study in pilot 1-2

towns (e.g. widen

bridges, culverts and

drainage to required

capacity, introduce

wastewater filters etc.)

Scale up program to all

localities

Illegal constructions

along drainage canals

Gin ganga reservation Control illegal construction along

major drainage paths/canals

Focus areas to be

identified under

drainage system study

Identify means to

relocate/remove

illegal construction

Tighten development

controls

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: FLASH FLOODSH

UM

AN

SE

TT

LEM

EN

TS


38

Factors to be

addressed


Uncontrolled

cultivation of harmful

commercial crops (e.g.

Oil Palm)

Nakiyadeniya,

Niyagama, Udugama,

Elpitiya, Karandeniya

Increase productivity of

environmental friendly cash crops

such as Rubber and Coconut

Raise the awareness

on environmental

friendly cash crops

Investigate mechanism

to enhance the

economic return of

cash crops

Promote value added

industries on

environmental friendly

cash crops (Eg: tyre

industries )

Prevent the harmful spread of

flora

Identification of

Problem areas

Identification of

problem species

Identification of

threatned bio diversity

Investigate the

mechanisms to

enhance the resistent

capacity of crops

Protect/ conserve the endemic

species

Raise awareness to

eradicate harmful

plants in their lands

Raise awareness on

economic benefits

from harmful plants

Pilot farming/ nursery

Programms for

threatened species

Research methods to

increase resilience to

CC factors in plant

species with economic

value (Traditional

crops, Herbal Plants)

Rehabilitation of

degraded areas

including traditional

crop varieties

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: SPREAD OF HARMFUL PLANTS

Spread of climate

resilient flora

threatening diversity

of local ecosystems

BIO

DIV

ER

SIT

Y


39

Factors to be

addressed


Raise community

awareness to

eradicate harful flora

in their lands

Introduce them to the

community

Introduce research

centres/programmes

to carry out studies on

harmful plants time to

time

research on obtaining

economic benefits

from harmful plants

Pilot project to take

economic return out of

harmful crops

Promote programs to

take long term

economic benifits

Illegal practices of

fishing

Take actions to minimise illegal

fishing methods

Build awareness within

the fishery community

Tighten the regulations

on fishing equipment

and methods

Coastal and sea

pollution

Prevent disposal of solid waste

and untreated waste water to the

sea


the community

and school children

Identify and restore

degraded mangrove

areas

Develop proper waste

management

mechanism.

Develop waste water

canals rehabilitation

projects

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: SPREAD OF HARMFUL PLANTS

BIO

DIV

ER

SIT

Y

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY 2 : DESTRUCTION OF CORAL REEFS

BIO

DIV

ER

SIT

Y


40

Factors to be

addressed


Control sand mining Review regulations on

sand-mining and

identify constraints

Address constraints

identified through

study

Identify suitable sea erosion

controlling methods

Identify affected areas

and suitable methods

to address the

problem

Implement

recommendations of

study in pilot 1-2

locations


localities

Destruction of coastal

flora systems

Ιntroduce suitable coast

conservation projects in affected

areas

Study and identify

suitable projects

Implement 1-2 pilots

projects Assessment of results

and Scale up program

to all locations

Improper anchoring/

maintenance of boats

Hikkaduwa Use only identified exact landing

sites for small boats

Study and identify the

situationImplement

recommendations of

the study

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: COASTAL EROSIONC

OA

ST

AL

AN

D M

AR

INE

RE

SO

UR

CE

S

Sand mining in coastal

areas

Totagamuwa to

Seenigama Godagama

to Akurala

Dodandoowa to Boosa

Dalawella, Unawatuna

, Thalpe Palatugaha to

Habaradoowa

Establish good relationship among

institutesReview problems and

requirements to

establish a proper

institutional

arrangement among

institutes

Implement

recommendations of

study


41

Table 18-Identified Climate Change Adaption Actions- Matara

Factors to be addressed Affected areas Proposed adaptation measures Short term Medium term Long Term

Deposition of salt in the

arable lands which are

located below MSL

Increase productivity of arable

lands

Prepare a participatory

assessment on


control methods (Kiwul

Ela, Soda hareema)

Pilot effectivity

traditional control

methods

Adopt effective


control methods in

affected areas

Provide training

Research on salinity

resilient crops &

alternative and

innovative planting

techniques

Pilot salinity resilient

crops

Pilot a sereis of

alternative uses as

suggested through

research

Establish a micro water

suply project to

supplement the existing

rainfed agricultural

system

Replicate pilot projects

in other suitable

loactions

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: REDUCTION IN AGRICULTUARAL YIELDS

FO

OD

SE

CU

RIT

Y

Upscale the best

innovative

technologies and

options identified

from the pilot projects

to increase the

resilience of area

agriculture


42

Factors to be addressed Affected areas Proposed adaptation measures Short term Medium term Long term

Water pollution Control domestic level water

pollution

Identify affected areas

and sources

Maintain minimum

distance between water

source and toilet

Awareness raising

Develop proper sewer

system

Prevent untreated waste water

discharge from industrial

premises

Study the potentials to

use waste as a resource

Introduce household

level waste separation

programmes

Colloborate with world

carbon trading

programmes

Identify Industries

discharging wastewater

without treatment

Initiate citywide

composting initiative

Reduce the pesticides and

weedicides which deteriorate

the water quality

Study on pest and weeds

which deteriorate water

quality

Introduce traditional

and biological methods

Provide water filters to

households

Icreased accessibility to potable

water (Community water supply

projects)

Assess existing community based water projects and identify affected areas Construct water

purification plants with

community water

supply projects

Introduce well planned

community water

supply projects to

prioritised areas

Assess the effectiveness

of the implementation

mechanism for

Community based water

supply schemes

Plant water purifying

trees in hydro

catchments and along

canals

WA

TE

R

Limited facilities in

community based water

supply schemes to purify

water (Turbidity is a

problem, and other quality

issues are not investigated)



43


Appoint committees

with grassroot


DS/LA Level


hospitals and clinics for

early detection

Awareness programs on

dengue prevention

Incorporate dengue

prevention programs in

the weekly work

programs of the

institutions

Leptospirosis- due to water

stagnation

Raise awareness among

farmers on

consequences and

precausions to be

adopted

Facilitate early


HE

ALT

H

Dengue- Lack of proper

maintanence of

environment

Anti-dengue campaign

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: VECTOR BORN DISEASES


44

Factors to be addressed Affected areas Proposed adaptation measures Short term Medium term Long term

Siltation of water bodies Control sand mining Review regulations on

sand-mining and identify

implementation

constraints

Address constraints

identified through study

Encourage tree cover in

riverbank and watershed areas

Demarkate areas for


Design tree

planting/incentive

program


watershed tree planting

program


program

Reclamation of low lying

areas

Low lying areas should

be demarcated as

preserved zones

Inadequate capacity and

poor maintenance of

drainage systems

Increase capacity and

maintenance of drainage

systems

Study local area drainage

systems to identity

constraints and required

improvements **

Implement

recommendations of

study in pilot 1-2 towns

(e.g. widen bridges,

culverts and drainage to

required capacity,

introduce wastewater

filters etc.)


localities

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: FLASH FLOODSH

UM

AN

SE

TT

LEM

EN

TS


45


Extinction of flora and

fauna due to climate

change

Conduct awareness

programms to

community

Conduct pilot fauna and

flora surveys in one

locality

Pilot projects to

rehabilitate threatened

fauna

Identify causes of

depletion of

undergrowth and plants

Pilot project to

rehabilitate forest

undergrowth

Take necessary actions

to rehabilitate forest

undergrowth and

threatened species

and monitor

Reduction in benificial

fauna for crops

Raise awareness about

the importance of

benificial species and

their habitats within

local communities

Rehabilitation of

degraded areas to

encourage/ attract

benificial fauna

Scale up activivity

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: EXTINCTION AND DEGRADED BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES

Pilot In-situ and ex-situ

conservation

scale up activity

BIO

DIV

ER

SIT

Y

Take steps to avoid extinction of

identified species

Research on declining

faunal species

Preserve habitats of benificial

fauna

Identify the natural

habitats of benificial

fauna such as Bee


46


Use conventional

methods of controlling

pests

Introduce modern

methods of controling

pests (biological

methods)

Introduce compost as

fertiliser to the farmers

Illegal practices of fishing Take actions to minimise illegal

fishing methods





and methods

Coastal and sea pollution Prevent disposal of solid waste

and untreated waste water to

the sea


the community

and school children


degraded mangrove

areas


management

mechanism.

Develop waste water


projects

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: EXTINCTION AND DEGRADED BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES

Study conventional and

modern methods of

farming to reduce

chemical usage

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: DESTRUCTION OF CORAL REEFS

BIO

DIV

ER

SIT

YB

IO D

IVE

RS

ITY

Scale up activivityReduce use of chemical in

cultivations


47


Illegal new constructions Control illegal construction

along the beach

Identify threaten areas Take actions to protect

the coastal belt from

illegal constructions

Enforce regulations to

protect the coast

Destruction of coastal flora

system

Protect mangroves and

conservation of coastal belt

Identification of

threatened areas

Introduce mangrove

plantations as bio

retention walls

Develop a proper

mechanism to monitor

the protection of

mangroves

Erect bio retention walls

along most critical areas

for coastal erosion

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: SALINE WATER INTRUSIONC

OA

ST

AL

AN

D M

AR

INE

RE

SO

UR

CE

S


48

Table 19-Identified Climate Change Adaptation Actions-Hambantota

Factors to be

addressed

Affected Areas Proposed adaptation measures Short term Medium term Long Term

Impact on cultivation

due to changes in

rainfall pattern

Boondala, Uda Yala,

Sooriyawewa,

Bandagiriya,

Weerakettiya,

Bandigama,

Improve the cultivation pattern Study rainfall and

existing cultivation

pattern

Awareness programme

for the farmers and

farmers organizations

on appropriate

farming calenders

Pilot cultivation with

new calendar

Create strong linkage

between farmer

organizations and

organizations dealing

with climatic

conditions

Introduce short term

and drought resistent

crops (Niyan Wetakolu,

Thibbotu,Atukekiri)

Establish a micro

water suply project to

supplement the

existing rainfed

agricultural system

Soil erosion and

sedimentation in

arable lands

Bandagiriya,

Pannagamuwa,

Ridiyagama

Minimize the soil erosion and

sedimentation

Introduce/ enhance

tree cover along river

banks (Kumbuk,

Bamboo, Aththikka)

Retention walls

(Gabion walls) in highly

vulnerable areas

Monitor river banks

Assess existing

drainage networks in

cultivation lands

Proper Drainage

network in cultivation

lands

FO

OD

SE

CU

RIT

YPRIMARY VULNERABILITY: REDUCTION IN AGRICULTUARAL YIELDS


49

Factors to be

addressed


Tangalle,

Boondala,Hambantota

Community water supply

schemes In Bandagiriya,

Mahagalwea,

Gonnaruwa,

Icreased accessibility to potable

water (Community water supply

projects)

Assess existing

community based

water projects and

identify affected areas

Construct water

purification plants with

community water

supply projects

Introduce well

planned community

water supply projects

to prioritised areas

Assess the

effectiveness of the

implementation

mechanism for

Community based

water supply schemes

Plant water purifying

trees in hydro

catchments and along

canals

Pollution of potable

water sources

Suriyawewa Lake,

Yodakandiya Lake

Improve water quality in local water

bodies

Erect a fence around

water bodies

Water quality

evaluation of local

water bodies and

usage by community

Pilot special watering

area for livestock

Restore historical

water bodies

protection

mechanisms

(Kuluwawa System)

Remove invasive water

plants from the water

bodies

Dredge water bodies

to address

sedimentation

Develop innovative

methods to address

sedimentation

Insufficient facilities in

community based

water supply schemes

for purification

(Increase Salinity of

well water)

Reduction of the

Capacity of the Water

Bodies (siltation,

hydro plants)

WA

TE

R

Suriyawewa Lake,

Yodakandiya Lake,

Bandagiriya,

Increase the capacity of water

bodies


Study the hydro, geo

and eco systems of the

water bodies

Establish regular

maintenance

mechanism for adopt

and implement

project to address

sedimentation of local

water bodies


50

Factors to be

addressed

Affected areas Proposed adaptation measures Short term Medium term Long Term

Appoint committees

with grassroot


DS/LA Level


hospitals and clinics

for early detection

Awareness programs

on dengue prevention

Incorporate dengue

prevention programs in

the weekly work

programs of the

institutions

Leptospirosis- due to

water stagnation

Raise awareness

among farmers on

consequences and

precausions to be

adopted

Facilitate early


PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: VECTOR BORN DISEASESH

EA

LTH

Dengue- Lack of

proper maintanence

of environment

Anti-dengue campaign


51

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: FLASH FLOODS

Factors to be

addressed


Illegal constructions

along drainage canals

Walawe, Kirindi and

Kirama oya Rivers

Control illegal construction along

major drainage paths/canals

Focus areas to be

identified under

drainage system study

Identify means to

relocate/remove

illegal construction

Tighten development

controls

Inadequate capacity

and poor

maintenance of

drainage systems

Walawe, Kirindi and

Kirama oya Rivers

Increase capacity and maintenance

of drainage systems

Study local area

drainage systems to

identity constraints

and required

improvements **

Implement

recommendations of

study in pilot 1-2

towns (e.g. widen

bridges, culverts and

drainage to required

capacity, introduce

wastewater filters etc.)

Scale up program to

all localities

Illegal constructions &

incompatible uses in

river reservation

Weerawila, Thissa Encourage tree cover in riverbank Demarkate areas for


Design tree

planting/incentive

program


watershed tree

planting program


programHU

MA

N S

ET

TLE

ME

NT

S


52

Factors to be

addressed


Uncontrolled

cultivation of harmful

commercial crops

(e.g. Oil Palm)

Increase productivity of

environmental friendly cash crops

such as rubber and coconut

Raise awareness on

environmental friendly

cash crops and benifits

Investigate mechanism

to enhance the

economic return of

environmentally

friendly cash crops

Promote value added

industries on

environmental

friendly cash crops

(Eg: tyre industries )

Spread of climate

resilient flora

threatening diversity

of local ecosystems

Prevent the harmful spread of flora Identification of

problem areas

Identification of

problem species

Identification of

threatned bio diversity

Investigate

mechanisms to

enhance the resilience

capacity of crops

Pilot 1-2 sites to

enhance resilience of

threatened species

Protect/ conserve the endemic

species

Raise awareness on

eradication of harmful

plants

Raise awareness on

economic benefits

from harmful plants

Pilot farming/ nursery

Programms for

threatened species

Research methods to

increase resilience to

CC factors in plant

species with economic

value (Traditional

crops, Herbal Plants)

Rehabilitation of

degraded areas

including traditional

crop varieties

Introduce research

centres/programmes

to monitor harmful

plants

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: SPREAD OF HARMFUL PLANTSB

IO D

IVE

RS

ITY


53

Factors to be

addressed

Affected areas Proposed adaptation measures Short term Medium term Long TermB

IO D

IVE

RS

ITY Research on obtaining

economic benefits

from harmful plants

Pilot project to take

economic return out of

harmful crops

Promote programs to

take long term

economic benifits

Illegal practices of

fishing

Take actions to minimise illegal

fishing methods





and methods

Coastal and sea

pollution

Prevent disposal of solid waste and

untreated waste water to the sea


the community

and school Children


degraded mangrove

areas


management

mechanism.

Develop waste water


projects

BIO

DIV

ER

SIT

Y

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: DESTRUCTION OF CORAL REEFS


54

Factors to be

addressed


Improper new

constructions

Hambantota Fishery

harbor to 'Ma del' port

Near Peacock Beach

Hotel Kirinda

Tangalle (Godawaya,

Kalametiya, Rekawa)

Kudawella

Control illegal construction along

the beach

Identify threatened

areas

Tighten

development

controls

Tighten

development

controls

Control sand mining Review regulations

on sand-mining and

identify constraints

Address constraints

identified through

study

Protect natural sand bars Identify and maps

existing sand bars

Address constraints

identified through

study

Ιntroduce suitable coast

protection projects in affected

areas

Study and identify

suitable projects

Implement 1-2

pilots projects

Assessment of

results and Scale up

program to all

locations

Develop natural harbors (Ex.

Godawaya)

CO

AS

TA

L A

ND

MA

RIN

E R

ES

OU

RC

ES

Sand mining in

rivers (affects sand

supply)

Sand removing

process in harbors

PRIMARY VULNERABILITY: COASTAL EROSION


55

vhttp://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pres_ranjith_punyawardena.pdf vihttp://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/2536

viihttp://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/adaptation/

viiihttp://www.parc.ca/pdf/conference_proceedings/jan_01_barrow1.pdf

ixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#cite_note-

AmericasClimateChoices-2011-FullReport-2 xhttp://www.ips.lk/events/workshops/19_8_09_climate_change/3_sae.pdf

Appendices 01. List of Stakeholders Consulted

02. Workshop Findings

PCCAAP 2014-2020

Appendix 01

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17/ 03/ 2013

# m%uqL;d .; .eg`:j uQ,sl fya;= fhdað; ls%hdud¾. wÞ< wdh;k

01 j.d l, yels bvï j.d fkdlr w;a yeÍu

c, ys.h

l=vd c,dY j, Odß;djh jeä lsÍu ;=<ska c,h /ia

lsÍfï myiqlï ie,iSu jdß ud¾. yd we, ud¾. fydÈka kv;a;=j ÈhqKq c, iïmdok l%u Ndú;h laIqø c, iïmdokh mdxY= c, ixrlaIK l%u Ndú;h jiqka Ndú;h" ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú;h ldkq .,a jeá Ndú;h" ifudaÉp j.dj ksh.hg Tfrd;a;= fok fnda. j¾. yd m%fNao f;dard

j.dlsÍu flá ld,Sk fnda. j¾. j.dj Y=kH ìï ieliqï l%u Ndú;h c,dY j, Odß;djh jeä lsÍu jdß ud¾. we,j,a m%;sixialrKh f;;a ìïixrlaIKh ks;r c, .e,Sï jk m%foaY yÿkdf.k" is;shï .; lr

tA wkqj fnda. j.dlsÍu c,h wêlj /ia jk ìï j, c,dY we;slr ñßÈh

u;aiH j.dj ;DK j.dj we;s lr lsß .j md,kh" t`: j.dj jeks

i;aj md,kh c, .e,Sug Tfrd;a;= fok m%fNao j.dj

jdßud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j f.dúck fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j

02 lrÈh c,h ñßÈh c,h yd ñY% ùu ksid j.d c,h ys. Ùu mdkSh c, wjYH;djhg yd wiajekak wvqùug n,mEu

kshx iufha§ .x.d j, c, uÜgu wvqùu ks,aj,d .x.d uÜgu uqyqÿ uÜgug jvd my;ska mej;’u N=.; c, uÜgu my; neiSu

lrÈh ndOl bÈlsÍu u.ska f.dvìug c,h tAu je,elaùu

lrÈh f.aÜgq ,jK;djhg Tfrd;a;= fok fNda. j.dj

udù,354 frdamK l%u Ndú;h

we,s ueá j.djg kqiqÿiq ìï fjk;a wdÞhï ud¾. iòyd Ndú;h

biafid fldgq ll=¨ fldgq

jdßud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j f.dú ck fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j

wxYh- wdydr iqrlaIs;;djh

c,dmjdyk moaO;s iòyd ÈhqKq ;dlaIK l%u fhdÞ .ekSu

03 wl%uj;a j¾Id rgd ksid j.d lrk lkakh fjkiaùu yd wiajekak wvqùu

idïm%¼dhsl j¾Id rgd fjkia ùu

fjkia jk ld,.=K rgdj wkqj j.d ld, igyk fjkia lsÍu

.e,fmk fNda. m%fNao f;dard .ekSu WÞ( fláld,Sk j¾.$ udù

fjk;a fNda. j¾. fh§u u.ska N=ñfha M,ÞhS;djh jeä lsÍu WÞ( uqxweg

ifudaOdks; f.dú;eka l%u Ndú;d lsÍu u.ska M,ÞhS;djh by< kexùu

we;súh yels lDñ m,sfndaO iòyd l,a we;sj ie,iqï ilia lsÍu

lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j yd mY= iïm;a yd i;aj ksIamdok wêldßh

04 lDIs yd i;aj ksIamdok ioyd oeßh hq;= ñ, by< hdu

ksh.h" wêl j¾Idj" mßir WIaK;ajh by< hdu

j¾Id m;k rgdj wkqj iqÿiq fnda. f;dard .ekSu yd j.d lghq;= isÿ lsÍu

flá lå,Sk fnda. f;dard .ekSu ksh.hg, WIaK;ajh by< hdug yd j¾Idjg Tfrd;a;=

fok fNda. f;dard .ekSu$ kj mfhœIK u.ska iqÿiq jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu

ksh`. ld,hg yd wêl j¾Id ld, j,g Ndú;hg wjYH i;aj wdydr /ia lr .ekSu

tu i;aj wdydr j, .=K;ajh jeäjk wdldrfhka i;aj wdydr ms<sfh, lr .ekSu ms<snò f.dùka oekqj;a lsÍu yd f.dùka fhduq lsÍu

i;aj ksjdi ieliSfï§ foaY.=‚l ;;ajhkag .e,fmk mßÈ tAjd ilia lsÍu

WÞ( jy," f.ìu" ì;a;s bj;,k fnda. wjfYaI yd i;aj wmøjH m%;splS%lrKh

u.ska fldïfmdaiaÜ$ Ôj jdhqj ieliSu u.ska wu;r wdÞhula bmhSu

fnda. úúOdx.SlrKh yd ifudaOdksl f.dú;ek u.ska wjÞku wjulr .ekSu

lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j yd mY= iïm;a yd i;aj ksIamdok wêldßh

05 mifia§u iy tu je,sj.dìïj, iy jdßud¾. j, ;e¾àm;a ùu

wêl ;’¾j;djhla iys; j¾Idj fláld,hla ;=< ,eîu

mdxY= ixrlaIK l%u Ndú;hg fhduqlsÍu .,a jeá oeóu wdj¾K j.d lsÍu ifudaÉp ldKq oeóu

fnda. jeá we;s lsÍu

fNda. j.dlsÍfï§ mßirhg ydks wju jk whqßka bvï l<ukdlrKh

c, ud¾. wjysr;d bj;a lsÍu yd tA iïNkaOfhka we;sfjk kS;suh .eg`: iòyd úiÿï ,nd§u

c, ud¾. fomi we,fõ,s Yla;su;aj ieliSu jdß ud¾. j, yd l=Uqre bvï j, je,s bj;a lsÍu

kej; ilia lsÍu we, ud¾. j, f.dv udhsfï§ je,s fndr`: rojk neñ

ilia lsÍu

# Other Identified Issues Root causes

06 lDIs yd i;aj ksIamdok j, M,ÞhS;djh wvqùu

mßir WIaK;ajh by< hEu

07 i;aj wNsckk .eg`: mßir WIaK;ajh by<hEu

08 i;aj fi!LH .eg`:

mßir WIaK;ajh by<hEu

09 j.d l<yels bvï j.d fkdlr w;ayer oeóu

c, ys.h mdxY= .eg`: c, .e,Sï hlv u< ,jK

10 j.d ìï m%udKh wvq ùï yd wiajekak wvqùu

j.d ìï m%udKh wvqùu

11 Ydl mrd.kh wvqùu" ù j.dfõ wiajekak wvqùu" j.d ìï j, wiajekak wvqùu

mfia f;;ukh wvqùu wêl iq<x yeóu

12 wêl j¾Idj iu`. Isÿjk kdhhEï ksid j.d ìï ydksùu^f;a j.dj& WÞ( fk`:j ;j,u m%foaYSh f,aLï fldÜGdih fokshdh

wêl ;’¾j;djhlska hq;= j¾Idj

# m%uqL;d .; .eg`:j uQ,sl fya;= fhdað; jHdmD;s wÞ< wdh;k

fi!LHdrlaIs; mdkSh c,h ys. ùu

iS>%fhka kd.ÍlrKh ùu 1& u<dmjdyk moaO;s wdrlaIs; f,i ls%hd;aul lsÍu 2& .x.d j, je,s f.dv oeóu md,kh lsÍu 3&je,s fldÜg oeóu jeks wdrlaIs; neñ bÈlsÍu ^,jK c,h ñY% ùu je<laùu& 4& l=Kq li, neyer lsÍu l%uj;a lsÍu iy c, m%Nj wdYs%;j msßisÿj ;eîu 5& c, fmdaYl m%foaY yd we< ud¾. wdYs%;j c,h msßisÿ lrk Ydl j¾. isgùu ^l=Uqla" lsr<& 6& l¾udka; j,ska ridhksl wmøjH c,hg uqiq lsÍu je<elaùu" wm c, msßmyÿj 7& c, mú;%d.dr ilia lr ;dlaI‚l jYfhka ÈhqKq lsÍu 8&ksfjia j,g c, fma%rK jeks foa ,nd §uîykñ,g& 9&l=vd m%udKfha bvï j, <so yd jeisls<sh tl <. ;sîfuka c,h wmsßisÿ fõ" tu ksid u<dmjdyk moaO;s we;s lsÍu 10&wjqreoaolg fyda ld¾;=jlg noaOla whlr u< tl;= lr fldïfmdaiaÜ iE§u 11&c,h wmsßisÿ jk fia lDñkdYl yd j,a kdYl Ndú;h wju lsÍu

m<d;a md,k wdh;k, c, iïmdok yd c,dmjåyk uKav,h" jdßud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j, jk yd jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j" uOHu mßir wêldßh, f.dúck fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j

j¾Idm;k rgdjka fjkia ùu 1&jk ydksh wju lsÍug kj jk j.d jHdmD;s we;è lsÍu 2&yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkh wju lsÍu

m<d;a md,k wdh;k, jk yd jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j"

wxYh - c,h

3& ks¾udKh ù we;s j¾Idm;k rgdjkag .e,fmk mßÈ fNda. j.dlsÍu ^Tfrd;a;= §u jeä fNda. f;dard .ekSu& 4&mdxY= ixrlaIK l%fudamdhka wkq.ukh lsÍu 5&j.d Èk igyka fjkia lsÍu 6&jeys ke;s ld, j,g fjk;a fNda. j.d lsÍu ^ oekg uqx j.d flf¾& 7&jeys c, l<ukdlrKh 8&wdmÞ l<ukdlrKh 9&wdmÞjkag uqyqK §fï yelshdj jeä lsÍu

uOHu mßir wêldßh, f.dúck fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j, wdmÞ l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkh" uyck;dj

j¾Idfõ ;’¾j;djh by< hEu ksid ldKq yd we< ud¾. W;=rd hEu

1&ldKq yd we< ud¾. wjysr fkdfjk fia kv;a;= lsÍu yd mq:,a lsÍu 2& c, fmdaIl m%foaY ;=< Ydl wdjrKh jeä lsÍu 3&c,h tl;= fjk m%foaY ixrlaIKh yd w`:f;ka bÈ lsÍu 4&jeis c, mßfNdackhjeälsÍu 5& we< ud¾. wjysr jk fia wkjir bÈlsÍï je,elaùu yd oekg mj;sk wkjir bÈlsÍï bj;a lsÍu 6& fmd,s;’ka j,ska ldKq ysrùu je,elaùu yd fmd,s;’ka Ndú;h wju lsÍug ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu 7&uOHu m%udKfha jeÌè j,g .e,fmk f,i ldKq ie,iqï lsÍu

m<d;a md,k wdh;k, c, iïmdok yd c,dmjåyk uKav,h" jdßud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j, jk yd jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j" uOHu mßir wêldßh, f.dúck fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j" kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh

c,fha ,jK;djh by<hdu Uqyqÿ uÜgu by< hdu" .x.d j, c, uÜgu wvqùu" je,s f.dv oeóu"j¾Idj wvq ùu" ;o iq<x ksid uqyqÿ c, wdl%ñl;djh jeäùu

1& .x.d j, je,s f.dv oeóu 2&úõO ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s iòyd c, ud¾. j, m;=, wêl f,i yEÍfuka je<lSu iy ksis wOHkhka j,ska wk;=rej ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s wdrïN lsÍu 3& .x.d uqjfodr j, wl%uj;a bÈlsÍï md,kh lsÍu iòyd ls%hdud¾. .ekSu ^,jK ndOl$ jeá& 4&bÈlr we;s ,jK ndOl l%uj;aj kv;a;= lsÍu 5&lfvd,dk mßir moaO;s wdrlaId lsÍu

c, iïmdok yd c,dmjydk uKav,h" jdßud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j jk yd jk ixrlaIl fomd¾;fïka;=j" uOHu mßir wêldßh f.dúck fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j, kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh" fjr< ixrlaIK

fomd¾;fïka;=j

N=.; c, uÜgu my<neiSu j¾Id c,h fmd<jg Wrd.kakd m%udKh wvqùu

je,s f.dv oeóu ksid .x.d j, .eUqr jeä ù ,sx j, c,h wvqjk ksid je,s f.dv oeóu md,kh lsÍug ls%hd lsÍu yd ixrlaIKh lsÍu j.=re ìñ f.dvlsÍu keje;aùu yd ixrlaIKh le,E t<s lsÍu wjulsÍu k.r ixj¾Okh lsÍfï§ fmd,j wdjrKh lsÍu wju lsÍu lgq fmd,a jeks N=.; c,h jeä jYfhka Wrd .kakd wd.ka;=l Ydl jHdma;sh wvq lsÍu

c, iïmdok yd c,dmjdyk uKav,h" jdßud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j jk yd jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j" uOHu mßir wêldßh f.dúck fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j,

kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh" fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j

c, msßmyÿ uOHia:dk j, myiqlï m%udKj;a fkdùu ^j;=frys uv .;sh jeäùu&

ixj¾Okh ksid we;sfjk mdxY= Ldokh frdka uv ;ekam;a ùu

.xj;=r f;;a l,dmhg ,efnk j¾Idm;kh by<hEu kd.ÍlrKh" jkdka;r fy<s lsÍu

c,dmjdyk moaO;sh wdYs%; .eg`: úêu;a ldKq moaO;shla fkdue;s ùu" my;a ìï f.dv lsÍu

j¾Idm;k rgdj fjkiaùu foaY.=‚l úmhœdi

jdIamSlrKh by<hdu

jk ydhkh WIaK;ajh by< hEu

c,h wdYs%; frda.

c,fhys ,jK;djh c,h nei fkdhEu ,sx j;=rg .xj;=r c,h uqiqùu

ù wiajekak wvqùu

c,fhys ,jK;djh

jeis c, m%jdyk låKq j, Odß;djh ;’rKh lsÍfï .eg`: jir mqrd j¾Idm;kfha WÉpdjpkhka isÿùu

jdß ud¾.j, ls%hd;aul ùug wjYH wju c, m%udKh fkdue;s ùu j¾Idm;k rgdfõfjkiaùu

tljr úYd, c, m%uKhhla j¾Idfjka ,eîfuka ldKq yd we< ud¾. W;=rd hEu

j¾Idfõ wêl ;’¾j;djh

c, jHdmD;’ka wid¾:l ùu WÞ( ks,aj,d jHdmD;sh

c,h fkdue;s ùu ,jK;djh

# m%uqL;d .; .eg`:j

uQ,sl fya;= fhdað; jHdmD;s wÞ< wdh;k

01 ï¶âªë,

ÄæïÈàÖÆåÉ,

ïÄåïÎà ¤¸

¡ òÄÉºà ÉÚËå Ç´åÉ¾à, ¨îËè

”Š Äê¶ê ”Š ÂÉ´ Àºà ÑÄ,

¾èÆ Æ¾ ïÍàºë ¾èÌå ÄóÇæ

ªÍ¸Æ Éæ‘ ÑÄ.

ÄóÇæÉ¾à ïÂåà É¾ Ìà»å¾ ¡ÉÄ ¨è×Ä

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ÄóÇæ ºÈå, ¢ÖïŒÖÆ ¡å¼úÆ, ÄóÇæ ½êÀ - óŠ ªæÌéÄ Ì¿Íå,

ÄóÇæ ¡åïÈàÀ¾ - ÀæèÖ ïºÈà ¡åÊèòº ¾èÊàÀå¼¾ Íß¾àÉå ¼ûÄ

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ï¼ÀåÚºïŠ¾àºëÉ, ïÌð©ñ ¨åÚÆÄ à¶È

02 ÊàÉÌ¾ ïÇòåàª

—Ë ÉåÆì¾à Äªè¾à ïÇåàª ¨åÇ¨ ÀÖÌÇïÆ¾à ¢Éºà è×Ä´ ÀèÆÉÇ ªæ¾éÄ

¡“¨ óŠ ¼Ä¾ ÉåÍ¾, ¨ÚÄå¾àºÊåÈå Ì¿Íå ¡¼åÎ

¾éºè Íß¾àÉå ¼û èòÆåºàÄ¨ è×Ä

ÍÖº ¨ÈåÀ/ É¾ Éªå ¡æºè è×Ä

wxYh - ïÌð©ñ

ï¼àÊªë¸ —ÀÚÆåÌ Äªè¾à Í´ª¾à¾å ïÇåàª ÄìÈè¨ ÉÊïÆ¾à ï¨å´Ìà ï¼¨ è. ïÂåà É¾ Íå ïÂåà ï¾åÉ¾ ïÇåàª Æ¾ê ¦à ï¼ÉÚªÆÆè. ï¶âªë, ä

¤¸, ÄæïÈàÖÆåÉ, ïÄåïÎà ¤¸, À¸ê ïÇåàª, Àå®¾Æ ÌÍ ¤¸ Ì¾à¾èÀåºÆ Æ¾ ïÇåàªÆ¾à ïÂåà É¾ ïÇåàª É¾ ¡ºÇ ®ÚÄ ÀèÎè¨å, Äå¾Ìè¨

¡åººèÆ, ¡¨ àËè ïÇåàª, É¨ëª¶ê ïÇåàª, ¼úÆÉæ‘ÆåÉ, ÊàÉÌ¾ ïÇåàª, Íî¼ ïÇåàª, —°È¾Æ Æ¾å¼úÆ ïÂåà ï¾åÉ¾ ïÇåàª ïŒ.

ÊàÉÌ¾ ïÇòåàª ÀèÎèÅ¿É °¾ºåÉ ¼æ¾êÉºà è×Ä

ÂåÍèÇÉ Àæ„ï¸¾ ïÇåàª ¨åÇ¨ Íß¾å ªæ¾éÄ Ì¿Íå ¡¼åÎ

¨èòÆåÄåÚª ªæ¾éÄ (ªëÉ¾à ïºå´êÀÈ Íå ÉÇåÆ ÀÖÊòÆ¾à ºëÎ)

ªëÉ¾à ïºå´êÀÈ Íå ÉÇåÆ

Àòºè¨åÇ ¨òÄ ¼úÆê¸ê ¨è×Ä

ïÇåàÍÈà Ì¿Íå ¡ÉÊñ ÀÍÌê¨Š Íå �ï§ðË½ ÈÂå ¼ûÄ

ïÇåàª ÉÈ´ §ïÇåºàºë¼ûïŠ Íæ¨èÆåÉ ÉÚ½¾Æ´ ¨èòÆåÄåÚª

ªæ¾éÄ (ÌàÉåÃå—¨ºàÉÆ Äº À¼¾Š Éì ïÀåàË¸ òÄ

Íß¾àÉå¼ûÄ Íå ¦Äªè¾à Àê¼àªÈ ÀòºèÊ àºè¨Ç¸Æ ÉÚ½¾Æ

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ïÌð©ñ ¡ÄåºñâÊÆ , ¡½ñåÀ¾ ¡ÄåºñâÊÆ

03 Äå¾Ìè¨

¡åººèÆ

ÀÖÌÇ ¤Ëà¸ºàÉÆ Éæ‘ ÑÄ,

ªâ ÉºëÇ, ¾åÆ ÆçŠ, ÄêÍêó

Ä…´Ä ¢ÍÈ ÆåÄ Éæ¾è

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Äï¾åà ïÉ¼ñ ÌåÆ¾ ÀæÉæºàÑÄ

ïÌð©ñ ¡ÄåºñâÊÆ

¡¼åÈ Àê¼àªÈÆ¾à´ —ï¾å¼åÌàÉå¼Æ ÈÂå¼ûïŠ Éæ¶Ì´Í¾à

¨èòÆåºàÄ¨ è×Ä

Àòåï¼àÊéÆ ïÈà¨Š ¨åÚÆÆåÈ ÍÇÍå ÌâÌà¨îºè¨

Éæ¶Ì´Í¾à Ìâ—½å¾Æ è×Ä

ÌàÉÆâ Û¨èÆå ÉÈ´ ïÆåÄê è×Ä

Àòåï¼àÊéÆ ïÈà¨Š ¨åÚÆÆåÈ

Àê¾Çæºà»åÀ¾Æ ¨è×Ä, ¾èÉåÌªº ¨è×Ä

ÉîºàºéÆ ÀêÍê ê ¡“¨åÖÆ Íå ¡åÆº¾è¨ ï¾àÉåÌè¨ ÀêÍê êÉ

ïÌð©ñ Íå ÌÄå° ïÌàÉå ¡ÄåºñâÊÆ

04 ®ÚÄ ÀèÎè¨å Íå

¡ àËè ïÇåàª

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ÀÖÌÇ ¡“¨åÖÆ ÍÇÍå ¨åÚ„¨ ÂÈÀºò ÈÂå ¼ûÄ, ¾éºè

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Çå°ñ ÀòºèÀºàºè Ì¨Ìà è×Ä

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05 É¨ëª¶ê ïÇåàª ÉªåÉ¾à´ ¦¨ºë ¨Ç¾ ¨îËè

ÇÌåÆ¾ ÷Éñ ¾èÌå ÀÌ

ÈÉ ý¨Ç¸Æ ÑÄ Íå „¾èÌà

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(°¾Äå½ñ ÍÇÍå)

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¨îËè¨åÚ„¨ ÀÖÌÇÆ ºëÎ ¨îËè ÇÌåÆ¾ ÷Éñ, ÇÌåÆ¾

ïÀåïÍåÇ Ãå—ºÆ ¡ÉÄ ¨è×Ä

Çå°ñ ÀòºèÀºàºèÆ¨à ïÈÌ èòÆåºàÄ¨ è×Ä (¡å¾Æ¾Æ ÌÍ

Ãå—ºÆ)

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ÀèÖÌèß Àå¾éÆ °È ÉñåÀîºè ¡åÇŠÃ è×Ä

Çå°ñ ¡¾êªòÍÆ Æ´ïºà Àò°å °È ÉñåÀîºè Íß¾àÉå¼ûÄ

Íå ÀÉºàÉïª¾ ÆåÄ´ ÀÍÌê¨Š ÌæÈÌéÄ

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Ä½ñÄ ÀÖÌÇ ¡“¨åÖÆ/ ÀÎåºà ÀåÈ¾ ¡åÆº¾ ÍÇÍå

ÌÍ ïÀð¼àªÈè¨ ¡âÊ ïÉº ¡É½å¾Æ ïÆåÄê ¨è×Ä

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ÉÌ —Ì ÉÈè¾à ïºåÇ ¡åÍåÇ ¾èÀ¼ÑÄ ÌÍ ¦Íè ¡æºè

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ïÌð©ñ, ¤ÌÌà ¡½ñåÀ¾ ¡ÄåºñâÊ

ï¼àÊéÆ Àòºè¨åÇ ¨òÄ ÀèÎèÂ¿É °¾ºåÉ ¤¾¾àó ¨ÇÑÄ (Äæ …

ÉÈâ Ãå—ºÆ)

ï¼àÊéÆ ïïÉ¼ñ ¡ÄåºñâÊÆ

Other Identified Issues Root causes

06 À¸ê ïÇåàª, Àå®¾Æ, ¤¸ Ì¾à¾èÀåºÆ ÌÍ ¡ºéÌåÇÆ ªâ ÉºëÇ, ¾èÆÆ Éæ¾è ïÍàºë Äªè¾à Àå¾éÆ °È ÄìÈåÊò ¡ÀèÖÌèß ÑÄ

07 ä ¤¸ ïÇåàªÆ ªâ ÉºëÇ Íå ÉªëÇæ ”Š ¾èÌå äÆ¾à ªÍ¸Æ Éæ‘ ÑÄ´ ¡ÉÊñ ÀÖÌÇÆ

¾èÚÄå¸Æ ÑÄ

08 —°È¾Æ

ÀÖÌÇ ¤Ëà¸ºàÉÆ ¢ÍÎ ÆçÄ

09 ¼úÆÉæ‘ÆåÉ

ÉªåÉ¾àÍè¼û ¡Íèº¨Ç ï¼àÊªë¸ ººàÉ ÉÈ´ §ïÇåºàºë ¼ûÄ Ì¿Íå Íå ¨ÈàºÂå

ªæ¾éÄ´ ïÆå¼åª¾à¾å —Ê ÇÌåÆ¾ ÷Éñ Ê×Çªº ÑÄ

# m%uqL;d .; .eg`:j uQ,sl fya;=

fhdað; jHdmD;s

wÞ< wdh;k

01 yÈis .xj;=r we;s ùu c,dY j, Odß;djh wvq ùu wkjir bÈlsÍï my;a ìï f.dv lsÍu ldKq moaO;sfha ÿ¾j,;d

c,dY j, rlaIs; fjka lsÍu yd wkjir bÈlsÍï je,elaùu

my;a ìï wdrlaIs; l,dm f,i fjka lsÍu úia;’¾K ldKq moaO;shla ilia lr

mj;ajdf.k hdu wkqu; ixj¾Ok ie,eiaug wkq.; jk

f,ig ixj¾Ok lghq;= ls%hd;aul lsÍu ixj¾Ok wkque;sh ,nd §fï§ l<dm

ie,eiau i<ld ne,éÄ

jdßud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j, m<d;a md,k wdh;k, › ,xld my;a ìï f.dv lsÍfï yd ixj¾Okh lsÍfï uKav,h f.dúck fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j, uOHu mßir wêldßh, kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh" m%dfoaYSh f,alï ldhœd,h

02 ckdjdi ;=<g uqyqÿ c,h wdl%ñl;dj

uqyqÿ uÜgfï by< hEu uqyqÿ uÜgu uekSu .x fudah j, jeá bÈlsÍu yd ukdj

mj;ajdf.k hdu je,s f.dv oeóu yd c, ud¾. wjysr lrk

udkj ls%hd ldrlï wOHkh yd md,kh uqyqÿ uÜgu by< hdu" mdkSh c,h yd mßir

¥IKh ms<snò uyck oekqj;a Ndjh jeä lsÍu

kS;s iy fr.=,dis ;Èka ls%hd;aul lsÍu wju há;, myiqlï ;=<ska fjr< l,dmSh

ksjdi wffOhœ lsÍu

jdßud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j, m<d;a md,k wdh;k, › ,xld my;a ìï f.dv lsÍfï yd ixj¾Okh lsÍfï uKav,h f.dúck fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j, uOHu mßir wêldßh, kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh" m%dfoaYSh f,alï ldhœd,h,

c, iïmdok yd c,dmjydk uKav,h" fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j,

wxYh ‐ udkj ckdjdi

cd;sl iuqø iïm;a mfhœIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh, ud¾. ixj¾Ok wêldßh

03 lDIs l¾udka;hg we;s n,mEu

fudaiï jeis j, fjkia ùï bvï ydhkh

jdß ud¾. l%u ksis f,i f.dv ke.Su foaY.=‚l úmhœdi j,g Tfrd;a;= fok

fNda. yÿkajd §u fkdlvjd uyckhd foaY.=‚l úmhœdi yd

n,mEï ms<sno oekqj;a lsÍu

jdßud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j, m<d;a md,k wdh;k, m%dfoaYSh f,alï ldhœd,h, Èia;s%la f,alï ldhœd,h,

f.dúck fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j, ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j

04 my;a ìï j, we;s ckdjdi hgùu .xj;=r ksis ud¾f.damfoaYk ls%hd;aul

ï¾åùu

my;a ìï j, Ôj;a jk ck;dj kej; mÈxÑ lsÍu

ixj¾Ok wkque;sh ,nd .ekSfï§ ksis fr.=,dis wkq.ukh lsÍu

iajNdúl c, ud¾. yd ldKq moaO;sh ms<silr lr mj;ajdf.k hdu

wdrlaId l< hq;= ia:dk yÿkdf.fk .eiÜ lsÍu

l=vd jeõ l,mq iy c,dY ms<silr lr mj;ajdf.k hdu

ksis ixj¾Ok ie,eiaula ls%hd;aul lsÍu

jdßud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j, m<d;a md,k wdh;k, m%dfoaYSh f,alï ldhœd,h, Èia;s%la f,alï ldhœd,h,

f.dúck fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j, cd;sl fN!;sl ie,iqï fomd¾;fïka;=j" fmd,Sish" cd;sl f.dvke.s,s mfhœIK wdh;kh" kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh" bvï wud;HdxYh LUPPD


06 ;o iq<x ^fgdkdfvda& iy úÿ,s flàï j, wjOdku jeä ùu foaY.=Kh fjkia ùu iy ix\ l=`:Kq jeä ùu

07 le,E lemSu f;a j.dj

08 lsUq,a .ykh jeä ùu .x.d j, c, uÜgu wvqùu .x.d j, c,h msgdr .e,Su

09 kdhhEï wjOdku kqiqÿiq bvï mßfNdackh

10 wdmÞjkag we;s wjÞku jeä ùu fN!;sl ixj¾Okfha§ foaY.=‚l úmhœdi ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu

# m%uqL;d .; .eg`:j uQ,sl fya;= fhdað; ls%hdud¾. wÞ< wdh;k Relationship with NCCAS

1 ¤Ëà ºàÉÆÉæ‘ÑÄ ¾èÌå

ï¨åÇÈà ÀÇ

—¾åÊ ÑÄ

Destruction of coral

reefs due to the

increase of temperature

¢ÍÎ¤Ëà¸ºàÉ

ÉÈ¼ûï¨åÇÈàÂêÍêÂåÉå —¾åÊ ÑÄ

The coral organisms die

at high temperatures

1. Àè´ºè¾à ï¨åÇÈà ïª¾—ºà §Éê¾à´ Íèº¨Ç

Ìà»å¾ ¡æºèï¨å´ ¾æºàÀºà è×Ä

To transport fresh coral reefs from

outside and create conducive locations

for them

2.ÌåªÇ ¤Ëàà¸ºàÉÆ ÀåÈ¾Æ ¨è×Ä´ ¡¼åÈ

¼¾êÉºà è×ïŠÉæ¶ Ì´Í¾à ÀæÉºàÑÄ

To conduct awareness workshops

which are related to the controlling of

temperatures in the sea

ïÉÇÎ ÌâÇ¨àË¸ ï¼ÀåÚº

ïŠ¾àºëÉ

Coast Conservation

Department

Ä½ñÄ ÀÖÌÇ ¡“¨åÖÆ Central Environment Authority

Strategic Thrust 5

G(2)

Restore and

Rehabilitate degraded

coastal ecosystems and

depleted coastal

species

Strategic Thrust 5

G(2)


awareness on use of

the eco system

approaches for

conservation

2 ïÂåàªÉªåÉ¾à´ Íèº¨Ç Õ—

¾à —¾åÊ ÑÄ

Destruction of

organisms

advantageous to

cultivations

¤Ëà ºàÉÆ Éæ‘ÑÄ ¾èÌå

§ïÇåºàºë ¼ûïŠ Íæ¨èÆåÉ ¡¶êÑÄ

The low level of resistance

to increasing

temperatures

1.ïÂåàª ÉªåÉ¾à´ Íèº¨Ç Õ—¾àïªà ÕÉ¾ ®¨ò

ÌêóÌê ÀÖ¼ú ÀÉºàÉå ïª¾ ÆåÄ´ ¤ƒº ÀÖÌÇ

ººàºàÉ ÀÉºàÉå ªæ¾éÄ´ ¤À¨å× ÑÄ

To assist in maintaining suitable

environmental conditions to assist

organisms to continue their life-cycles

¼åÇ¨ Êå¨ —ïÊàË Éªå¨è×Ä

To cultivate plants that assist the

organisms

2. ÌåŠÀò¼åÆ è¨ Éªå ¨òÄ Íå ï¨àÄè ¨òÄ Ã—ºå

¨è×Ä

To utilize conventional cultivation

methods as well as short-term

cultivation methods

îËè¨ÚÄ


Agriculture

Department

¡À¾Æ¾ ¨îËè¨ÚÄ


Department of

Export Agriculture



Agrarian Services

Department

wxYh - ffcj úúO;ajh

3. ÇÌåÆ¾è¨ ïÀïÍåÇ Ãå—ºÆ ¡ÉÄ ¨Ç

¨åÂ¾è¨ ïÀåïÍåÇ Íå ¨åÂ¾è¨ ÷Éñ Éªå

”Š ÉÈ´ ïÆ¼ûÄ

To use organic fertilizer and organic

material in the cultivation grounds

and reduce the use of

artificial/chemical fertilizers

4.Éªå ”Š Ä¾å °È ÉÍ¾Æ¨è¾à Æê¨àº ÑÄ Íå

Éªå ÀÖÌÇÆ ¨òÄÉºàÉ ºÂå ªæ¾éÄ

To maintain a well irrigated

cultivation ground and keep the

cultivation environment in a

methodical manner

Àòåï¼àÊèÆ ïÈà¨Š ¨åÚÆåÈÆ

Provincial

Secretariat Office

3 ïÂåàª ÉªåÉ¾àÍè ÀÈ¼åÉ

¡¶êÑÄ

Reduction of yield from

the cultivated crops

ÀÉºè¾ ¤Ëà ºàÉÆ ºÉóÇ´ºà

¢ÍÈ ÆåÄ ¾èÌå ÀåâÊë °È

Ä…´Ä ¡¶êÑÄ

Reduction of the water

level in the soil due to the

increase of the prevailing

temperature

1.Àåâªë °È ÌâÇ¨àË¸ ¨òÄ Éæ‘ ¼úÆê ê è×Ä

To develop methods to conserve soil

water

Æ´è ÉªåÉ¾à ÉñåÀàº ¨è×Ä

To increase the undergrowth

ÀåâÊí ÉñêÍÆ ¼úÆê ê ¨è×Ä

To develop the top soil

2.¤Ëàà¸ºàÉÆ Éæ‘ÑÄ´ §ïÇåºàºëë ï¼¾ ¾É

ÀòïÃà¼ Íß¾àÉå ¼ûÄ

To introduce new varieties that are

able to withstand high temperatures

3.ÉªåÉ´ ÌêóÌê ¤Ëàà¸ºàÉÆ ÀÉºàÉå ªæ¾éÄ´

¨òÄ Íß¾àÉå ¼ûÄ

To introduce methods to maintain the

suitable temperature applicable to the

crop cultivated

îËè¨ÚÄ ï¼ÀåÚº

ïŠ¾àºëÉ

Agriculture Department

Éå×ÄåÚª ï¼ÀåÚº

ïŠ¾àºëÉ

Irrigation Department

¡À¾Æ¾ ¨îËè¨ÚÄ

ï¼ÀåÚº ïŠ¾àºëÉ

Department of Export

Agriculture

É¾ ÕÑ ï¼ÀåÚºïŠ¾àºëÉ

Wildlife Department

¡åÉÇ¸ ÉªåÉ¾à

Crop cover

4.ÈÉ¸ºåÉÆ´ §ïÇåºàºë ï¼¾ ïÂåàª

Éªå¨è×Ä´ ïªå—¾à ¼æ¾êÉºà ¨è×Ä

To educate the farmers to cultivate

crops that are resistant to the salinity

levels

ïªå—°¾ ïÌàÉå ï¼ÀåÚº

ïŠ¾àºëÉ

Agrarian Services

Department

4 ÌìÚÆåïÈåà Æ ï¨Èè¾àÄ

ïÀåÈÉ´ Àºèº ÑÄ ¾èÌå

¤ÈàÀºà ¡åÊèòº Êå¨ Íå ÌºàÉ

Àò°åÉ´ Íå¾è ÌèóÑÄ

Destruction of flora and

fauna near ground

water systems due to

the fall of sunlight

directly on the ground

É¾ ¡åÉÇ¸Æ ¡¶êÑÄ

Reduction of forest cover

1.¼æ¾´ ¢ºèÖÉ ¡æºè É¾å¾àºÇ ¾éºè Äªè¾à

¡åÇ¨àËå¨è×Ä

To safeguard the remaining forest

cover through legal means

2.¡õºè¾à É¾å¾àºÇ ¡æºè è×Ä

To create new forest cover

3.º¸ Ãí„,¡ÃÆÃí„ Íå Ç¨àËèº Àòï¼àÊ ¡æºè

¨è×Ä

To create pastures, wild life

sanctuaries and reservations

4.ÌàÉåÃå—º Êå¨ ÍåÌºàÉÀò°åÉ¡åÇ àËå ¨è×ïŠ

Éæ¼ªºà¨ÄÀèÎèÂ¿É¼æ¾êÉºà ¨è×ïÄèÉæ¶

Ì´Í¾à ÀæÉæºàÑÄ

To conduct awareness programs to

highlight the importance of

safeguarding the natural fauna and

flora communities

É¾ÌâÇ¨àË¸ ï¼ÀåÚº

ïŠ¾àºëÉ

Forest Department

Ä½ñÄ ÀÖÌÇ ¡ˆ¨åÖÆ

Central Environmental

Authority

É¾Õ— ï¼ÀåÚºïŠ¾àºëÉ

Wildlife Conservation

Department

Strategic Thrust 5

B(1)

Link/restore/Conserve

Forest and other

habitat

Refugia to increase

resilience of

ecosystems and

species

Strategic Thrust 5

D(1)

Protect marches/flood

retention areas in

urban areas and limit

land conversion

Strategic Thrust 5

G(2)


Awareness on the

use of the ecosystem

approach for

conservation

5 Êå¨ Íå ÌºàÉ Àò°åÉ´ Íå¾è

ÌèóÑÄ Êå¨ Íå ÌºàÉ ªÍ¾Æ

É¿ÑÄ.

Damages to the fauna

and flora communities

Extinction of fauna and

flora

Êå¨ Íå ÌºàÉ ªÍ¾ É¿ÑÄ

¾èÌå ÌàÉåÍå—¨ ïï°É

ÀåÈ¾Æ´ Âå½å ¡æºè ÑÄ

Obstructions to the

natural bio-diversity due

to the extinction of fauna

and flora

1.ÌºàÉ ÀåÈ¾Æ´ Éæ¼ªºà¨Ä¨à ¼¨àÉå ¼æ¾´

É¿Ñ Æ¾ ¦É¾à —ïÊàÊ ÀèÎèÂ¿É ÄêÈè¨

Ìä¨àË¸Æ à è×Ä

To conduct a pilot survey with

emphasis on animal husbandry

2.Íß¾åªºà —ïÊàÊ(ºÚ°¾Æ´ È¨àÉì)

ÍåÆ¾Æ´ È¨àÑÄ ÉæÈæ¨àÑÄ´ ÀèÆÉÇ

ªæ¾éÄ.

To take steps to avoid extinction of

identified species

Íèº¨Ç ÀÖÌÇ ººàºàÉ ¡æºè ¨è×Ä

To create conducive environments

¼æ¾êÉºà è×ïŠ Éæ¶ Ì´Í¾à ÀæÉæºàÑÄ

To conduct educational programs

É¾ ïÇåàÀ¸Æ Íå Êâ¨ —¾åÊ ÑÄ´

ïÍàºë À×¨àËå ï¨å´ ¦àÉå ÉæÎæºàÑÄ´

Íå ¾æÉº ¡æºè ¨è×Ä´ ÀèÆÉÇ ªæ¾éÄ

To identify the reasons for the

destruction of forest undergrowth and

plants and take steps to re-create

them

3.ÌàÉåÃå—º ÌºàÉ Íå Êâ¨ —¾åÊÑÄ´ ïÍàºë

À× àËå ï¨å´ ¦àÉå ÉæÎæºàÑÄ´ ¾æÉº ¡æºè

¨è×Ä´ ÀèÆÉÇ ªæ¾éÄ

ÀèÎèªºà ÀÚïÆàË¸

¡åÆº¾Æ¾à

Recognized research

institutes



Agrarian Services

É¾Õ— ï¼ÀåÚºïŠ¾àºëÉ

Wildlife Conservation

Department

É¾ ÌâÇ¨àË¸


Forest Department

ïªå—°¾ ïÌàÉåÌâ—½å¾,

Agrarian Services

Organisations

ÀåÌÈà ÎÄê¾à/ Àò°åÉ

School children


Central Environment

Strategic Thrust 5

B(1)


Forest and other

habitat

Refugia to increase

resilience of

ecosystems and

species

Strategic Thrust 5

B(1)


Forest and other

habitat

Refugia to increase

resilience of

ecosystems and

species

To identify the reasons for the

destruction of natural fauna and flora

and take necessary steps to re-create

them.

Authority

Other Identified Issues Root causes

6 ÉªëÇæ °ÈÆ „Ö¼úÆ Íå „ÊòÉéÄ ¾èÌå ÉªåÉ¾à —¾åÊÆ´ ÀºàÑÄ

The destruction of crops due to saline water mixing with fresh water

ÄêÍêó °È Ä…´Ä ¢ÍÈ ÆåÄ

Increase of the sea level

7 ï¼àÊéÆ§ðË½Êå¨ —¾åÊ ÑÄ

Destruction of inland herbal plants

ÀÖÌÇ ¤Ëà à¸ºàÉÆÉæ‘ÑÄ/ ¡å¨òÄ ü¨Êå¨ÉñåÀàºèÆ

Increase of the temperature in the environment / The spread of invasive

plants

8 ÀåÖÌÖ¨ ÌÄºÈèººåÉÆ ïÉ¾ÌàÑÄ ¾èÌå Êå¨ Íå ÌºàÉ ªÍ¾Æ ¡¶êÑÄ

The reduction of the numbers of animals and plants due to the

imbalance of the natural environment

¡åÍåÇ¼åÄÇ´åÉ¾à ïÉ¾Ìà ÑÄ

Change in the food-cycles

9 É¾ ¡åÉÇ¸Æ ¡¶êÑÄ ¾èÌå ¡Èè-„¾èÌà ªæ´êŠ Éæ‘ÑÄ,É¾ Ìºë¾à °¾åÉåÌ ÉÈ´

Àæ„¸ýÄ

The increase of elephant-man conflict due to the reduction of forest

cover, wild animals encroaching into villages

¾èÆÉæ¾è ï¼àÊªë ü¨ —ÀÚÆåÌ ïÍàºëïÉ¾à É¾¡åÉÇ¸Æ¡¶êÑÄ ¾èÌå É¾ Ìºë¾à´ ¡ÉÊñ

¡åÍåÇÈÂå ªæ¾éÄ ¡ÀÍÌêÑÄ

Reduction of forest cover due to drought and other environmental

changes, which leads to less or difficult situations for wild animals to find

forage

10 ¡Íèº¨Ç Êå¨ Éñå°ºèÆ ¾èÌå ÌºàÉ ªÍ¾ ¡¶êÑÄ(¡æï àÊèÆå Êå¨Æ ¾èÌå äÄæÌàÌ¾à

ªÍ¾Æ ¡¶êÑÄ

Reduction of animals due to the spread of unfavourable plants (the

number of bees are reduced due to the acacia plant)

¡“¨ ÌêÎâ ººàÉÆ¾à ¾èÌå ¡Íèº¨Ç Êå¨ ÉñåÀàºèÆÉæ‘ ÑÄ

The increase of growth of unfavourable plants due to high winds

11 ïÂåàª ÉªåÉ¾à´ Íå¾è ¨Ç¾ ¨àËê÷ ÕÑ¾à ÉñåÀàºèÆ

The spread of harmful organisms to crops

ÉÚËå Àº¾ Ç´åïŒ ¡ òÄÉºà ÂÉ

The irratic rainfall patterns

12 ¡åªºàºë¨ ¡å òÄ¸¨å× Êå¨ ÉñåÀàºèÆ °È ªæÈéŠ Àæºè× ÆåÄ Éæ‘ÑÄ

The spread of alien invasive plants

The increase of flooding

# m%uqL;d .; .eg`:j uQ,sl fya;=

fhdað; ls%hdud¾. wÞ< wdh;k

01 iq<s iq<x , ,jK c,h rg ;=,g meñKSu - fjr< Ldokh

WIaK;ajh by< hdu ksid we;s jk foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdi

lrosh f.aÜgq oeóu fjr< wdrlaIl .,a jeà oeóu / wdjrK fnda. isgqùu lfvd,dk Ydl iq/lSu yd jHdma; lsrSu ysrs.,a ùkdYh je,elaùu yd iq/lSu fjr< ;Srfha wkjir bos lsrSï md,kh fjr<drlaIl lghq;= i|yd oeâ kS;s mekùu

02 lfvd,dk fldr,amr wdYòè; ffcj úúO;ajhg ydks ùu

WIaK;ajh by< hdu

lfvd,dk mßirfha jeo.;alu ms<sn| ck;dj oekqj;a lsrSfï jevigyka ls%hd;aul lsrSu lfvd,dk mßirfha yd fldr,amr wdYs%; m%foaY ixfõoS l,dm f,i kï lsrSu

o ck;dj oekqj;a lsrSfï mqjre iú lsrSu o kS;s u.ska ls%hd lsrSu

lfvd,dk mßir moaO;s ks¾udKh lsrSu ck;dj fjk;a iajhx /lshd i|yd fhduq lrùu rdcH fkdjk / rdcH ixúOdk u.ska mqyqKqj yd wdOdr ,nd oSu wvq fmd<sh hgf;a nexl= Kh ,nd oSu fuu mßir moaO;sj, jeo.;alu iïnkaOfhka mdi,a <uqka oekqj;a lsrSu i|yd úIh ks¾foaYhg

we;=,;a lsrSu uiqka uerSu i|yd Ndú;d lrk kùk l%u wju lsrSug mshjr .ekSu fuu .egÆjg wod< wdh;kl kS;s rS;s hdj;ald,Sk lsrSu

wxYh - ïÉÇÎ Íå ÌÄê÷ú¨ ÀÖÌÇÆ

03 iuêøéh ,jK uqiq ñrsosfhys lsUq,a .ykh jeâ ùu

.xÕdj,g ,jK c,h ñY ò ùu

ñrsosh c,dYj, yd .xÕdj, lsUq,a .ykh jeâ ùug m%Odk fya;=j f,i c,hg ,jK uqiqùu o hkak

mq:,aj fidhd ne,sh hq;=h

tfia fkdjkafka kï my; i|yka lreKq ms<sn|j fidhd ne,sh hq;=h

lsUq,dg úf,damslfhl= fkdue;s ùu

lsUq,df.a cSjk pl%hg isÿ ù we;s n,mEu

lsUq,a .K;ajh ms<sn| ix.Kkhka ikaikaokh lsrSu

megjqka iajNdúl j¾Kfhka úkdY jkafkao fkdjkafka kï Bg fya;= fidhd ne,Su

,jK ñY% ùu lsUq,a .ykh jeâ ùug fya;= jkafka kï Bg wod< ;dlaIKsl úiÿï

- lrosh ndOl fhoSu

- ,jK wjfYdaIl Ydl j.d lsrSu

- rihksl l%u u.ska c,h msrsisÿ lsrSu

- je,s f.dv oeóu md,kh lsrSu

04 iuêøéh fjr< wdYs%; ù f.dú;eka , c,fha ,jK;djh ksid ydks ùu

uqyqÿ c,h f.dvíu c,h yd ñYò ùu

,jK ñY% c,h f.dú ìï ;=,g fkd,efnk f,i we< ud¾. l%uj;a lsrSu .egM iys; ld,jljdkq ms<sn|j wjOdkfhka isàu iïm%odhsl j.d l%u Ndú;d lsrSu m%;sfrdaë m%fnso j.d lsrSu ksjeros ld, rduqjla wkqj j.d lsrSu

jdrs ud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j

05 uqyqÿ l=Kdgq we;s ùu yd ëjr l¾udka;hg ndOd meñKSu

ikaksfõok ÿ¾j,;d

l=Kdgq iys; mrsir ;;ajhka l,a we;sj y÷kd .ekSu yd oekqï oSu

whym;a ld,.=Ksl ;;ajhka iys; ld,j,oS úl,am /lshd y÷kajd oSu - fldyq , bo,a, ,Kq l¾udka;h

kùk ;dlaIKsl WmlrK Ndú;h

wNHka;r c,dYj, u;aiH j.dj jHdma; lsrSu

ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j l=vd l¾udka; wud;HdxYh ëjr wud;HdxYh ëjr yd c,c iïm;a wud;HdxYh


06 07 08 09

lrosh wdYsò; u;aiH .ykh wvqùu fjr< Ldokh lfvd,dk moaO;s úkdY ùu uqyqÿ uÜgu by< hdu fi!LH frda. we;s ùu

fjr<nv udkj ckdjdi rg ;=,g ixlòuKh ksid wèl ;onohla rg wNHka;rfha

ks¾udKh ùu ( ck >k;ajh by< hdu) tu.ska Yajik frda. wdYs ò; .eg¿ ks¾udKh ùu

WKqiqï oshje,a uqyqÿ c, uÜgu by< hdu WIaK;ajh jeâ ùu ;=,ska , frdkauv ;ekam;a ùu ;=,ska

WIaK;ajh by< hdu uqyqÿ uÜgu by< hdu ksid ,jK c,h rg ;+,g meñKSu u.ska mdxY=

,jK;djh by< hdu fjr< Ldokh


¼úÌàºèò¨à Éæ¶ÄêÝÉ

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ÍŠÂ¾àïºå´

17/ 05/ 2013


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PCCAAP 2014-2020

Appendix 02

Provincial Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan –Southern Province

Action Plan focusing on Vulnerability Sectors

- Food Security

- Water

- Health

- Human Settlements

- Bio Diversity

- Coastal & Marine Resources

Prepared assistance from

UNDP

Strengthening Capacity for Climate Change Adaptation

Implemented by:-

Climate Change Secretariat

Ministry Of Environment & Renewable Energy

Sri Lanka

Documents

Draft Report - Climate Change