Draft Report GIS-Inventory

8/13/2019 Draft Report GIS-Inventory

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ReportDecember 2013

GIS-Inventory for the purpose of small-scale biodigestors inurban areas.

Dragan a!ic"# $arburg


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Contents

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1 Introduction

Resource depletion, and the inevitable irrational using up of the conventional energysources, such as oil, natural gas, and coal, is evident. In the last decades, the societybecame aware of the negative effects of such conventional resources, which amongmany different environmental and social issues are the main cause of the greenhouseeffect. One of the main worldwide proposed solutions is decreasing the CO 2 emissionsby reducing the use of fossil fuels, where possible, and ma imi!ing the energy efficiencyin all energy"conversion processes. #he main asset in this aim is the substitution of theold systems with new, clean and renewable energy sources.

$ll energy that is used in the same rate as it is being generated can be called renewable

energy. Renewable energy is most usually considered as solar energy, hydro energy,geothermal energy, and biomass, and biomass derived fuels. %iomass is the most easilyharnessed and readily available renewable energy source, being the first energy sourcesince the dawn of humanity. #here are many biomass sources. #he most usual divisionof biomass is done by the physical state of it. #his divides biomass into solid, li&uid andgaseous. It should be noted that with some processes such as fermentation, digestion,etc., it is possible to change the raw solid biomass into some more diverse biofuels,which can be used in more advanced energy systems.

'ome other important factors promoting the use of waste biomass for energy productionin (ermany are the fact that (ermany is highly dependent on foreign fuels, such as gasand oil, which are being mainly used in district heating, or district combined heat andpower )C*+ plants. -ood biomass is environmentally friendly )being almost CO2neutral and can be used to substitute for e ample natural gas.

#he biogas production is e periencing a boom in many uropean countries, with(ermany leading with the number of biogas plants installed. /rom the beginning wherethere was a tendency to build bigger biogas plants which have a planned resourceproduction, now there is an increasing number of cases where smaller biogasdecentrali!ed plants are being installed, functioning mainly on the local produced wastebioresources. 'till, in the case of biogas plants, and especially urban biogas plants, thespread of the bioresources used, and their management is crucial. 0ost scientificallyaccepted way of dimensioning, and inventory assessment is made by research of thepoint of resource generation, and then evaluating the sources in a geographical domain.

In (ermany, there is a long practice and good atmosphere for re"using all resources andthe usage of biogas"producing waste resources seems promising. 'ince this biowastemust be removed in any case, it ma es sense that it is re"used locally and in adecentrali!ed way in urban areas. #his will cut the transportation costs, re"use theresources locally, which will all result in reduced CO2 emission amounts. #his is theleading idea in this report.


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3 Bioresources Considered

%ioresources can be classified in many ways. 'ome classifications are made by thesource, some are made by the composition, some by the physical state. %ioresourcesare mainly correlating with the term biomass

Biomass is defined as the biodegradable part of products, waste and residuesfrom agriculture, forestry waste and waste from related industries, as well as thebiodegradable components of industrial and municipal waste. ) ; directive .:9.2::3

In the bioresources inventory of this report the accent was put on the urban biowaste,namely on the bioresources occurring as a byproduct or waste from other processes,maintenance or management of other resources. #hese bioresources don?t compete inthe agricultural economy with the growing of crops for food, or some other industry, thusthey cannot alter the mar et prices of other raw materials, and they are compatiblebecause they occur in the urban environment. #he formulated list of feasible resources islisted as follows

+ublic (reen $reas -aste

+rivate (reen $reas -aste

Restaurant /at 'eparator -aste

*ousehold %iodegradable -aste

In the following several passages they are more clearly defined, in the domain in whichthey will be used in the (I'"$nalysis.

3.1 Pu lic Green !reas "aste

+ublic green areas grass and leaves residues are collected mostly by the public utilitycompany in charge for handling municipal waste, and sometimes in charge for the careof all green areas and trees in a city. #herefore this biomass is mainly grass, leaves,parts of trees which are regularly collected, and cleaned out within the cities, andultimately combusted, and depending on the location, possibly landfilled. #he best use ofthis substrates is if it is observed as a co"substrate in the biogas production.

3.2 Pri#ate Green !reas "aste

+rivate green waste is structurally very similar with the public green area waste, @ust thatthe @urisdiction of maintaining the green areas, and collecting the waste falls not on themunicipal waste company, but on the other natural or legal person. #his can be fore ample private gardens from households, but also green areas in industrial orcommercial premises. $lso this waste occurs on the areas around social housings,where the owner is the social housing council.

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In *amburg, there is a practice that as much as possible of the private green wasteproducers should have a bio"bin in which they can remove their garden waste. #here aresome other practices nown, and since the garden waste is relatively a seasonalproduct, many citi!ens of *amburg buy bigger plastic bags in which they leave thegarden waste during the blooming season for pic "up. #he private green areas can beused both as a pure decorative garden, and as a usable garden for growing vegetablesor fruits. $s the latter is much less li ely to occur, namely around >B of gardens areintended for growing vegetables or fruits )Oldenburg, 2:: we will suppose that thegardens in *amburg are used purely for decorations with no vegetable and fruit plants.

3.3 $ousehold Biode%rada le "aste

%iodegradable household waste is considered basically all biodegradable waste which

occurs from the food preparing processes, in preparing elementary food or ready meals.#his resource is considered as biomass under some definition, under some others not./or e ample the (erman %iomasseverordnung treats this resource as a waste resource.%ut, since this waste is organic, at least in (ermany, it cannot be landfilled, so it must beeither combusted, fermented, or composted. Coo ing oil leftovers, e pired food products,old fruits and vegetables, as well as unfinished meals, meat, and dairy leftovers, etc areall part of household itchen waste. In *amburg already many households have adedicated bio"bin where they should remove this ind of waste.

3.& Restaurant 'at Separator "aste

/at separators are devices which remove the waste fats and oils, as well as heavyparticles from the wastewater stream coming from food preparation processes in therestaurants. In many countries, also in (ermany, there is an obligation that allrestaurants, cantinas, and other entities producing mass meals must have a fat separatorconnected at this wastewater stream. 'ince the fats, oils, and food remains havedifferent densities in comparison to pure water, the fat separator functions on the gravityseparation of the phases, so that the fats and oils float up, while the food remains, eitherfloat up or sin down. #he fat separator must be emptied every once in a while, and therestaurants must contract other companies to ta e it away.

#he fat separator contents which are cleared can be used for biogas production, theirmain problem is the big specific volume per biogas yield. #his is because the dry matteris usually not more than 9B of the mass of the waste.

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& GIS(Technolo%) and *ethodolo%) of the "ork

#he $rc(I' is a software pac age containing an array of (I' processing applications ofthe company 'RI ) 'RI . #he products of interest in this case are $rcEiew, while themain server for all geoprocessing is called $rc(I' 'erver.

#he program wor s by splitting the area of interest )$OI into different layers, which canbe physical or imaginary, for e ample railways, roads, water surfaces, buildings, cadasterparcels, statistical units, regions and so on. %y obtaining the desired input layers variousresults can be generated.

#he geoprocessing of layers in relationship one to another can bring up new layers )fore ample intersecting, merging, e tracting, dissolving individual or multiple layers . #helayers are usually either raster or vector data. /or the type of analysis we have in&uestion, the raster layer )aerial photography is only used to reference the resultsobtained by geoprocessing of vector layers. #he raster aerial photography are ta en fromthe Open Fata +ortal of *amburg )/reie und *ansestadt *amburg . #hey have a rastercell si!e of : cm. On #he picture below, the 4enfelder $u &uarter is mar ed upon anaerial photography of the surroundings.

/I(;R . $ RI$G +*O#O -I#* #* 4


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#he vector layers can be made out of points, lines or polygons. #he layers have anattribute list, giving closer details about individuals entities of the layer.

+ ,a)ers used

#he layers used in the (I'"inventory in this case are downloaded from Open 'treet0aps depots, such as (eofabri )(eofabri (mb* and -eo(eo )-eo(eo, Inc . #heywere used as a base to portray the use of land )though not covering complete land area ,natural surfaces, man"made entities such as road, rail, and waterways, buildings )thoughagain not 1::B e act . #he administrative division layers were also used. Other thanthat, the census and statistical values were ta en as well from the Open Fata +ortal)/reie und *ansestadt *amburg the layers had to be pre"processed in order to findthem usable for manipulation. In the following chapters is e plained how the specific

substrates can be mapped in a (I'"Inventory, and how can they be standardi!ed todisplay a biomass potential around a certain area.

#o simplify the geoprocessing, an area of interest was selected with the *amburgdistricts -andsbe , 0itte,


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#o assess the public green areas such as par s, street"green areas, di es and so on,data from several layers was combined. #his was at the same time the easiestbioresource to assess. #he types of surfaces included in the public green areas inventoryare

cemeteries,

sided grasslands )ne t to a di e for e ample ,

meadows,

par s,

religious premises,

state forest,

landfills )they are inactive and covered .

$lthough the areas are considered public green areas, they have buildings on them )fore ample churches, watch houses, e&uipment houses and so on so it was necessary toremove the area of the buildings from the before mentioned areas. #he resulting layercan be seen on the picture below.

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/I(;R . F #$IG O/ #* +;%GIC (R < $R $' F # R0I< F /OR #* I


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commercial land,

farms and farmyards,

forests,

garage lots,

grasslands,

meadows,

harbor,

landfills,

industrial !ones,

orchards,

par s,

religious premises,

plantations,

reservoirs,

retail !ones,

riverban s,

sandy areas,

scrubs,

water surfaces )all inds ,

all buildings,

highways and railways)e plained more below .

/or the highways and railways a special assessment had to be made, since these areasvary depending on the type of the road and rail. #he dimensions of these entities was

found in a handboo with guidelines for street dimensioning )/orschungsgesellschaft f r'traJen" und Eer ehrswesen, 1 A . %elow there is an overview of the widths used tomap out the private bioresources.

+rimary streets, highways K 2 m

Residential streets, secondary streets K 12 m

#ertiary streets, service roads, unclassified streets K m

/ootway, step way, @ogging trac , bicycle path, tre ing path K 3m

Railways of all sorts, per trac )they superpose to a certain e tent in thecase of multi"trac system K > m

-hen all of these layers are removed, the green areas which are maintained privatelywill be shown, with minimal errors. #his is seen on the photo below. It is visible that mostof the time, the green areas in the bac yards of building bloc s represent the main greenareas around 4enfelder $u. It is also visible for e ample how the farmland on the east,the commercial par s on the west and the par on the north west are not included. #hebuildings are usually visible as holes or nic s on the green surfaces.

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/I(;R . +RIE$# (R < $R $'

#he biogas yields can be calculated by appro imating the biomass generation pers&uare meter per year. #he resources have very widely varying for this, and observingthe wor s of )Oldenburg, 2:: and )$dwiraah, 2:13 it was concluded that for the valueof 1,D g=m 2 of green waste will be generated per year. 'ince both the private and thepublic green areas have the same biogas yield, according to %iomass $ct )Feutsche%undestag, 2:12 , it can be concluded that :,:D3 m 3biogas =m2 can be obtained per year.

+.3 Restaurant 'at Separator "aste

#he fat separator waste from restaurants, and similar establishments with cantinas isconsidered in this layer. It was not only a problem to map out these points of generationbut also to dimension the scale of this waste. /ortunately in the before mentioned Open'treet 0ap databases, a point of interest database e isted from which a list of suchestablishments could be e tracted. 'ince the point of interest layer was not so vast, firstonly the establishments where selected out, and then manually cleaned out of theincompatible sources. #he establishments of the following types were used in the

analysis

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restaurants,

indergarten,

school,

university,

hotel,

hostel,

prison,

hospital,

nursing home,

fast food.

#he resulting layer is visible on the picture below

/I(;R . 'O;RC ' O/ /$# ' +$R$#OR -$'# , 'C$G F %H #* 'C$G O/ ( < R$#IO: meals,

university, hostel and school 2::meals,

fast foot and hotel :: meals, hospital and prison 1::: meals,

nursing home 9: meals,

-hen we now this, it is possible to calculate the yearly fat generation. #his is possible ifwe refer to a standard FI< < 1>29 )Feutsches Institut f r


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/I(;R . %;IGFI


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/ tainin% and Displa)in% the Results

#o obtain the results of this (I'"inventory, the different types of sources )area, point hadto be standardi!ed to the same comparable entity, meaning that the centers of greenareas were used as point sources. #he attribute list e ample of such source loo s li ethis

#$%G . L$0+G O/ #* +RIE$# (R < $R $ +OI


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/I(;R . $GG R 'O;RC ' $' +OI


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/I(;R . R 'O;RC ' -I#*I< #* 29:: m FRIE

If we sum up all points from the picture, we can get a theoretical yield of AAD.9> m 3 ofbiogas from these resources.

#he following circumstances for the biogas plant will be considered to compare if thesurrounding inventory of resources can theoretically satisfy the plant. #he engineparameters are

19: - el and 29: - th rated power.

:,39 el and :,99 th efficiencies,

Running time >:::h per year,

%iogas has a heating value of A,D -h.

In this case the yearly amount of biogas needed is around 912.::: m 3. #his basicallymeans that within the 2,9 m radius there is theoretically more than enough

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bioresources, especially nowing that the surrounding bioresources are @ust a co"substrate, since the main substrate should be the blac water and biodegradable wastearising within the 4enfelder $u &uarter

0 Conclusions

'umming up the results , it is evident that (I'"based inventorying of bioresources has ahuge potential. It is even easier to process this date in urban agglomerations, where thedata is already well detailed, and can be used better as a base of assessments. #his wasthe case in *amburg, since the open data was well available. #he result visible is that theadditional bioresources in the case of smaller scale digestors such as in the case of4enfelder $u is at least theoretically easily utili!able.

'till, for a (I'"Inventory of bioresources it is crucial how much detailed the data will bedefined. 'ome simplifications had to be done in this case, to maintain the wor in thebefore mentioned scope. #he most importation generali!ations in this wor wereallocating the population according to the living ob@ect surface, and e&ualing out the yieldof all private green areas, as well as e&ualing out the yield of the public green areas.*owever to obtain more accurate data, very detailed input data needed to be obtained,meaning that they had to be demanded from the cadaster office.

$lso, if we would need to obtain e tremely accurate data, it would have been neededthat we manually map out the missed"out, smaller green surfaces. #his may be done in alater re"evaluation of the assessment.

$nother important aspect of the (I'"inventory in respect to the delivery position is thecost analysis. #his was not done at all, since it would surpass the scope of the wor .*owever, for any deeper or detailed analysis this would have to be included, since mostli ely the collection of bioresources would be conditioned by the specific price of thebioresource collected.

/inally it has to be noted that the (I'"inventory displayed in the results is still purelytheoretical. It has to be determined if the available bioresources such as private greenwaste would be given away as a bioresources, or if the owners self"compost it for their

own needs. %ut this also supersedes the scope of this wor because for thesead@ustments an on field study would have to be made, lasting at least several months, sothat the seasonal variations are identified and overcome.

$ll this leads to a conclusion that the urban smaller biodigestors have a big and mostlyunused potential. $s there is a need to increase the share of the renewable energy inboth the primary and electrical energy mi in all ; countries, these digestors can playan interesting role because of their good urban location, good infrastructural connectionssuch as electricity heat and gas lines.

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Bi lio%raph)

Adwiraah, Helmut. 2013. (I'"based %ioresources Inventory. *amburg #; *arburg,2:13.

Deutsche Bundestag. 2012. Eerordnung ber die r!eugung von 'trom aus %iomasse.Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz. 2:12.

Deutsches Institut fr Normung. 200 . FI< < 1>29 (rease separators. %erlin %euth, 2:: .

!"#I. Esri Deutschland. MOnlineN M itat vom 1:. 12. 2:13.N http ==www.esri.de=.

$orschungsgesellschaft fr "tra%en& und 'er(ehrswesen. 1))*. Richtlinien fr die nlage !on "tra#en $ %uerschnitt. 8Pln s.n., 1 A. 2 9.

$reie und Hansestadt Ham+urg. &pen Data 'ortal (amburg. MOnlineN M itat vom :1.12. 2:12.N http ==daten.hamburg.de=.

eofa+ri( m+H. Geofabri). MOnlineN M itat vom 1. 12. 2:12.N http ==www.geofabri .de=.

-#!I". *RE+". MOnlineN M itat vom 9. 12. 2:13.N http ==www. reis"@enfeld.de=.

lden+urg, "as(ia. 200). +n!entur der organischen bf lle im Bezir) Bergedorf.*amburg #; *arburg, 2:: .

/eo eo, Inc. eoGeo. MOnlineN M itat vom 1. 12. 2:12.N http ==www.weogeo.com=.

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Draft Report GIS-Inventory