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Durban Metro Water Services Draft Water Services Development Plan : Volume 1 : Status Quo Report April 1999 : Revision 1 4286\Doc\WSDPVol1/jlc

DRAFT WATER SERVICES DEVELOPMENT PLAN

VOLUME 1 : STATUS QUO REPORT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION In terms of Section 12 of the Water Services Act, Act 108 of 1997, the Durban Transitional Metropolitan Council (DTMC), as the Water Service Authority for the Durban Metropolitan Area must, through its service unit, Durban Metro Water Services (DMWS), prepare and submit a draft Water Services Development Plan. This document, Volume 1 – Status Quo Report, summarises the investigations carried out under Phase 1 of the preparation of the draft WSDP. Phase 2 investigations, i.e. the formulation and structuring of programs required to meet the WSDP objectives, whilst maintaining financial balance, will be covered in a separate document (still to be commissioned). A number of different population estimates exist. Throughout this document, use is made of the report “Settlement Areas and Population Estimate Project, Durban Metropolitan Area 1995”(1) prepared by the Urban Strategy Department of the DTMC. More recent and accurate information will be substituted as it becomes available. LEVELS OF SERVICE The DMA consists of an area of 1 370km2 and is bounded on the east by the Indian Ocean, to the north and south by the Ilembe Regional Council and to the west by the Ndlovu Regional Council. The population is made up of approximately 2.2 million people who live in an estimated 500 000 dwelling units. The majority of these people (72%) live in formal settlements with full levels of water and sanitation services.

In recent years, with the influx of the rural element to the CBDs and industrial areas in seek of work, there has been an increase in the number of informal settlements and infill developments in and adjacent to formally developed areas. Approximately 25% of the DMA’s dwelling units comprise these informal dwellings with either a basic level of service or none at all. The peri-urban and rural fringe dwellings make up 3% of the total dwelling units in the DMA and generally have a low service level.


WATER SUPPLY Groundwater in the DMA is loosely regulated and is extracted mainly for private use or to supplement an existing supply. It comprises only a very small percentage of the total water used in the DMA. DMWS purchase approximately 790MR of potable water per day from Umgeni Water and reticulate it to users via a series of pipelines, secondary storage reservoirs and pump stations. Approximately 66% of this water is consumed by domestic users, 18% by wet industry and 13% by dry industries. Recreational, agriculture and environmental sectors use negligible amounts of water. In the DMA there are an estimated 30 000 illegal and unmetered water connections which contribute to the large amounts of unaccounted for water in the DMA (currently around 32%). In an effort to reduce unaccounted for water, DMWS are currently removing illegal connections and formulating comprehensive water loss management programmes. WASTEWATER DISPOSAL Approximately 446 MR/d of wastewater is produced throughout the DMA. This is collected and piped via outfalls to the various wastewater treatment works within the DMA. A strategic masterplan for the rationalization of wastewater disposal has been done and is currently being implemented. DMWM also have a policy in place to provide a waterborne sewer connection to each subdivision that existed at 26 June 1996. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Being potentially the largest polluter of water resources in the DMA, DMWS monitor effluent discharge from the various treatment works as a self-audit function to ensure that treated effluent discharges fall within DWAF permissible allowances. However, a number of rivers in the DMA are of inferior quality mainly due to the overland runoff from informal and infill settlements, where there are inadequate water services. FINANCES Financial control of DMWS is done internally by the financial department. The largest costs in DMWS are for the purchase of treated bulk water and the distribution thereof and the collection of wastewater and the treatment thereof. The cost of water is recovered directly from the users by means of a user-tariff and the cost for wastewater treatment is recovered by DTMC from the six local councils who currently raise income by levying property rates and trade effluent charges.


AFFORDABILITY AND EDUCATION Payment levels for the provision of water services in the formally developed areas are as high as 98%. Township and informal areas are significantly lower being typically in the region of 50 to 60%. Both the Water and Wastewater Departments of DMWS have implemented programmes to educate communities about the need for proper water and sanitation services, how to care for systems and the need to pay for such services. THE WAY FORWARD Due to budgetary and permanent staffing constraints, it is likely that adequate water services can only be provided over the next 20 years to those dwelling units currently without an adequate service. Therefore, DMWS are presently investigating the possibility of entering into public-private partnerships (PPP’s), thereby ensuring financial flexibility in terms of borrowing capacities and credit ratings, and hence enhancing the availability of capital for service delivery in a nation-wide scenario of downward trends in council credit ratings.




C O N T E N T S PAGE LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................... vii ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ viii DEFINITIONS AND TERMS................................................................... x 1. SETTING THE SCENE .............................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction............................................................................ 1 1.2 The Water Services Authority ................................................... 1 1.3 A Regional Perspective ............................................................ 2 1.3.1 Regional Demographics............................................................ 2 1.3.2 Land-uses .............................................................................. 3 1.3.3 Physical Characteristics ........................................................... 3 1.3.4 Socio-Economic Profile ............................................................ 4 1.3.5 Overview of Associated Infrastructure ....................................... 5 2. VISION, MISSIONS AND STRATEGIES....................................... 6 2.1 Metro Council Vision ............................................................... 6 2.2 Mission Statements ................................................................. 6 2.2.1 Durban Transitional Metropolitan Council ................................... 6 2.2.2 Durban Metro Water................................................................ 6 2.2.3 Durban Metro Wastewater Management .................................... 6 2.3 Metro Water Services’ Strategies .............................................. 7 2.3.1 Organisational Strategy............................................................ 7 2.3.2 Operational Strategies ............................................................. 7 3. WATER SERVICES CUSTOMERS............................................... 8 3.1 Water Service User Types ........................................................ 8 3.1.1 Demographics......................................................................... 8 3.1.2 Consumer Types ..................................................................... 9 3.2 Service Levels – Water ............................................................ 9 3.2.1 Domestic ............................................................................... 9


3.2.2 Industrial................................................................................ 11 3.2.3 Agricultural ............................................................................ 11 3.2.4 Recreational and Environmental................................................. 11 3.3 Service Levels – Sanitation....................................................... 11 3.3.1 Domestic ............................................................................... 12 3.3.2 Industrial................................................................................ 12 3.3.3 Agricultural ............................................................................ 13 3.3.4 Recreational ........................................................................... 13 3.4 Impacting and Influencing Factors on the Levels of Service

Provided ................................................................................ 13 3.4.1 Ability to Pay for Services ........................................................ 13 3.4.2 Topography............................................................................ 14 3.4.3 Backlog in Service Provision ..................................................... 14 3.4.4 Inadequate Wastewater Provision for Level of Water Service

Provided ................................................................................ 15 3.4.5 Condition of Existing Infrastructure............................................ 15 3.5 Identifiable Shortfalls ............................................................... 15 4. WATER RESOURCES............................................................... 16 4.1 Ground Water......................................................................... 16 4.1.1 Resource Management............................................................. 16 4.1.2 Allocation and Licensing .......................................................... 16 4.1.3 Source and Uses..................................................................... 16 4.1.4 Pollution and Resource Protection ............................................. 16 4.1.5 Resource Potential .................................................................. 17 4.2 Surface Water ........................................................................ 17 4.2.1 Source................................................................................... 17 4.2.2 Resource Management and Protection ....................................... 17 4.2.3 Resource Potential .................................................................. 18 4.2.4 Resource Development ............................................................ 18 4.2.5 Pollution ................................................................................ 18 4.3 Identifiable Shortfalls ............................................................... 19 5. INFRASTRUCTURE.................................................................. 20 5.1 Raw Water Storage and Abstraction .......................................... 20 5.2 Water Purification ................................................................... 20 5.3 Bulk Water System.................................................................. 21 5.4 Water Distribution System........................................................ 21


5.5 Bulk Effluent Collection ............................................................ 21 5.6 Treatment Facilities ................................................................. 22 5.7 Daily Water Balance ................................................................ 22 5.7.1 The Water Balance .................................................................. 23 5.7.2 The Wastewater Balance.......................................................... 23 5.8 Identifiable Shortfalls ............................................................... 23 6. CUSTOMER CARE................................................................... 25 6.1 Customer Responsibility ........................................................... 25 6.1.1 Introduction............................................................................ 25 6.1.2 Consumer Payments................................................................ 25 6.2 Water Service Authority Responsibilities .................................... 26 6.3 Customer Relations ................................................................. 26 6.3.1 Water .................................................................................... 26 6.3.2 Wastewater............................................................................ 27 6.4 Customer Involvement ............................................................. 28 7. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ....................................................... 29 7.1 Environmentally Sensitive Areas................................................ 29 7.2 Water Services’ Related Issues Impacting on the Environment ...... 29 7.2.1 Water .................................................................................... 29 7.2.2 Sanitation .............................................................................. 30 7.3 Policy and Legislation .............................................................. 30 7.4 Environmental Actions ............................................................. 30 7.4.1 Sanitation .............................................................................. 30 7.4.2 Potable Water......................................................................... 31 7.5 Water Resource Protection ....................................................... 31 7.6 Identifiable Shortfalls ............................................................... 31


8. WATER SERVICES MANAGEMENT (other than financial).............. 32 8.1 Water .................................................................................... 32 8.1.1 Research and Development (R&D) ............................................. 32 8.1.2 Design................................................................................... 32 8.1.3 Construction........................................................................... 33 8.1.4 Plant ..................................................................................... 34 8.1.5 Water Services Department ...................................................... 34 8.1.6 Administration ........................................................................ 35 8.1.7 Operations ............................................................................. 35 8.2 Wastewater............................................................................ 36 8.2.1 Strategic Planning ................................................................... 36 8.2.2 Business ................................................................................ 37 8.2.3 Design................................................................................... 37 8.2.4 Mechanical and Electrical ......................................................... 37 8.2.5 Systems ................................................................................ 38 8.2.6 Treatment Works .................................................................... 38 8.3 Overall Staffing Levels ............................................................. 38 8.4 Environmental Management...................................................... 38 8.4.1 Water Supply ......................................................................... 38 8.4.2 Sanitation .............................................................................. 39 8.5 Demand Management .............................................................. 39 8.5.1 Water Loss Control and Water Balance ...................................... 39 8.5.2 Water Conservation and Demand .............................................. 39 8.6 Identifiable Shortfalls ............................................................... 40 9. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT...................................................... 41 9.1 Introduction............................................................................ 41 9.2 Operating Expenditure and Income ............................................ 41 9.3 Capital Expenditure and Income ................................................ 42 9.4 Tariff Structures ..................................................................... 42 9.4.1 Water Tariff Structure.............................................................. 42 9.4.2 Sanitation Tariff Structure ........................................................ 43 9.5 Water Billing Systems.............................................................. 44


9.6 Customer Management ............................................................ 44 9.7 Financial Water Balance ........................................................... 44 9.8 Identifiable Shortfalls ............................................................... 45 10. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS............................................ 46 10.1 Introduction............................................................................ 46 10.2 Water Resources..................................................................... 46 10.3 Infrastructure.......................................................................... 47 10.3.1 Water Supply ......................................................................... 47 10.3.2 Wastewater............................................................................ 47 10.4 Administrative ........................................................................ 47 10.5 Customer Care and Involvement................................................ 48 10.6 Environmental......................................................................... 48 10.7 Strategic ................................................................................ 49 10.8 Identifiable Shortfalls ............................................................... 50 REFERENCES ..................................................................................... 51 ANNEXURES A. DMWS Strategies as included in the Metro-wide IDP B. Organisational Organogram C. Schematic of Water Supply to the DMA




LIST OF TABLES

PAGE TABLE 1 Population Distribution (No) : Durban Metropolitan Area ......... 8

TABLE 2 Housing Distribution (No) : Durban Metropolitan Area ............ 8

TABLE 3 User Types, Daily Water Consumption and No of

Connections ..................................................................... 9

TABLE 4 No. of Dwelling Units per Service Type – Water .................... 10

TABLE 5 No. of Dwelling Units per Service Type – Wastewater............ 12

TABLE 6 Dwelling Unit Earning Distribution........................................ 13

TABLE 7 Affordable Service Provision – Water ................................... 14

TABLE 8 Hydrological Characteristics : Larger River Systems within

the DMA.......................................................................... 17

TABLE 9 Impoundments, Name and Capacity..................................... 20

TABLE 10 Water Treatment Works ..................................................... 20

TABLE 11 Southern Study Area – Wastewater Treatment Works ........... 22

TABLE 12 S36 Billing System – Account Payment Records ................... 25

TABLE 13 1998/99 Budget Figures for Water and Sanitation ................. 41

TABLE 14 Water Tariff Structure........................................................ 43




LIST OF FIGURES Volume 2

Figure 1 DMA Area, Local Councils in relation to Neighboring Authorities

Figure 2 Layout indicating Formal, Informal and Peri-urban Settlement

Classifications

Figure 3 Existing Landuse Plan

Figure 4 Topographical and Catchment Layout

Figure 5 Rainfall Distribution Layout

Figure 6 Associated Infrastructure and LDO Objectives

Figure 7 Existing Service Levels – Water

Figure 8 Existing Service Levels – Sanitation

Figure 9 Population Distribution according to Income

Figure 10 Existing Water Treatment Works, Reservoirs and Bulk

Reticulation

Figure 11 Existing wastewater treatment works and Bulk Reticulation

Figure 12 Environmentally Sensitive Areas




ABBREVIATIONS BOOT Build Own Operate & Transfer

CBD Central Business District

CMA Catchment Management Agency

CSIR Council for Scientific & Industrial Research

DEAT Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism

DMA Durban Metropolitan Area

DMW Durban Metro Water

DMWM Durban Metro Wastewater Management

DMWS Durban Metro Water Services

DTMC Durban Transitional Metropolitan Council

DWAF Department of Water Affairs & Forestry

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Policy

GIS Geographical Information System

IDP Integrated Development Plan

IWLC Inner West Local Council

KZNPA KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Administration

LIMS Laboratory Information Management System

LOS Level of Service

NCLC North Central Local Council

LDO Land Development Objective

NGO Non-Government Organisation

NLC North Local Council

OWLC Outer West Local Council

PPP Public-Private Partnership

SCLC South Central Local Council

SLC South Local Council


VIP Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine

WWTW Wastewater Treatment Works




DEFINITIONS AND TERMS “Borehole” means a hole sunk into the earth for the purpose of locating, abstracting or using subterranean water. “Catchment” means an area contributing to the flow towards a particular point, whether it be in a sewer pipe, at a wastewater treatment works or in a river. “Communal Tanks” means large ground tanks filled periodically by tankers. These are similar to that of standpipes in that they are in effect a point water supply servicing an area. “Dry Industry” means industry that does not utilise water in the manufacturing process, and includes commercial entities. “Minimum Level of Service – Water” is the level of service provided to consumers residing within 200 m of a standpipe. “No Service Area – Water” means an area where consumers reside further than 200 m from a supply, with no other level of service provided. “Public Water” means any river, watercourse, bay, estuary, the sea and any other water which the public has a right to use or to which the public has the right of access. “Sewage” means wastewater, trade effluent, standard domestic effluent and other liquid waste, either separately or in combination, but does not include stormwater. “Standard Domestic Effluent” means domestic effluent with prescribed strength characteristics in respect of chemical oxygen demand and settlable solids as being appropriate to sewage discharges from domestic premises within the jurisdiction of the Council, but shall not include trade effluent. “Standpipe” means a single point water supply to a community usually manned by a baliff, i.e. a community has to walk to the water point to collect from a tap. “Trade Effluent” means any liquid, whether or not containing matter in solution or suspension, which is given off in the course of or as a result of any industrial trade, manufacturing, mining or chemical process, laboratory research or agricultural activity, and includes any liquid other than standard domestic effluent.


“Water Balance” means that that the quantity of water removed from the system is balanced against that which is returned to the system. “Water Cycle” means the process whereby water is abstracted from the system, used for whatever purpose, treated and returned to the system. “Water Services” means both water supply and sanitation services. “Water Services Authority” means any Municipality, including a district or rural council as defined in the local Government Transition Act 1993 (Act No 209 of 1993) responsible for ensuring access to water services. “Wet Industry” means an industry which utilises water in the manufacturing process.


1. SETTING THE SCENE 1.1 Introduction

In terms of the Water Services Act, Act 108 of 1997, Clause 12(1), every water services authority must prepare and submit a draft Water Services Development Plan (WSDP), in conjunction with the development of an Integrated Development Plan (IDP), for its area of jurisdiction.

This draft WSDP is prepared to comply with the requirements of the above Act, and sets the scene for a dynamic continuous integrated planning process that will promote the efficient, affordable and sustainable development of water services within the water services authority’s area of jurisdiction. This document, Volume 1 – Report on Status Quo Investigations, summarises the investigations carried out under Phase 1 of the preparation of the WSDP. Phase 2 investigations, i.e. the formulation and structuring of programs required to meet the WSDP objectives, whilst maintaining financial balance, will be covered in a separate document. Extensive use will be made of the water and wastewater financial models as developed by Palmer Development Group for WRC. Status quo information has been gathered under Phase 1 in such manner and format as to ensure compatibility with these models.

1.2 The Water Services Authority

Prior to 1996, water services in the greater Durban area were administered by a number of local authorities. Political and legislated changes (Proclamation No. 3 of 1998 and No. 38 of 1996 of the Local Government Transition Act) resulted in the formation of the Durban Transitional Metropolitan Council (DTMC), who in their role as the Water Services Authority, consolidated the functions of the various water services providers into a single service unit, namely, Durban Metro Water Services (DMWS).

DMWS consists of three technical and three service departments. The three technical departments are:

• Water • Wastewater Management • Solid Waste Management

The three service departments are:

• Finance • Communications • Human Resources


All six departments are under the control of the Executive Director : Water Services, and are further split up into several operating sub-divisions, details of which are contained in Section 8 of this report. Water Services include water and sanitation functions encompassing bulk conveyance, distribution, wastewater treatment, and disposal. Although the Solid Waste Management department falls under the control of the Executive Director : Water Servcies, issues pertaining to this department have not been addressed in this document. Annexure B provides insight into the broad line function structures of the DMWS. It is important to note at the outset that currently the Water and Wastewater Management Departments function independently of each other in terms of systems, management, records, finances, etc. but co-ordinated planning and close liaison is ongoing.

1.3 A Regional Perspective

The Durban Metropolitan Area (DMA) currently operates on a system(18) of local government which consists of the DTMC and six Local Councils, namely: • North Local Council (NLC) • South Local Council (SLC) • South Central Local Council (SCLC) • North Central Local Council (NCLC) • Inner West Local Council (IWLC) • Outer West Local Council (OWLC)

The DMA is currently bounded on the west by the Ndlovu Regional Council, to the north by the Illembe Regional Council and to the south by the Illembe and Ugu Regional Councils. These sub-divisions are indicated in Figure 1. It must be noted that for all figures quoted in this report, reference is made only to the areas within the present DMA boundaries. The DTMC is, through its boundaries demarcation Technical Task Team, currently considering various revisions to the borders of the DMA to encompass both physical and operating practicalities in lieu of the existing problems being experienced.

1.3.1 Regional Demographics

A number of different population estimates exist. Through out this document, use is made of the report “Settlement Areas and Population Estimate Project, Durban Metropolitan Area 1995”(1) prepared by the Urban Strategy Department of the DTMC. More recent and accurate information will be used as it becomes available.


The DMA covers an area of approximately 1 370km2(1) and has an estimated population of 2.2 million(1) residing within its bounds. This is approximately 28% of the total population of KwaZulu-Natal. Residential settlements are currently classified as being either formal, informal or peri-urban dwellings. Formal settlements are predominantly located around the industrial and commercial hubs of Durban, Pinetown and surrounding areas. Informal settlements are concentrated on the fringes of the formal areas but also include many small pockets of infill developments. Peri-urban settlements extend into areas beyond the formal and informal urban fringe and are predominant in areas furthest away from the economic hubs. An indication of the settlement patterns is contained in Figure 2.

1.3.2 Land-uses

Domestic settlement patterns are as discussed in 1.3.1 above. Industrial areas are concentrated along the eastern seaboard, south of the Umgeni River, radiating westwards towards the interior. Activities range from light to heavy industry, petro-chemical industries, service industries, commercial and tourism. Agricultural areas are concentrated in the northern and western areas of the DMA with sugar cane farming being the primary activity. Subsistence farming occurs in the poorer peri-urban areas and is concentrated in the outer western areas of the DMA. Recreational areas are dominated by golf courses and recreational parks concentrated in and around formal settlement areas. Sensitive areas, nature reserves and open spaces are prevalent along river valleys and the coastal strip of the DMA. Figure 3 illustrates the various land-uses in the DMA.

1.3.3 Physical Characteristics

The topography of the DMA consists predominantly of moderately sloping hills typical of KwaZulu-Natal(2). Flatter terrain is found along the coastal belt with altitudes increasing from sea level to about 500m above sea level within a strip of 20–25km. The undulating topography then rises steadily towards the western boundary of the DMA. Also common are steep sloping river valleys with sharp cliff faces. Wide boulder and sand flood plains are also common along some of the lower reaches of major river valleys. Figure 4 illustrates the topography of the DMA.

The mean annual precipitation (MAP) of the DMA is between 700-1000 mm(2). Approximately 66% of the MAP is experienced during the summer


months between November and March and 8% in the winter months between June and August(2). Evaporation losses across the entire DMA are relatively high with an average of 1000mm per annum. Figure 5 indicates the MAP distribution for the DMA.

Temperatures in the DMA are typical of a sub-tropical climate, with moderate winters and warm to hot summers along the coastal belt. The average summer temperature along the coast is 25oC compared to 23oC in the western areas. The average winter temperature ranges from 17oC at the coast to 13oC in the western areas.

The coastal strip of the DMA, approximately 20-25km wide, is underlain mainly by Karoo sedimentary rocks comprising shales and sandstones(2). The interior of the DMA consists mainly of various sandstones, shales, dolerites and tillites. These formations are overlain predominantly by loamy and clayey sands. The geology of the DMA is extremely well documented with scale hydrogeological series maps available from DWAF.

1.3.4 Socio-Economic Profile Economic

The economic activities in the DMA consists of:

• Industry and trade (mainly petro-chemical) • Commerce and finance • Tourism • Emerging economy based around the informal sector • Small Medium Micro Enterprises (SMME’s)

The DMA has the busiest port in Africa, and is one of the largest economic bases in Southern Africa, with strong recreational and tourism potential. It is the primary economic hub of the KwaZulu-Natal Province.

Social

The DMA currently has a wide range of inequalities in terms of the level of service provided for both housing and social infrastructure.(3) Some of the characteristics of the DMA include: • Urban sprawls located adjacent to affluent suburbs. • Extensive areas or townships consisting of low cost housing schemes,

some of which have lower levels of services. • Incoherent land use practices impacting on previously disadvantaged

communities. • First world developments including affluent suburbs, developed industrial

and commercial centres and beachfront recreational areas.


• Informal street vendors and markets in the Durban CBD and beachfront area.

Attempts at restoring these historical imbalances in terms of service provision and social infrastructure are currently the highest priority of the DTMC.


1.3.5 Overview of Associated Infrastructure The formalised residential, commercial and industrial sectors of the DMA are well serviced. Roads, railways, housing, telecommunications, power supply, water supply and wastewater conveyance networks and treatment facilities are some of the infrastructure typical of such areas. Major arterial roads link all major development nodes throughout the DMA, whilst major freeways and National Routes provide easy access to other parts of KZN and South Africa. Figure 6 gives an indication of the Associated Infrastructure and key development nodes.


2. VISION, MISSIONS AND STRATEGIES 2.1 Metro Council Vision

In January 1997, the Durban Transitional Metropolitan Council and the Local

Councils agreed to formulate guidelines for the preparation of IDP’s within the city and the following Vision was agreed for the DMA at the Sani Pass Workshop.

“ By the year 2015, the Durban Metropolitan Area will be a world class thriving

industrial and commercial center, an attractive tourist destination and the gateway to KwaZulu Natal and Southern Africa.

It will be a clean and safe environment with full effective employment, with its residents living in acceptably serviced housing with a generally high and sustainable quality of life. Democracy and tolerance will be established as a way of life in a united metropolitan area with a high level of service, development orientation and civil pride.” (4)

2.2 Mission Statements 2.2.1 Durban Transitional Metropolitan Council

To serve everyone in the DMA by:

• Fulfilling the common vision in accordance with the Metro Development Principles and the Integrated Development Framework in partnership with the local council and other role players.

• Guiding, co-ordinating, monitoring and facilitating planning and service

provision.

• Providing Metropolitan service. 2.2.2 Durban Metro Water

To provide a constant supply of water and services related to the provision of that water to the satisfaction of consumers in the DMA.

2.2.3 Durban Metro Wastewater Management To ensure the provision of affordable and acceptable services for the disposal of sewage, including conveyance and treatment where appropriate, control of water and air pollution and provision of ancillary services, operated in accordance with sound engineering, business and public and environmental health principles.


2.3 Metro Water Services’ Strategies

In broad terms, the vision of DMWS is to provide an acceptable, equitable and sustainable water and sanitation service to all the inhabitants of the DMA in as short a period as is possible. Due to current budgetary constraints, it is envisaged that this sustainable provision will take 20 years at least. This is deemed by both DMWS and DTMC to be too slow. Therefore, in order to speed up the delivery process, DMWS have developed the following strategies:

2.3.1 Organisational Strategy

To achieve financial flexibility.

This would enable DMWS to maintain, and in due course, improve their current high borrowing ratings with financial institutions, particularly in the light of being considered as a separate entity with the power of sanction for non-payment. This is a critical issue when considering the general downward trend of local government credit ratings.

It is currently envisaged that this could be achieved through the implementation of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP’s), which would, apart from providing the required financial flexibility, also provide staff productivity enhancements, and set service delivery standards and targets.

2.3.2 Operational Strategies

The operational strategies which have been included in the Metro-wide(4) IDP, indicate operational deliverables in the following areas: • Policy Development • Data Collection and Analysis • Service Provision • Communications • Co-ordination • Community Development and Empowerment • Organizational Data • Financial Full details of these “operational” strategies are contained in Annexure A.

It is envisaged that the Water Services Development Plan will, in its final form, provide guidelines, methodologies and measurable goals for the implementation of these strategies.


3. WATER SERVICES CUSTOMERS 3.1 Water Service User Types 3.1.1 Demographics

The demographic distribution in the DMA is as follows:

Table 1 : Population Distribution (No) : Durban Metropolitan Area(1)

DMA NLC NCLC SCLC SLC IWLC OWLC

Area (ha) 136 400 21 900 21 000 20 400 8 800 20 200 45 100 “Total” Population 2 174 000 122 000 737 000 604 000 144 000 306 000 261 000

“Formal” Population 1 504 000 109 000 520 000 482 000 120 000 196 000 77 000

“Informal” Population 566 000 10 000 215 000 120 000 24 000 108 000 89 000

“Peri-urban” Population 103 000 3 000 2 000 2000 0 2 000 94 000

Of the total population in the DMA, approximately 78 % of the people live in the North Central, South Central and Inner West Local Council areas. 69% live in formal housing. 26% live in informal housing and 5% in peri urban dwellings.

Table 2 : Housing Distribution (No) : Durban Metropolitan Area(1)

DMA NLC NCLC SCLC SLC IWLC OWLC

Area (ha) 136 400 20 900 21 000 20 400 8 800 20 200 45 100 Total Dwelling units

498 300 28 100 173 700 141 200 33 300 71 700 50 300

Formal Dwelling Units

358 200 26 000 123 600 110 700 28 500 50 300 19 100

Informal Dwelling Units

124 400 1 700 49 800 30 100 4 800 21 100 16 900

Peri Urban Dwelling Units

15 700 400 300 500 0 200 14 300

78% of the dwelling units in the DMA are located in the North Central, South Central and Inner West Local Council. Approximately 72% dwelling units are classified as being formal dwellings, 25% are informal dwellings and 3% are peri-urban dwellings.


3.1.2 Consumer Types DMWS provides water services to a number of different users each with different requirements. These users, the number of connections and their approximate water consumption are categorized in the table below: Table 3 : User Types, Daily Water Consumption and No of Connections (5)

DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION NO. OF CONNECTIONS

USER TYPE Amount (MR/D) Percentage (%) Metered Unmetered

Domestic 232 39 207 867 30 000+ Flats – Bulk 132 21 28 320++ Nil Flats 34 6 34 669 Nil Industrial – Dry* 80 13 7 924 Nil Industrial – Wet* 112 18 2 665 Nil Recreational 9 1 1 050 Nil Environmental Nil 0 Nil Nil Agricultural Nil 0 Nil Nil Miscellaneous 13 2 1 511 Nil TOTALS 612 100 284 006 30 000

*Wet industries are defined as those that use water in the manufacturing

process and dry as those that don’t. Water consumed by the commercial sector is for the purpose of this report, included as dry industry.

+The figure of 30 000 is a “gut-feel” estimate by DMWS on the number of

unmetered connections. ++The number of connections was determined by assuming that one bulk

connection serves, on average, say 40 individual flats. Figure 3 provides insight into the spatial distribution of the respective land

uses. From this it is evident that domestic and industrial users are predominantly concentrated in areas surrounding the CBDs of both Durban and Pinetown.

3.2 Service Levels – Water

Due to the interdependence of water and wastewater, it is, in some areas, not feasible to provide a higher level of water service where there is inadequate wastewater disposal infrastructure.

3.2.1 Domestic

• No Service Areas where potable water is not obtainable within 200m

• Basic Service Potable water within 200m, i.e. standpipes and

low pressure systems, (i.e. ground tanks


delivering up to 200R/d). The ground tank system is regarded as an interim supply which is upgradable to roof tank.

• Intermediate Service Semi-pressure system, (i.e. metered 170l roof

tanks connected to reticulation system – unlimited consumption.)

• Full Service Metered full pressure water connection to

property boundary – unlimited consumption. Figure 7 indicates the existing Levels of Service (LOS) provision graphically. As can be seen, it is predominantly the formally developed areas concentrated around the CBD’s of both Durban and Pinetown that have the full LOS. Informal developments tend to have a lower level of service of either standpipes, low pressure or semi-pressure systems. It is also evident that the more remote rural and peri-urban areas where population densities are low have the lowest levels of service, i.e. no service, or at best, standpipes. The following table gives an indication of the number of households and their respective levels of service(6). It has been assumed, for the purposes of this report, that all dwelling units in formally developed areas have a full pressure water connection at the property boundary, generally with internal plumbing (which is the owners responsibility).

Table 4 : No of Dwelling Units per Service Type – Water

LEVEL OF SERVICE

TYPE OF SERVICE NO. OF DWELLING

UNITS % OF TOTAL

Unaccounted for Dwellings Varies 17 500* 3 No Service No service 37 100 7 Basic Standpipes 64 200 13 Low pressure ground tanks 2 300 1 Intermediate Communal tanks 800 0 Semi-pressure roof tanks 8 800 2 Full Isolated metered connections 9 400 2 Full pressure 358 200 + 72 TOTALS 498 300 100

*The “unaccounted for dwellings” figure is made up of numerous informal

dwellings that are, inter-alia, scattered throughout the formalised areas, as well as of dwellings that fall within areas that can support a full service, but are not connected due to factors such as “unaffordability” and the lack of adequate wastewater disposal systems.

+Discrepancies exist between this figure and the number of metered connections derived from the meter billing system.


The use of domestic water in the DMA equates to approximately 66% of all water used.


3.2.2 Industrial Industrial developments are generally provided with a full water service of potable water. There are, however, certain industries where a lesser quality water than potable is required. This has allowed (DMWS) to explore the opportunities of implementing a BOOT (Build Own Operate & Transfer) second class water supply to wet industries at the Southern Treatment Works. This scheme is currently in its early phases of implementation. Wet industries consume approximately 18% of the DMA’s total volumes, while dry industries, which include commercial entities, equate to some 13% of total water consumed.

3.2.3 Agricultural The level of service required varies from full pressure potable (DMWS supplied) to borehole, river or dam extraction. The amount of potable water provided for agricultural use is, according to Table 3, negligible.

3.2.4 Recreational and Environmental Recreational use of water is characterized by the numerous parks, golf courses, sports stadia and swimming facilities within the DMA. The nature of the recreational activity ultimately determines the LOS required, but in most cases a full pressure potable water system is necessary and/or provided. Most of the recreational facilities form part of private clubs or the municipality and as such, have metered connections. Some supplement their water reticulation with groundwater supplied from boreholes. The amount of potable water used for recreational purposes in the DMA amounts to some 1% of total volumes provided.

3.3 Service Levels - Sanitation

In terms of a Council Resolution of 7 October 1996, DMWM have undertaken to provide, according to an approved programme, a waterborne sewer connection to the boundary of each subdivision that existed at 26 June 1996. DMWM therefore currently only provide waterborne reticulation and sewer connections to such subdivisions. The reticulation and sewer connection to new subdivisions is to be provided by the developer, however DMWM will provide the bulk services in accordance with the programming of the current strategic plan. DMWM also have the authority to set appropriate standards even where they do not directly provide the service themselves.


3.3.1 Domestic The sanitation service levels for domestic use are defined as follows: • No Service - Anything less than Ventilated Improved Pit-Latrines

(VIP’s), i.e. night soil pails, pit latrines, etc.

• Basic - VIP’s - Approved on site disposal system - Chemical toilets

• Intermediate - Septic tanks with soakaways - Conservancy tanks - Interceptor tanks with small bore sewer - Package plants

• Full - Full waterborne connection to property boundary

Figure 8 gives a graphical representation of waterborne sewerage coverage in the DMA. The formally developed areas concentrated around the CBDs of Durban and Pinetown have a full LOS. Informal areas generally do not have a waterborne service but utilise on-site sanitation services (either VIP’s or Pit latrines).

The following table provides a summary of the LOS for domestic sanitation in the DMA. It is assumed that all dwelling units in formally developed areas have a full waterborne connection to the property unless information to the contrary is known. Such areas would include the Western suburbs (i.e. Kloof, Gillitts etc), Cowies Hill and parts of Westville.

Table 5 : No of Dwelling Units per Service Type – Wastewater

SERVICE TYPE NO. OF DWELLING UNITS % OF TOTAL

No Service/Pit latrines/illegal connections, etc. 103 400(6) 21 VIP 36 600(7) 7 Septic Tanks with soakaways 26 200(7) 5 Full waterborne 332 100(6) 67 TOTALS 498 300 100 As at 26 June 1996, 94 292 subdivisions were not sewered(16). This should be read in the light of the Council Resolution as discussed in 3.3 above. This differs from the figures of Table 5 because of there often being more than one dwelling unit on a single subdivision. This is particularly evident in informal settlements.

3.3.2 Industrial


Almost all industries in the DMA are served by full waterborne systems for the disposal of effluent. However, some industries are forced to treat effluent before disposal into the DMWM sewerage systems (e.g. Textiles, Petro Chemical and Metal Finishing Industries). All industries are monitored regularly by DMWM to ensure that the sewer system is not damaged and that discharges comply with the bylaws. The level of monitoring is dependent on the amount of effluent produced: a. for volumes >100kR/month : monitored 6 times per year; b. for volumes <100kR/month : monitored 2 times per year.

Approximately 437 industries produce effluent exceeding 100 kR/month, while approximately 2 228 industries produce less.

3.3.3 Agricultural

No specific sanitation service is provided other than the sewering of existing subdivisions in accordance with the approved plan.

3.3.4 Recreational The nature of the recreational activity will determine the LOS required, but in most cases, recreational facilities have a full waterborne sewer connection.

3.4 Impacting and Influencing Factors on the Levels of Service Provided 3.4.1 Ability to Pay for Services

To provide households with a level of service that they cannot afford will ultimately

lead to lower overall payment levels and dissatisfaction of both the consumer and the water service authority. It is therefore necessary to assess the amounts consumers can afford and provide them with an appropriate level of service.

Water

Income distribution per household have been calculated using the 1991 census income per capita figures. Income per household was calculated by multiplying this income per capita by the dwelling unit occupancies contained in the Settlement Areas and distribution report prepared by Urban Strategy Department(1). The 1991 figures have been escalated at 8% per annum to 1995 .i.e. base year on which all population and dwelling counts are based : to give the following income distribution. (These figures will be revised and analyzed once 1996 Census Information becomes available).


Table 6 : Dwelling Unit Earning Distribution

Income Category

<R800 R800 – R1 500

R1 500 – R2 500

R2 500 – R3 500

R3 500 – R5 000

>R5 000

% of Total DMA Dwellings 1 26 37 7 9 20

2% of Income R16 R30 R50 R70 R100 R varies The average user charge (exclusive of VAT) for the different L.O.S. are as follows: Basic Ground Tank Nil (200R/day) Intermediate Roof Tank R21.12 (600R/day) Full Full Pressure Connection R60.72 (1000R/day) Based on table 6, the average monthly user charges as indicated above and the

accepted norm that households are not willing to spend more than 2% of their monthly income on water(8) it is possible to calculate the L.O.S distribution that could exist in the DMA based on household income only. These figures, reflected in Table 7 do not take into account any other impacting factors. Furthermore it is assumed that households would opt for the highest L.O.S. they could afford.

Table 7 : Affordable Service Provision – Water

LEVEL OF SERVICE STATUS QUO PROVISION

(%) POSSIBLE LOS DISTRIBUTION

(Affordability-based) No service/Unaccounted for dwellings 10 N/A

Basic 14 1 Intermediate 2 26 Full 74 73

Wastewater Costs of wastewater disposal are recovered by levying property rates. As such, it

is difficult to equate a cost for wastewater disposal according to dwellings.

When DMWM implement a user tariff for wastewater disposal, it will be possible to

include these costs in the assessment of affordability. 3.4.2 Topography

Due to the steep topography of some rural areas, it is not cost effective to provide certain communities with piped water or waterborne sanitation. In these instances, water is obtained either from boreholes or directly from springs and streams. Wastewater is disposed by either septic tanks or VIPS.

3.4.3 Backlog in Service Provision


With the establishment of the DTMC a number of areas of poor service provision were absorbed into the DMA. There is therefore a water services backlog of households with inappropriate levels of service.


3.4.4 Inadequate Wastewater Provision for Level of Water Service Provided

Sanitation and water provision are interdependent and as such there is a large number of dwellings with an inappropriate sanitation system which, by implication, delays the upgrading of the water system.

3.4.5 Condition of Existing Infrastructure

When the DTMC was established, they became responsible for a number of additional areas where very little maintenance had been done. As a result of the poor maintenance, this existing infrastructure was in a severe state of neglect. DMWS have been restoring this infrastructure, which has in turn, caused a slowing in the provision of new infrastructure.

3.5 Identifiable Shortfalls The following issues have been identified as key elements to be addressed or discussed in Phase 2 of the Water Services Development Plan, i.e. the formulation and structuring of programmes required to meet the overall objectives of the WSDP: • A metering programme to ensure that the current 30 000 unmetered

water connections do get metered. • A programme to ensure that areas of no service will at least receive a

basic service. • A programme of general “upliftment” of services in areas of lesser

service. This, however, is largely dependent on the economic upliftment of all areas to bring households into line in terms of the affordability of the services provided.

• A programme (which is in existence currently) to provide a sewerage connection to all subdivisions existing as at 26 June 1996.

• The charging for wastewater disposal by means of a “user charge” based on potable water usage.

• Correlation of number of connections provided to the number of accounts levied.


4. WATER RESOURCES 4.1 Ground Water 4.1.1 Resource Management

The responsibility of water resources management in the DMA is a moot point. Whilst DWAF KZN are the regional water resources authority, DMWS currently meter groundwater resource utilisation only where it contributes to industrial effluent for disposal. This is in conflict with the requirements of the Local Government Transition Act which makes the DTMC responsible for bulk supply of water.

4.1.2 Allocation and Licensing

No allocation and reserve of groundwater has been proclaimed in the DMA. However a permit is required from DWAF for abstractions exceeding 150m3/day. Several borehole logs are available from various organisations including DWAF, CSIR and the Sugar Association of South Africa. Most of the boreholes are not monitored.

4.1.3 Source and Uses

In the DMA, groundwater is used for industry, gardening, irrigation and stock watering. In areas where people cannot afford the cost of reticulated water, boreholes equipped with handpumps provide a cheap alternate domestic water supply. Little groundwater prospecting has been done, with many of these boreholes having been sited for user convenience. Several boreholes have been sunk in industrial areas along the coastal strip of the DMA. Water abstracted from these boreholes is used mainly for industrial applications and fire fighting purposes. In some cases, the use of the groundwater in coastal areas is limited by the high salinity levels encountered.

4.1.4 Pollution and Resource Protection

Waste disposal sites, pit latrines and unsewered areas are the primary sources of groundwater pollution in the DMA. Other potential pollution sources are from feedlots, industry and the use of fertilizers in agriculture. At present, data on such groundwater contamination is limited and represents a shortfall in groundwater resource protection. DMWS, Department of Solid Waste, have undertaken the responsibility of studying and monitoring waste disposal sites for possible groundwater contamination.


DWAF currently monitor groundwater pollution in industrial areas and findings have indicated that several industries are polluting the groundwater on the coastal strip of the DMA. The extent of pollution from other sources currently remains undocumented.


4.1.5 Resource Potential Whilst the DMA currently makes use of mainly surface water resources the use of groundwater as a supplementary or alternate supply is becoming increasingly apparent. The development potential of groundwater as a reliable and sustainable source requires a complete investigation of various scientific parameters including aquifer transmissivity, storativity etc. At this stage information on such parameters is limited and hence represents a severe shortfall in evaluating groundwater potential.

4.2 Surface Water 4.2.1 Source

All bulk water is stored in various impoundments owned by DWAF and operated by Umgeni Water located along various river systems outside the administrative boundaries of the DMA. Table 8 indicates some of the hydrological characteristics of the larger river systems within the DMA. Table 8 : Hydrological Characteristics : Larger River Systems within the DMA(9)

RIVER

SYSTEM CATCHMENT AREA (Km2)

RIVER LENGTH (km)

MEAN ANNUAL RUNOFF (106m3a-1)

ESTUARINE AREA (ha)

Tongaat 412 50 89 8 Mdloti 558 81 112 14 Umhlanga 135 28 25 11 Mgeni 4871 237 707 48 Mhlatuzana 113 50 - - Mlazi 956 300 68 0 Mbokodweni 243 59 10 7 Lovu 938 135 115 13

4.2.2 Resource Management and Protection

The National Water Act, 1998 outlines the management of water resources on a catchment basis administered by catchment management agencies (CMA). This responsibility for catchment management currently resides with DWAF. There are a number of different institutions that currently do water quality monitoring in river systems within the DMA. These include: • The CSIR • Umgeni Water • DWAF • Municipal Health Authorities


• DMWM As a self audit function, DMWM monitor a number of different sites to ensure, that the effluent from the WWTW’s do not negatively impact on the water resources. The sites monitored include: • 29 wastewater treatment works (WWTW), • 437 registered industrial sites, • all rivers and streams, • man-made canals, and various stormwater outfalls, • all bathing beaches along the coastal strip of the DMA, • a series of points in the Durban harbour. Communication between water monitoring organisations is reasonably good, but there is a lack of clarity regarding the individual responsibilities of the respective parties which has led to a duplication of effort.

4.2.3 Resource Potential

DMWS does not do any surface water quantity monitoring, however all impoundments serving the DMA are monitored by Umgeni water. The failure to monitor water volumes, reserves and loadings downstream of these impoundments places the downsteam user at risk in terms of having a sustainable future supply. The data obtained from such monitoring could also be used to assess the development potential in terms of surface water resources and is critical for performing a complete hydrological balance in the DMA.

4.2.4 Resource Development

Irregular and poorly distributed rainfall patterns in catchments beyond the DMA boundary coupled with high evaporation rates, continued population growth and industrial and commercial expansion, have placed the available resources under considerable strain. With many of the water resources in the DMA, eventually entering the Indian Ocean, much of the freshwater resources in the DMA is considered a lost resource. As such, the concept of water recycling is receiving considerable attention and the MWWM are currently in the process of finalising a BOOT (Build Own Operate and Transfer) project for a 42,5 MR/day wastewater recycling plant at the Southern WWTW, to supplement existing water supplies to major wet industries in the immediate vicinity.

4.2.5 Pollution

Over the past eight years, river water quality monitoring has indicated a general decline in water quality from the upper reaches down to the lower reaches and estuaries. This corresponds to extensive urban and industrial uses of water in the vicinity of the lower reaches and estuaries of such


rivers. Most of the estuaries are unfit for full contact recreational use due to continuous exposure to runoff from informal and unserviced settlements, and to a lesser degree, return flows from wastewater treatment works and agricultural activities. All this combined with reduced flows due to upstream activities has also placed severe limitations on the ecological resource potential of some of these estuaries.

4.3 Identifiable Shortfalls

The following issues have been identified as key elements to be addressed or discussed in Phase 2 of the Water Services Development Plan, i.e. the formulation and structuring of programmes required to meet the overall objectives of the WSDP:

• To establish responsibility for monitoring groundwater utilisation. • To establish clear guidelines for water resources quality monitoring in

terms of the responsibilities of various organisations including DMWS, DWAF, Umgeni Water, etc.

• To establish a more consolidated and co-ordinated borehole database in terms of position, yields and ownership.

• To establish information on the extent of groundwater contamination so that proper protection measures can be put in place.

• Establish responsibilities and involvement in terms of Catchment Management.


5. INFRASTRUCTURE 5.1 Raw Water Storage and Abstraction

The water treatment facilities that supply the DMA are supplied with raw water from various impoundments that are owned by either DWAF or Umgeni Water. Listed in the table below are the impoundments, the river on which that impoundment has been constructed and the capacity. Table 9 : Impoundments, Name and Capacity(2)

IMPOUNDMENT RIVER CAPACITY (106 MR)

Inanda Mgeni 256.6 Midmar Mgeni 177.2 Albert Falls Mgeni 289.4 Nagle Mgeni 23.2 Hazelmere Mhloti 40.3 Shongweni Mlazi 7.2 Nungwane Nungwane 2.2 There are also a number of boreholes in the DMA that are used, either as a sole source of water or to supplement the existing supply. Further information on borehole logs and resource potential is discussed under Section 4.1. There are some industries in the DMA that draw water directly from rivers. DMWS do not currently monitor or establish any of these abstraction stations. The location, the number and type of industries and the volumes that are being drawn are not known. This does however have an impact on the volumes of wastewater discharged to the various WWTW. (and the water balance as discussed under section 5.7)

5.2 Water Purification

Umgeni Water own and operate various treatment works within the DMA. Details of the current daily usage and capacities are contained in the table below: Table 10 : Water Treatment Works(5)

TREATMENT WORKS CAPACITY (MR/day) AMOUNT OF WATER PURCHASED BY

DMWS (MR/day) Durban Heights 720 465 Wiggins 350 213 Hazelmere 45 18 Amanzimtoti 24 24 Umlaas Road 50 45 Midmar 350 25 TOTALS 1 539 790


Over and above the Umgeni operated treatment works, DMWS also own and operate three small water treatment works in the DMA namely, Tongaat, Umdloti and Kloof. These three works contribute approximately 23 MR/day to the system. Positions of these treatment works, and the treatment works owned by Umgeni Water, are shown in Figure 10. Most of the potable water is drawn from primary storage reservoirs at the treatment works and is metered by both Umgeni Water and MWS in order to correlate the amount purchased. DMWS are responsible for the reticulation and any losses that occur downstream of the bulk metering system.

5.3 Bulk Water System

DMWS purchases approximately 790 Megalitres of water per day from the Umgeni Water treatment plants, most of which is conveyed via a system of bulk mains (approximate 800km) to a series of secondary storage reservoirs (approximately 220 No.) within the DMA. Details of the reservoirs and bulk pipelines water transfer systems are presently available on a constantly updated GIS system within DMWS). A graphic indicating the bulk conveyance system is contained in Figure 10. A schematic diagram of the impoundments, treatment works and service zones is shown in Annexure C.

5.4 Water Distribution System

Water distribution in the DMA consists of approximately 4500 km of water pipes less than 300mm diameter which radiate outwards from secondary storage reservoirs or Water Treatment Works extending into the various demand zones. These water reticulation systems are predominately gravity fed but in some instances, are pumped either from the source of supply or in line. The DMWS GIS system containing information on pipe sizes, types, capacities, lengths etc is being continuously updated.

5.5 Bulk Effluent Collection

In total the DMA has approximately 5600km of sewer pipelines of varying diameter but greater than 300mm diameter, 237 pump stations, 29 treatment works and a number of privately owned package plants. Full details in terms of number, size, length, capacity, position, areas of service of sewer trunkmains, rising mains, outfalls and reticulation are available on the DMWM GIS. The bulk infrastructure and location of treatment works is illustrated in Figure 11.


5.6 Treatment Facilities A list of the Treatment Works, their respective capacities and the 1996/97 flows are detailed below. A number of these treatment works are currently exceeding, or are close to exceeding, their design capacities. Recommendations have been made in regard to the decommissioning of certain wastewater treatment works and are contained in the report “Metro Wastewater Disposal Study Consolidated Report”, prepared by DMWM. Table 11 : Southern Study Area - Wastewater Treatment Works(10)

TREATMENT WORKS CURRENT DESIGN CAPACITY (MR/d)

CURRENT AVERAGE DAILY FLOW (MR/d)

Southern (Marine Disposal) 152.0 139.7 Southern (conventional) 48.0 23.3 Umhlatuzana 14.8 9.4 Isipingo 18.8 15.4 Umbilo 23.2 15.3 Amanzimtoti 25.0 20.5 KwaMakutha* 2.4 2.7 Dassenhoek 0.6 0.9 Kingsburgh 7.2 2.5 KwaNdengezi 2.4 2.8 Hillcrest 1.2 0.2 Cato Ride 0.5 0.3 Mpumalanga 6.0 3.5 Northern 70.0 50.6 Central (Marine Disposal) 120.0 61.9 New Germany 7.0 4.5 KwaMashu 65.0 58.0 Phoenix 25.0 11.8 Umhlanga 6.8 7.3 Verulam 12.0 5.3 Tongaat Central 6.0 4.1 Tongaat South 3.0 2.5 Genazzano 1.7 1.0 Umdloti 1.5 0.9 Magabehni 0.8 0.3 Queensburgh 0.1 1.0 Folweni 0.3 0.3 Glenwood Road 0.1 0.1 TOTAL 622.0 446.0 *(To be closed down July 1999)

5.7 Daily Water Balance A broadscale summary of the water cycle balance is listed below: Water Purchased From Bulk Supplier 790 MR Water from DMWS Water Treatment Works 20 MR Sub-Total 810 MR


Total Amount Invoiced to Customers 612 MR Sewage Generated 446 MR


Two distinct relationships exist namely: The relationship between the amount of water purchased and the amount of water invoiced – the water balance, and the relationship between the amount of water invoiced and the amount of wastewater treated – the wastewater balance.

5.7.1 The Water Balance Unaccounted water is at present 32% of total purchases. This is attributed to the following: • Leaks and bursts • Illegal connections • Metering inaccuracies • Metering shortfalls, i.e. unmetered connections • Metering Database inefficiencies and inadequacies DMWS is presently planning an extension of its Water Loss Management Plan to include the previously disadvantaged areas.

5.7.2 The Wastewater Balance

Approximately 78% of the water that is used by customers is returned to the system as wastewater. Water that is not returned can be accounted for as follows: • Domestic consumption in areas without waterborne sewers • Gardening/irrigation/recreational • Water used in the industrial process • Fire-fighting water • Construction water • Meter Inaccuracies • Treated at privately owned package plants Borehole water that is not metered can contribute to increased wastewater flows.

5.8 Identifiable Shortfalls The following issues have been identified as key elements to be addressed or discussed in Phase 2 of the Water Services Development Plan, i.e. the formulation and structuring of programmes required to meet the overall objectives of the WSDP: • A strategic programme to ensure “water for all” in terms of the necessary

bulk conveyance and storage to all areas.


• A sustainable and effective water loss management programme is required (currently being formulated).

• A metering programme is required to address not only the number of connections currently not metered, but also to ensure effective management of both pressure and demand zones throughout the DMA.

• The level of stormwater ingress to sewerage systems needs to be addressed as well as programmes to counter such ingress.

• Document and implement a programme to reduce water loss in such a manner as to ensure “buy in” from all involved parties.


6. CUSTOMER CARE 6.1 Customer Responsibility 6.1.1 Introduction

The customer is responsible for all on site water services. DMWS need only provide water and wastewater connections to the property boundary and any losses that occur downstream of the water meter are for the owners account.

6.1.2 Consumer Payments Due to the dual billing system used in the DMA (refer to section 9.4 of this report), it is not possible to give a comprehensive breakdown of the percentage payments for accounts billed. The S36 system provides a breakdown but not the COINS system, where only global figures are available. Table 12 indicates water billing recovery figures. Table 12 : S36 Billing System – Account Payment Records(5)

SYSTEM AREA A/C’S LEVIED PAYMENT <60 DAYS

PAYMENT >120 DAYS

Clermont 2 100 Nil Tongaat 5 395 93 4% Shallcross 3 631 91 4% Westville 6 589 91 5% New Germany 4 120 89 4% North Coast 16 120 89 6% Western Suburbs 11 809 89 4% Amanzimtoti 15 283 87 10% Pinetown 16 194 85 9% Mariannhill 53 76 13% Klaarwater 196 60 34% Kwadangezi 583 58 27% Hambanati 1 240 47 29% Hydrant Standpipes 232 45 24%

Wiggins 1 106 41 49%

S36 System (Former KZN areas and Western suburbs)

Lamontville/ Chesterville 4 838 30 62%

COINS System (Old City of Durban) Varies 193 584 98 Unknown

Most of the areas of lesser recovery emanate from the township peri-urban areas (in the range of 40 to 60%). Suburbs and more affluent areas have high payment levels, typically in the region of 85 to 90%. Payment levels in the old City of Durban are high(5). (typically 98%)



6.2 Water Service Authority Responsibilities The Water Services Act states the duties of the Water Service Authority towards the customers in the area of their jurisdiction. The minimum duties are set out in clause 21 “Bylaws” of the said Act and include the aspects of: • Standard of service; • Technical provision; • Installation, alteration, operation and inspection of water services; • Tariff structures; • Conditions for discontinuation of services; • Payment and collection; • Unlawful connection and wasteful use of water, etc. The DTMC has all these minimum bylaws promulgated and various additional bylaws as applicable to their area of authority. Copies of these bylaws are obtainable from DMWS.

6.3 Customer Relations 6.3.1 Water

A number of internal initiatives exist whereby DMWS has improved customer service. These include: • A 24-hour Toll Free Call-Line.

A call center manned by 22 telephone operators that allow for customers to register complaints. The call is logged, allocated a job number and a works team who then react to the complaint. Ultimately the operator will be to give the customer the plumber’s name and also the expected time that the works team will be at the point of complaint.

• Establishment of Watershops

As part of an ongoing programme DMW has established some 30 payment centres to date in areas such as KwaMashu, Umlazi, Inanda and a number of rural areas. This is an effort to decentralize operations thereby moving closer to the consumers and ensuring this buy-in. These watershops also have the added benefits of providing employment opportunities in previously disadvantaged communities and, by being more visible, provide greater interaction and co-operation within the communities.

• Excessive Waterloss Insurance DMW offers an insurance scheme run by a private company whereby

customers pay the insurance company approximately R1.20 per month


for cover against high water accounts for undetected underground leaks to a maximum of R2000 for a particular account. The insurance premium is collected by DMW and paid over to the insurance company, with a small administration fee deducted. This scheme is currently only available to domestic water customers in conventional housing units.

• Training Facility The training center offers 120 different courses and hands on training ranging from pipe laying and plumbing to handling telephone queries. DMW employees are sent on work related courses to enable them to perform their work functions more effectively. When DMW is working in an area, every effort is made to employ suitably qualified people from that community to do the work. If the skills do not exist in that community, members of that community are selected to attend the water training facility to acquire the necessary skills. This forms part of the empowerment initiative that has been established.

• Community Liaison

DMW has ongoing community liaison workshops regarding the affordability of the different levels of service available. No project proceeds without the community indicating the Choice of Level of Service as well as their willingness to pay for water. Councilors are always involved at the liaison stage and use is made of demonstration trailers audiovisual presentations.

6.3.2 Wastewater

The following programmes have been introduced in order to reduce maintenance costs:

• A Complaints toll free call-line.

Complaints are handled in a similar manner as those for water.

• Formulation of a Teacher’s Manual

DMWM has developed a teaching programme that has been endorsed by the KwaZulu Natal Department of Education and Culture. This guide highlights the links between sewage disposal, health and hygiene. The DOs and DON’TS of primary health are as well as sustaining a healthy sanitation system are dealt with.

• Education Awareness


DMWM is looking to develop some of its sewage treatment works as Education Awareness Centers that would enable schools and community groups to visit these works and gain insight into the treatment process.

• Industrial Education

DMWM has developed an education programme aimed specifically at industries in an effort to reduce the number of sewer blockages and damage caused by industrial effluent discharges. This is in the form of a manual which contains details on trade effluent bylaws, oil and grease trap design, recommended reading, a list of environmental legislation, and drain stencils that warn of environmental consequences.

6.4 Customer Involvement

DMWM have policies in place that are geared towards empowering local communities. Employment of local labour on contracts in rural areas and education programmes. Use is made of existing liaison structures such as local councilors and Local Development Forums to ensure buy-in from the community.


7. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 7.1 Environmentally Sensitive Areas

There are 16 large river catchment systems and numerous small-to-medium river systems within the DMA as illustrated in Figure 4. In most cases, only the lower reaches of these river systems fall within the administrative boundaries of the DMA.

The estuarine systems within the DMA consist of estuaries or lagoons with immense ecological and recreational value. However, many of the estuaries in the DMA have been degraded due to sedimentation, encroaching development and pollution. Durban harbour, as an estuary, is also considered an important ecological entity, but is also under strong development pressure.

Four marine outfalls discharge treated effluent into the Indian Ocean from the DMA with a fifth just to the south of the DMA off Umkomaas. Two of these marine outfalls are owned by DMWS namely:

• Durban Southern Outfall • Durban Central Outfall

In general much of the natural environment in the DMA has been sacrificed by the exploits of human settlements and it is estimated that the undisturbed natural environment area accounts for only 5% of the total DMA.(11) Much of the natural vegetation in the coastal belt has been replaced by sugarcane farming, whilst general urbanisation and industrialisation have replaced considerable amounts of vegetation in the north, south and western corridors of the DMA.

7.2 Water Services’ Related Issues Impacting on the Environment

Current Water Services impacts on the environment include:

7.2.1 Water

• Approximately 37000 dwelling units in predominantly informal and peri-urban areas with no water supply services provided resulting in the use of rivers and streams for washing, bathing etc thereby affecting downstream water quality;

• Approximately 64000 dwellings in predominantly informal and peri-urban areas are using standpipes which, when coupled with improper drainage, lead to stagnant pools and potential soil erosion problems;

• High costs of reticulated water result in the use of groundwater as an alternate supply which have health and environmental implications on the areas immediately surrounding boreholes;


7.2.2 Sanitation

• Approximately 103 000 dwelling units in predominantly informal and peri-urban areas, with no waterborne sanitation services result in the discharge of human excreta into the living environment through ground and surface water contamination due to improper operation and maintenance;

• Approximately 26 000 dwelling units are equipped with septic tanks, some of which are old and/or overloaded e.g. Kloof, Westville, etc; the geology and topography of some of these areas is unsuitable for this form of service leading to ground water pollution and health problems.

• 29 Wastewater treatment works and numerous package plants discharge treated effluent into both rivers and the sea

• 237 Sewage pumpstations operated in the DMA have potentially harmful effects on environment in instances of pump breakdown, in some cases resulting in spills to rivers and onto beaches;

• 437 Permitted trade effluent discharges contribute to increased wastewater disposal into the receiving environment;

• Increased industrial and potable water demands have resulted in increased wastewater generation.

Due to the extensive urban and industrial uses of water, most of the lower reaches of river systems experience water quality problems. Inadequate sanitation schemes coupled with inadequate maintenance of waterborne sanitation systems has led to the pollution and degradation of many sections of rivers and streams in the DMA. This in turn has led to the overall reduction in the pollution assimilation capacities of these systems. Many of the estuaries are unfit for full contact recreational use due to continuous exposure to runoff from inadequately serviced developments, industries and polluted stormwater inflows.

7.3 Policy and Legislation

A draft Environmental Management Policy (EMP) for the DMA has been compiled. This was prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Provincial Proclamation No 38 of 1996. Although not yet ratified by the DTMC and the 6 local councils, the policy outlines various environmental objectives, goals, policy statements and possible implementation strategies. These include pollution control and waste management, resource management, education, training and awareness(12). Once ratified, the policy will become the building block for an environmental management system in the DMA.

7.4 Environmental Actions 7.4.1 Sanitation


At present, DMWM are responsible for the majority of treated effluents discharged into the environment. As such, DMWM monitor the quality of all treated effluent discharged and are actively involved in pollution prevention and control from point source discharges. The departmental mission includes control of air and water pollution and ensuring operations that may have negative impacts on the environment, are operated in accordance with sound environmental health principles(13).

DMWM laboratories are presently responsible for monitoring effluent from 29 wastewater treatment works (WWTW), industrial effluent from 437 permitted industrial sites, and 184 sampling points located on all rivers and streams, man-made canals, and various major stormwater outfalls. In addition, DMWM also monitors all bathing beaches along the coastal strip of the DMA as well as a series of points in the Durban harbour. CSIR are currently contracted by the DMWM to undertake environmental monitoring of the marine outfalls.

In support of the Metro IDP 97/98 strategies, DMWM have recently completed a two year study, detailing the strategic plan for the ultimate disposal of wastewater in the DMA, bearing in mind the numerous environmental constraints and/or sensitive areas.

7.4.2 Potable Water

DMWS currently purchases most of its potable water from Umgeni Water. Potable water quality downstream of the Umgeni Water managed treatment works within the transmission and distribution system is the responsibility of DMWS. Approximately 160 test points in the piped potable water distribution system are continuously monitored to ensure compliance with the requirements of SABS 241 of 1984. DMW also conducts seepage water analyses as and when required for the purpose of identifying leaks. All monitoring and sampling services are provided by DMWM laboratories.

7.5 Water Resource Protection

DMWS makes minor use of the currently available water resources within the DMA for potable water provision. At present DMWS conduct approximately 95% of the water quality monitoring in the DMA as detailed under section 7.4.1, however no quantitative monitoring is done. The draft Environmental Management Policy has various objectives and strategies relating to water resource management in the DMA which will be undertaken by all relevant stakeholders once ratified by the DTMC.


The following issues have been identified as key elements to be addressed or discussed in Phase 2 of the Water Services Development Plan, i.e. the


formulation and structuring of programmes required to meet the overall objectives of the WSDP: • A programme is required to clearly define and coordinate administrative

responsibilities for the exertion and enforcement of the relevant environment laws.


8. WATER SERVICES MANAGEMENT (other than financial) 8.1 Water

DMW consists of 7 departments namely:

• Research and Development • Design • Construction • Plant • Water Services • Administration • Operations

An organisational organogram is included in Annexure B and core functions of each branch are outlined below:

8.1.1 Research and Development (R&D) (22 posts)

All new projects begin in R&D. Core functions include:

• Feasibility studies and forward planning • Local government and community liaison • Initial design of water supply systems • R&D of new materials and products relating to water supply • Training of emerging contractors • Public relations exercises • Technical input to Design Branch • Liaison with bodies such as DWAF, Umgeni Water and KZN Province and

other local authorities. 8.1.2 Design (59 posts)

The Design Department consists primarily of technical staff including engineers, technologists, technicians and surveyors. Core functions include:

• Detailed design and specifications of water supply infrastructure • GIS data capturing of all water related infrastructure • Project management and coordination • Contract documentation • Construction management, site supervision and quality assurance • Employment of external Consultants and Contractors • Promotion of emerging Consultants and Contractors


8.1.3 Construction (459 - posts) The Construction Department has 7 divisions namely:

• General Maintenance • Engineering • Technical Services • Mainlaying • Steel Mainlaying • Administration • Labour Based Construction

i) General Maintenance

This division is responsible for the entire water supply network throughout the DMA. Core functions of this division include:

• Reservoir and trunk watermain maintenance • Maintenance and repair of valves and hydrants

ii) Engineering

Core functions of this division are:

• Repair to trunk water supply mains • Repair to steel sewer pumping mains on request from DMW • Fabrication of steel and plastic specials required by Mainlaying and

General Maintenance divisions

iii) Technical Services Division.

The Technical Services division responsible for the provision of specialist technical support to all branches within DMW as and when required. Main areas of expertise include:

• Quantity surveying • Quality control • Engineering survey • R&D of new products and works procedures

iv) Mainlaying Division

Core functions of this division include:

• Laying of new watermains from 54mm to 300mm diameter • Replacement of existing mains as and when required • Temporary mainlaying to accommodate other construction

activities



v) Steel Mainlaying Division

The Steel Mainlaying division core functions include:

• Laying of new steel watermains from 300mm to 1200mm diameter

vi) Labour Based Construction (LBC) Division

The LBC division core functions include:

• Coordination of installation and upgrades of water supply systems

in previously disadvantaged areas • Train and involve local communities in water supply projects in

their areas. Training involves imparting practical and managerial skills

vii) Administration Division

The Administration division core functions include:

• Housekeeping at the Pinetown and Springfield depots • Responsible for pre-cast yard manufacturing concrete products • Refurbishment of manhole covers, valves and fittings • Carpenters and painters provide support to General Maintenance

Division 8.1.4 Plant (182 posts)

This department is split into 3 divisions as follows

• Plant Operations and Hire • Plant Maintenance • Plant Administration

8.1.5 Water Services Department (190 posts)

Part of the responsibilities of this department include the O&M of water meters. O&M functions include: • O&M of all meters • Replacing and/or re-siting of meters • Bulk meter installations at reservoirs • Zone dividing meter installations • Leak detection entailing data logging, leak identification, leak fixing

(Operations branch)


8.1.6 Administration (111 posts) This department provides an administrative structure to all other branches of DMW. Core functions include: • Dispatch of monthly water accounts • Provision of a water account inquiry hotline • Provision of a water loss insurance facility

8.1.7 Operations (372 posts)

At present, Operations Department have prioritised Operations & Maintenance (O&M) activities such that the extension of water supply services receives the highest priority and the largest slice of the operating budget. The remainder of the budget is split amongst other O&M activities, such as pipeline upgrading, relaying, etc.

The operations department in 3 divisions, namely:

• Bulk Supply and Reticulation • Electronics • Call Centres

The respective functions of each division are outlined below:

i) Bulk Supply and Reticulation

The Bulk Supply and Reticulation division is responsible for the operation of bulk water supply including reservoirs, pump stations, etc.

This division is also responsible for the operation and maintenance of the bulk supply and distribution system. Plumbing teams are on 24-hour call throughout the year and perform repair and maintenance work as requested by the central control room via radio contact.

ii) Electronics

The Electronics division is responsible for the operation and maintenance of all telemetry equipment used to monitor and control operations of the bulk water supply system. In addition, this division is responsible for commissioning and installing new telemetry equipment, used to automate previously manually operated installations.


iii) Call Centres

The Call Centre has a Water Consumer Help Desk, which is operated 24 hours a day at the water control centre, at DMWS headquarters in Prior Road. Telephone operators record details of reported water faults, which are then prioritised according to severity and relayed to mobile plumbing teams.

8.2 Wastewater

DMWM consists of 6 departments namely:

• Strategic Planning • Business • Design • Mechanical and Electrical (ME) • Systems • Treatment Works

An organisational organogram is included in Annexure B and core functions of each branch are outlined below:

8.2.1 Strategic Planning (11 - posts)

The strategic planning branch consists primarily of technical staff including engineers, scientists, technicians and draughtsmen. All new projects begin in Strategic Planning, which can be split into four basic divisions namely:

• Consultant Liaison • Macro Strategic Planning • Specific Short Term Planning • Environmental Planning and Auditing

Core functions include:

• Feasibility studies • Strategic plans • Formulation and implementation of policy relating to sanitation functions • Forward planning; preparation of business plans, etc. • Pilot and research work • Statistical analyses • Technical input to Design Branch

These functions are undertaken to assess: • Alternative methods of wastewater treatment • Alternative methods and levels of sanitation services • Cost recovery and tariff structures


• Catchment characteristics • Extensions to wastewater treatment works • Financing options and availability • New business opportunities

8.2.2 Business (140 posts)

This branch is split into seven divisions as follows:

• Laboratory • Pollution • GIS • Education and Public Liaison • Engineering Liaison • Sewerage Accounts • Legal

Core functions include: • Billing of accounts for all revenue due to the Department • Environmental monitoring and controls (specifically water and air) • Engineering records, bylaw administration, building plants, etc. • Community participation and education

8.2.3 Design (45 posts)

The Design Department consists primarily of technical staff including engineers, technicians, surveyors and draughtsmen based at DMWS Head Offices in Prior Road. Responsibilities include: • Project Management • Design • Contract Administration

These functions relate to all sanitation infrastructure which include: • Sewer reticulation • Trunk sewers • Sewage pump stations • Sea outfalls • Wastewater treatment works

8.2.4 Mechanical and Electrical (ME) (124 Posts)

The ME department is a support branch and provides mechanical and electrical services to DMWM. The core functions include:


• Mechanical and electrical maintenance to all fixed plant at pump stations and wastewater treatment works

• Provision of mobile plant and transport facilities • Mech/Elec project services on new projects including investigations,

project specifications, etc.


8.2.5 Systems (788 posts) The Systems Department primary functions include: • Operation of 237 sewage pump stations • Monitoring, operation, repair and cleaning of:

- 5600 km of trunk sewer (>300 mm diameter) - 6020 km of reticulation sewer system (<300 mm diameter) - Sewerage tunnels, including tunnel under harbour mouth - Elevated sewer structures and pipe bridges

• Clearance of sewer blockages • Emptying of septic and conservancy tanks • Minor design work (< R100 000)

Systems also has a control centre operated between 06h00 and 23h30. All sewer complaints (calls) are logged on the Sewer Information Management System (SIMS) by telephone operators, which are then prioritised according to severity and relayed to mobile plumbing teams.

8.2.6 Treatment Works (494 posts)

The primary function of the treatment works department is the operation and control of 28 wastewater treatment works within the 5 operational areas.

8.3 Overall Staffing Levels

DMWS has recently been restructured with staffing allocation for DMW and DMWM indicated on the various organograms presented in the attached annexures. However, DMWS has been unable to fill many positions indicated on the organograms. In the grades above the basic skills level, DMW has 612 (56%) unfilled posts out of a total 1410 posts. DMWM has 482 (69%) unfilled posts out of a total 1608 posts. In addition DMWS has a high staff turnover of approximately 6% per annum.(14)

8.4 Environmental Management 8.4.1 Water Supply

DMW have stringent design and construction policies designed to ensure a safe urban environment. The three levels of water supply services provided by DMW are also designed to ensure a safe living environment.

DMW works closely with several public and private sector organisations in terms of environmental issues including:

• DWAF: in respect of water conservation • DEAT: in respect of EIA’s for bulk water supply systems • Umgeni Water: in respect of water resources/supply



8.4.2 Sanitation

DMWM are accountable for the majority of treated effluent discharged into the environment. As such, DMWM monitor the quality of all treated effluent discharged and are actively involved in pollution prevention and control. The divisional mission includes control of air and water pollution and ensuring operations that may have negative impacts on the environment, are operated in accordance with sound environmental health principles. The environmental management functions in DMWM fall under two Branches namely: • Strategic Planning • Business The functions of these branches are discussed under Section 8.2.

8.5 Demand Management 8.5.1 Water Loss Control and Water Balance

The – Water Services department, are responsible for conducting water loss investigations to ensure that water losses are kept to a minimum and are currently in the process of formulating a Water Loss Management Strategy which is a 5 year programme aimed at reducing water losses in the DMA. At present, Water Services do not undertake a volumetric water balance check due to: • Time lag between bulk meter monitoring and domestic meter monitoring • Non functioning of some meters • Errors in readings due to incorrect meter functioning

8.5.2 Water Conservation and Demand DMW have undertaken several initiatives to encourage water conservation

amongst its consumer base.

One of the primary demand management tools is the use of a stepped water tariff structure, which encourages lower water volume use. Water conservation is also encouraged through DMW ‘s different levels of service and the use of appropriate technology. Regular community liaison meetings are held with the aid of training trailers and audio-visual presentations to demonstrate the different levels of service and the proper use of these services in order to maximise water conservation.

Planning and co-ordination meetings are held regularly with Umgeni Water. Recent trends in water demand indicate a leveling off which DMW hopes to


maintain for at least 4 years thus delaying capital expenditure on a number of bulk supply projects. This reduction in demand can be attributed to the repair of leaks, customer education regarding conservation and the charging for water. DMW has been working closely with DWAF on an national water conversation initiative which targets schools within its schools each year during water week.


The following issues have been identified as key elements to be addressed or discussed in Phase 2 of the Water Services Development Plan, i.e. the formulation and structuring of programmes required to meet the overall objectives of the WSDP:

1. High staff turnovers; 2. Inability to fill staff vacancies – mainly technical posts; 3. Training and development programmes to improve management skills,

staff productivity and customer service; 4. Educational campaigns centred on the payment for services – focus

should be directed to water demand and conservation measures; 5. Routine maintenance, replacement and upgrading is being sacrificed in

favour of extending the current service provision to areas without services;

6. Duplication of certain activities/services by DMW and DMWM; 7. Water Demand Management strategy; 8. Water Loss Management Programme – volumetric water balance; 9. Approved programmes for activities such as metering, meter repairs,

leak detection/repair; 10. Duplication of activities relating to water resources quality monitoring

and environmental management.


9. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 9.1 Introduction

Despite DMWS being the single water services provider in the DMA, the Water and Wastewater departments operate independently in terms of the financial management. The Water Department operates as a trading undertaking buying and selling water, whereas the Wastewater department operates as a rates-based undertaking where the cost of providing the service is not recovered directly, but rather through the levying of property rates. Budgets are set by each department, however there are certain constraints and parameters set at a Macro level that each department needs to comply with. City Treasury performs an audit type function to ensure that the guidelines and controls are adhered to. Council overhead costs are distributed to each cost centre in the DTMC. Within the Water and Wastewater Departments, departmental overheads are also distributed to each cost centre and form part of departmental expenses. It is important for both Wastewater and Water departments to ensure that the budgets are, at least, balanced because it is not permissible for a budget deficit to be carried forward to the next financial year.

9.2 Operating Expenditure and Income

Table 13 below gives a breakdown of the 1998/99 budget figures. • “Overheads” are the overhead costs distributed to each cost centre from

the Metro Council. • “Other expenses” in the water budget includes the cost of purchasing

bulk water from Umgeni. • “Recoveries” are costs recovered by “charging out” staff between

departments. • “Capital Charges” comprise the interest and redemption portions of loans

raised. • “Subsidies” comprise funds made available by Provincial Government for

the inclusion of the old KwaZulu areas into the DMA. These subsidies are to compensate for areas of traditionally low payment.

• “Trade Effluent Fees” are charges levied to industries, in addition to the rates, for the disposal of effluent stronger than domestic wastewater.


Table 13 : 1998/99 Budget Figures for Water and Sanitation(5)

TOTAL BUDGETED

SANITATION WATER OPERATING

EXPENDITURE AMOUNT PERCENTAGE AMOUNT PERCENTAGE

Salaries & Wages 72 163 560 32 59 729 840 10 Rent Security Laboratory Expenses Chemicals

2 831 310 2 450 710 5 831 850 2 571 830

1 1 3 1

55 640 1 243 240 1 036 680

-

0 0 0

- Repairs and Maintenance 83 226 210 36 71 510 410 12 Cost of Transport, Plant and Equipment 3 605 000 2 7 334 680 1 Overheads 15 337 910 7 - - Other 53 606 580 23 543 959 240 89 Recoveries (86 128 350) (38) (161 978 730) (27) Interest & Redemption Charges 72 912 990 32 87 227 710 14 TOTAL EXPENDITURE 228 409 600 100 610 118 710 100

SANITATION WATER OPERATING INCOME AMOUNT PERCENTAGE AMOUNT PERCENTAGE

Rates 189 503 600 83 - - Subsidies 23 000 000 10 84 467 910 14 Other 3 915 650 2 5 343 220 1 Trade Effluent Fees 11 990 350 5 - Water Sales - - 478 800 000 78 Interest on Investments - - 41 707 580 7 TOTAL INCOME 228 409 600 100 610 118 710 100

9.3 Capital Expenditure and Income

Capital funding is currently sourced from: • External Loans raised by the City Treasury • JSB Levies • Consolidated Municipal Infrastructure Programme (CMIP)

Funds from these bodies are utilised as they become available. Currently, the majority of funds for capital expenditure have been raised from external loans and JSB levies.

9.4 Tariff Structures 9.4.1 Water Tariff Structure DMW currently provide four levels of service to individual customers viz:

Baliff Operated standpipes and ground tanks (low pressure systems), roof tanks (semi pressure systems) and full pressure systems. The tariffs for each of these have been established in accordance with the white paper guidelines(17) and are listed in the table below.


Table 14 : Water Tariff Structure (R/KR)

MONTHLY

USAGE

200R & FILLED DAILY

ROOF TANK

FULL PRESSURE DOMESTIC

INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL AND OTHER USERS

0 – 6 kR Nil Nil Nil 2.53 6 to 30 kR 2.53 1.76 2.53 2.53

More than 30 kR 2.53 5.06 5.06 2.53 Fixed charge Nil Nil 18.00 18.00 to 1800.00

(varies with size) Water sold by bailiffs at standpipes costs 15c per 25R note that roof tanks

and full pressure supplies are only offered in areas which have waterborne sanitation.

In the establishment of the tariff structures, the following “rules of thumb”

were kept in mind:(8)

• Few households will pay more than two percent of their monthly

disposable income for water. • Customers whose household incomes are less than R1500 per month

have extreme difficulty in affording the cost of full pressure water supply • Customers whose household incomes are more than R500 per month will

not be prepared to pay for water if they have to walk more than 200m to the standpipe.

Although dwellings serviced via standpipes or low pressure systems are not billed directly by DMW, most are operated by means of a bailiff system, where the bailiff is ultimately responsible for charges levied. He is in turn responsible for ensuring adequate income from the community. The ability to pay for services is discussed under Section 3.5 of this document. Current Payment levels are discussed under section 6.1.2.

9.4.2 Sanitation Tariff Structure

The cost of wastewater disposal is currently partially included in the property rates levied by the six local councils. The tariffs for wastewater disposal are set by each of the Local Councils according to their individual systems. This leads to a lack of uniformity in the cost levied for a particular service. MWWM have therefore drafted bylaws that will allow for a uniform tariff system to be implemented throughout the DMA. These new tariffs will allow for the costs of wastewater disposal to be charged as a percentage of the water used per household. These bylaws have not yet been ratified by the DTMC, but are in line with the requirements of the Water Services Act Clause 21. It is anticipated that they will be ratified for implementation of a pilot study by June 1999.


Care needs to exercised with the application of the new wastewater tariff system in the DMA because of the high number of properties without a metered water connection. Obviously, if a property does not have a metered water supply, it will be impossible to raise a wastewater charge based on the water consumption for that property. DMWS intends implementing this system on a trial basis in the North Local Council during 1999 where there are the least unmetered connections.

9.5 Water Billing Systems

Accounts are currently levied according to one of two systems currently in operation: System 36 or the COIN system. System 36 is used in the former KwaZulu and rural areas including the western suburbs of Kloof, Gillitts, etc. and is operated entirely by DMWS. Accounts are generated and distributed by DMWS who are also responsible for ensuring that the accounts are paid. The COIN system is used in the old City of Durban area. Accounts form part of the consolidated billing levied by the City Treasury who are responsible for ensuring that the accounts are paid.

9.6 Customer Management

The majority of customers receive their bill by mail and are encouraged to pay their accounts within 21 days of receiving counts otherwise their supply is either terminated or restricted. This ensures a high ratio of accounts paid to accounts levied in the majority of areas. Electronic payment and payment by stop order are available to customers and encouraged. Other procedures to improve payment for services are discussed under Section 6.3.

9.7 Financial Water Balance

It is essential that in any organization, there exists a suitable balance between consumer expectation and the level of service provided. The service must be affordable and the cost must be related to the LOS. The income that the water service authority receives must also be related to the cost of providing that service. A balanced system is where the customer feels that they are receiving a service that offers value for money and the organization is able to operate at a level where they at least, break even. Under phase 2 of the WSDP, the various development scenarios and expenditure programmes addressing identified shortfalls between the existing and desired scenarios will be processed to ensure that the optimum financial balance is achieved. It is recognized that financial optimization is only one of a number of criteria that a development scenario would need to be measured against in order to ensure its viability. DMWS does however have


responsibility to all Water Services customers in the DMA to ensure that funds are allocated prudently.



The following issues have been identified as key elements to be addressed or discussed in Phase 2 of the Water Services Development Plan, i.e. the formulation and structuring of programmes required to meet the overall objectives of the WSDP: • Potential nation-wide downward trend in the Credit Ratings of Council

authorities. • The lack of a single and efficiently managed water billing system. • The lack of a “volume-based” wastewater billing system.

The items listed above are largely dependent on comprehensive “metering” drives and policies.


10. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 10.1 Introduction

In order to understand the framework within which a Water Services Authority operates, it is necessary to define the legal and institutional arrangements between various governmental and non-governmental organisations. These arrangements are discussed with respect to the following entities: • Water resources • Infrastructure • Administration • Customer Care and involvement • Environment • Finance • Strategy

10.2 Water Resources

At a National level, DWAF is responsible for the allocation, management and control of water resources as stipulated by the National Water Act, Act 36 of 1998. At a regional level Umgeni Water, as the bulk water supplier to the DMA takes responsibility for river basin management, which incorporates water quality management within their area of jurisdiction. At a Metropolitan level, DTMC are responsible for providing water services as prescribed in the Water Services Act, Act 108 of 1997. In terms of Proclamation No. 38 of 1996, the powers and duties of the DTMC as determined from 29 May 1996 include bulk supply of water including all components of water conservation, purification and all components of water distribution including the reticulation to end users in the DMA.

Currently, agreements exist between Umgeni Water (the regional bulk water supplier) and DMW for the supply of bulk potable water. DMWS liaises with Umgeni Water on issues relating to water demand and supply and water quality on a regular basis. In addition, DMWS have periodic meetings with DWAF relating to water resource protection, catchment management, pollution control, delegation of responsibilities, etc.

Although the institutional framework of the various organisations in the water industry are quite well defined, there still is an overlap of services and duplication of some responsibilities. There is still a need to integrate and coordinate the institutional authority across the DMA. This would be the responsibility of the CMA.



10.3 Infrastructure 10.3.1 Water Supply

All components of water distribution are the responsibility of the DTMC as referred to under Proclamation 38 of 1996 which includes all infrastructure required to supply water in the DMA. At present, there are 4 basic sources (impoundments) of water supply to the DMA, all of which are controlled by Umgeni Water. These impoundments supply bulk water to water treatment works (controlled and operated by Umgeni Water) that eventually service the individual Local Councils.

DMWS are presently responsible for all infrastructure downstream of the treatment works. Responsibilities are split between the head office in Prior Road and 7 regional depots. Refer Section 8.1 for the detailed management and control of this infrastructure.

10.3.2 Wastewater

All components of sanitation infrastructure are the responsibility of the DTMC as referred to under Proclamation 3 of 1998 which includes:

• Bulk sewage mains • Reticulation mains • Outfall Sewers • Pump stations and • Wastewater treatment works and package plants

DMWM manage and control all infrastructure listed above as discussed in Section 8.2.

In addition, DMWM is currently involved in a private/public concession agreement allowing for the development of a 42.5 MR/day water recycling plant at the Southern WWTW. This plant will be owned and operated by a private company for a period of 20 years after which time ownership will revert to DMWM. The primary function of the water recycling plant will be to provide high quality recycled water for industrial use mainly by Mondi Paper.

10.4 Administrative

DTMC are responsible for the provision of water services in the DMA; this function is carried out by DMWS as a service unit to the DTMC. All functions are administered within the designated administrative boundaries of the DMA. Metropolitan water and sewage disposal by-laws provide the administrative framework for DMWS.


Reducing the current services backlog is a priority of DMWS. However, limitations on institutional and financial capacities indicate that the backlog will only be reduced to acceptable level in the next 10 to 20 years. This rate of delivery is deemed to be unacceptable. In report to DTMC committee “Provision of Water and Sanitation Services in the Durban Metropolitan Area in the New Millenium”, the Executive Director(14) - DMWS has recommended the introduction of “private sector partnerships” as a means of improving the rate of service delivery. It is anticipated that such agreements would also result in improved customer service levels together with the possibility of reduced water and sanitation charges.

Other possible restructuring of the provision of water services includes the formation of a single water services provider for the Durban Metropolitan Area and the Pietermaritzburg Local Council Area(13). It is anticipated that the activities outlined above will pave the way for the provision of more effective water services in the new millennium.

10.5 Customer Care and Involvement

Clause 21 of the Water Services Act, Act 108 of 1997 sets out the duties and responsibilities of the Water Services Provider towards customers within the area of its jurisdiction, by promulgating By-Laws aimed at providing a framework for the provision of water services. These bylaws make provision for(15): • Standard of service • Technical criteria • Installation, alteration, operation, protection and inspection of service • Tariff structures • Payment and collection for service rendered • Conditions for service discontinuation • Prevention of unlawful service connections and wasteful use of water DMWM have in place a control system that deals with the disposal of industrial effluent. Under the Water Services Act, DMWM are required to institute a set of By-laws in respect of the above. With respect to sewage disposal, DMWM have drafted a set of Sewage Disposal By-laws (February 1999), which is expected to be enforced as soon as is ratified by the DTMC. These By-laws relate to all users of the sewage disposal system.

10.6 Environmental

All bulk water supply systems, wastewater treatment works, conveyance systems such as canals and channels need to comply with the requirements of the Environmental Conservation Act, Act 73 of 1989. This requires the carrying out of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA’s) for new, upgrades or modifications of existing wastewater treatment works, bulk water supply


systems, canals and channels, dams and weirs. The provincial Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) is responsible for granting permits of most of the above mentioned activities. DMWS liaises closely with the local DEAT with respect to the above mentioned activities. In addition, DMWS also abides by several other policies and legislation affecting the environment which include:

• National Water Act, Act 36 of 1998 • Water Services Act, Act 108 of 1997 • Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, Act 45 of 1965 • White Paper on National Water Policy • National Water Supply Regulations • White paper on National Sanitation Policy • White paper on Integrated Pollution Control and Waste Management • Local Government Transition Act, Act 209 of 1993 • Provincial Proclamation No.38 of 1996 • DMWM – Sewage Disposal Bylaws, 1999 Schedule 2 of the Local Government Transition Act of 1993 (LGTA) outlines the powers given to local government with respect to urban environmental management. These powers include metropolitan environment conservation, metropolitan coordination, powers relating to bulk services provision, etc.

DTMC has compiled a draft Environmental Management Policy (EMP) for the DMA. This was prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Provincial Proclamation No. 38 of 1996. Although not yet ratified by the DTMC and the 6 local councils, the policy outlines various environmental objectives, goals, policy statements and possible implementation strategies. These include pollution control and waste management, resource management, education, training and awareness. Once ratified, the policy will become the building block for an Environmental Management System (EMS) in the DMA.

It should be noted that environmental legislation has been enacted on an incremental basis in response to changing environment norms. This approach is mainly in the form of reactive measures resulting in a lack of a comprehensive legal framework for water resources. This in turn has resulted in the fragmentation of powers and laws held and administered by separate central government and other government structures resulting in conflict between them.

10.7 Strategic

Planning and coordination at the Metropolitan Level has been provided for in the Local Government Transition Act, Act 209 of 1993 and is specified in the Proclamation No 38 of 1996. In exercising its functions, the DTMC consults with the Local Councils and other organisations.


The development of water and sanitation cannot be achieved in isolation from the development in other sectors. Coordination of these activities is achieved through consultation through input and comments on the Metro IDP and with the following organisations:


• DWAF • Umgeni Water • Metro Health Services • Department of Urban Strategy (Metro-wide IDP) • Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism • Metro Housing • Local Councils (IDP’s and LDO’s) • Regional Councils • Department of Education • Metro Traffic and Transportation

Within DTMC, DMWS liaises through an “informal” network of officials in various other Metro divisions. Planning and coordination is generally good, however a more coordinated approach in respect of policy formation needs to be adopted. National and Provincial government coordination (DWAF, Umgeni Water) is achieved through regular coordination and liaison meetings. Coordination in respect of the above is generally regarded as satisfactory.


The following issues have been identified as key elements to be addressed or discussed in Phase 2 of the Water Services Development Plan, i.e. the formulation and structuring of programmes required to meet the overall objectives of the WSDP: 1. Lack of clarity and overlap between DWAF and Provincial DEAT –

possibility of DMWM reporting to 2 separate authorities; 2. Lack of clarity regarding the roles and responsibilities of DWAF in

relation to DMWM activities; 3. Duplication of certain activities relating to environmental management

e.g. water monitoring and sampling is undertaken by both Umgeni Water (on behalf of DWAF) and DMWM;

4. Access to grants/funding for the provision of water and sanitation services; in particular CMIP.

5. Heavy reliance on capital loans; 6. Lack of structured coordination between DMWS and other

organisations/divisions.




REFERENCES (1) Settlement Areas and Population Estimate Project, Durban Metropolitan Area

1995 - by Urban Strategy Department, Corporate Services (2) Characterisation and Mapping of the Ground Water Resources, KwaZulu-

Natal Province Units 2, 4, 6, 1995, - prepared by Department of Water Affairs & Forestry

(3) Durban Metropolitan Area – Spatial Development Plan Volume 2, 1998 –

Urban Strategy Department (4) Durban Metro Council Integrated Development Plan – Urban Strategy

Department (5) Personal Interviews – Durban Metro Water Services staff (6) Water Supply Levels of Service (Durban Metropolitan Area), Volume 1 –

Status Quo Report 1998 – Durban Metro Water Servcies (7) The Distribution and Servicing of VIP Latrines in the Durban Metropolitan

Area – December 1995 - Africon (8) Tariffs and Payment for Services – The Durban Story – N. MacLeod, The

Civil Engineer, June 1997 (9) Freshwater – Durban’s Tomorrow Today – C. Archibald, 1996 (10) Metro Wastewater Disposal Study – Consolidated Report – Durban Metro

Water Services, 1998 (11) Durban’s Tomorrow Today (Sustainable Development in the Durban

Metropolitan Area, 1996) – D. Hindson, N. King and R. Peart (12) Environmental Management Policy for the Durban Metropolitan Area –

August 1998, Draft 1


(13) Metro Water Services Wastewater Management Department Business Plan 1998/99

(14) Provision of Water and Sanitation Services in the Durban Metropolitan Area

in the New Millennium : WW99/003 – 1999 – N. MacLeod (15) Department of Wastewater Management Sewage Disposal Bylaws –

February 1999 (16) BKS Report - Sewering (17) Water Supply & Sanitation Policy White Paper – 1994 (18) Integrated Development Plan, A Guide for Development, Durban, North and

South Central Local Councils




ANNEXURE A

WATER DIVISION Policy Development • Formulate and implement a policy for affordable and efficient water supply and

distribution. • Formulate a tariff and water supply policy with the aim of providing an

affordable and sustainable supply of water to all peoples in the Metro area. • Formulate Water bylaws to control water use and quality to ensure a safe and

healthy environment for all consumers. • Develop technical water supply strategies and plans to meet future needs. • Develop performance criteria and monitor and review the performance of the

policies. Data Collection and Analysis • Undertake research and disseminate information. • Install and maintain the water meters used in the water system to record

private water consumption as well as those used for system management. • Maintain accurate records of water meters, their location and performance

history. • Read the water meters to determine accurate water consumption data to

generate water accounts. • Maintain accurate records of water meter readings, consumption and all

charges and repairs that are carried out. • Maintain accurate financial records of the cost of maintenance and capital

expenditure to ensure efficient use of resources. • Maintain organisational records to ensure the efficient control of the

undertaking. Service Provision • Provide water in a manner that promotes development goals. • Operate and control the water reticulation system, including all electronic and

mechanical installations, in an efficient manner. • Repair, maintain and expand the water reticulation system, including all

electronic and mechanical installations, to provide the necessary operational controls.

• Develop technical plans to satisfy the immediate needs of specific developments.


• Prepare detailed construction plans and contract documents for new construction, while at all times endeavoring, through innovative design and construction techniques, to open opportunities for disadvantaged people as much as is practical.

• Construct and maintain the bulk water supply system in an efficient and cost- effective manner for the benefit of all the people in the Metro area.

• Provide services to the consumers including installing new connections, tracing private leaks and other water related services.

• Administer the Water By-Laws with the object of reducing the probability of water wastage and to protect the cleanliness of the water supply. Institute a water loss program to identify leaks and to arrange for their repair.

• Generate accurate, clear and prompt water accounts for delivery to water consumers and maintain accurate records of the financial transactions.

• Provide consumers with convenient access to pay points to facilitate payment of water accounts.

Communications • Publicise policy, plan and projects through widespread communication. • Formulate clear and concise policies to be applied when dealing with the public.

Educate the public and other concerned parties as to the aims and policies of the Water Department with special attention to the long term need to use water wisely, as well as the part that the Water By-Laws can play in this respect.

• Provide ongoing marketing of the organisation, paying particular attention to the role that the organisation plays in the provision of services and how it can make a difference in people’s daily lives.

• Decentralise the consumer services’ part of the undertaking to physically move closer to the consumers to win their acceptance.

• Interact with the communities before construction to make them aware of the extent and reasons for the work and in so doing to gain their support and co-operation.

• Provide advice to consumers on their private water problems. • Educate the consumers as to the need to have By-Laws which are to protect

the water supply for all. • Provide advice and consumer help with water account queries. Co-ordination • Promote intersectoral co-ordination and co-operation. • Promote co-ordination and co-operation between Councils, officials,

communities and other Departments with the aim of furthering the Council’s objectives.

• Interact with external organisations in the Water and related fields to promote the Council’s long term objectives.

• Liaise with other service providers where appropriate to co-ordinate new construction and development.

Community Development and Empowerment


• Promote community empowerment through capacity-building and support

programmes. • Ensure that the policy of affirmative action is applied in all spheres of the

organisation's activities. • Provide technical training for staff and members of the communities. • Interact with developers and communities to determine their needs. • Prioritise new construction to satisfy the needs of the consumers in line with

Council policy and financial constraints. • Reduce the scope of work, where practical, to enable professional practices

formed by disadvantaged people to participate in consultancy work. • Provide a mentoring facility for emerging contractors. • Use local people where possible to construct new water systems, providing

appropriate training where necessary. • Provide opportunities for disadvantaged people to supply services by simplifying

contract procedures and legal requirements. Organisational Data • Restructure and re-orientate existing departments and current operations to

undertake the Metro IDP. • Monitor and co-ordinate work within the Department to ensure that all parties

are working towards common goals. • Monitor and review staff performance with a view to increasing efficiency and

attaining the Department’s objectives. • Promote staff morale and efficiency by ensuring that there is recognition and

reward, where appropriate, to encourage excellence. • Formulate and monitor a staff development policy to encourage the growth of

the individual. • Create an environment that promotes efficiency, excellence, customer concern

and a desire to be associated with the aims of the organization. • Co-ordinate and undertake special projects which arise from time to time. • Operate and maintain a GIS system to promote efficiency and cost effective use

of resources. • Promote productivity through the use of bonus schemes or other performance-

linked rewards. • Protect the financial integrity of the undertaking by terminating the water

supply to consumers who fail to pay for the service. • Maintain Water buildings and facilities to reflect the status of the organization

and to promote pride within the workforce.


WASTEWATER DIVISION Policy Development • Formulate and implement a policy on wastewater management for the DMA. • Formulate, publish and review policy guidelines on all aspects of wastewater

management and pollution control. • Identify and prioritise work for the short, medium and long term. • Develop performance criteria and monitor and review performance. Data Collection and Analysis • Undertake research and disseminate information. • Establish a database. • Review relevant legislation and policies. • Analyse current situation and identify and prioritise areas of need and

opportunity. • Prioritise projects in terms of areas of greatest need and greatest impact. • Monitor flows in the sewerage system. • Operate and maintain geographic information system for service records and

databases. Service Provision • Design, construct, operate and maintain Sewerage reticulation systems, Trunk

sewers, Sewer pumping stations and Wastewater Treatment Works. • Provide and operate a trade effluent control management system. • Provide and operate an effective water and air pollution monitoring and control

system. • Provide a second class water supply to customers where financially justified. • Ensure that an adequate system for emptying and maintenance of septic tanks,

ventilated improved pit latrines, conservancy tanks and other private sanitation systems is available.

• Provide an adequate self-audit system to ensure operation of sewerage system is carried out in a healthy manner.

• Provide laboratory services for the analysis of all types of water qualities and environmental pollution aspects.

Financial • Promote development projects / initiative which are within fiscal, administrative

and institutional means. • Determine uniform tariffs for conveyance and treatment of sewage. • Determine uniform basis for structuring new tariffs. • Maintain financial discipline to ensure cost effective operation of the system. • Develop appropriate regulations and bylaws. Communication


• Publicise the wastewater policy and programmes through widespread

communication. • Promote understanding of sanitation options coupled with water supply

provisions to communities. • Promote understanding of importance of wastewater management to DMA in

general and communities in particular. • Establish educational programmes and incentives to effectively manage and

reduce abuse of the wastewater system. • Establish effective channels of communication such as display of material in

public areas (libraries, community halls, etc.) and involve the commercial media as necessary.

• Develop user-friendly information, communicated in Zulu and English as appropriate and suitable for semi-literate people if necessary.

Community Development and Empowerment • Reduce disparities by providing, upgrading and extending services to

disadvantaged communities. • Support the promotion of community empowerment through capacity-building

and support programmes by utilising resources and knowledge available. • Ensure programmes have a direct benefit to communities. • Place communities at the centre of development and promote community

participation. • Support the facilitation of capacity-building through structured training and

mentorship programmes, etc. Organisational Design • Restructure and re-orientate existing department and current operations to carry

out the Metro IDP. • Co-ordinate and rationalise resources and structures. • Allocate resources according to new development oriented priorities. • Improve and increase staff resources by redeployment, re-training, recruitment,

etc. • Ensure funds and resources are available for staff development. • Ensure appropriate and effective management.

Documents

DRAFT WATER SERVICES DEVELOPMENT PLAN VOLUME · PDF fileDraft Water Services Development Plan : Volume 1 : ... DRAFT WATER SERVICES DEVELOPMENT PLAN VOLUME 1 : STATUS QUO ... prepared