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Drama
Intro. To Literature
Intro. To Literature Drama
In general sense: Any performance having story on
the stage
Ex.
Pantomime, Opera, Play (Theater)
etc.
Intro. To Literature Drama
In Specific:
A work of literature consisting of entirely dialogue,
intended for actors to speak with accompanying
gestures before the audience
Intro. To Literature Drama In this sense Drama could be said as Play
So the difference between Drama in general and Play:
Drama belongs to any performance having story
Play is drama that have dialogue as a mean to deliver the story
Intro. To Literature Drama Next time in this class whenever we talk
about drama we refer to Play
“Play is Drama but not all drama are play”
Intro. To Literature Drama Drama vs. Fiction
In drama the story is delivered entirely by dialogue.
In some parts, fiction has also dialogue, but it has narrative and description as well.
In Drama, neither the audience nor the reader is conscious of the author’s existing.
In Fiction, the narrative and description can give the author an opportunity to speak in his own
person.
History of Drama• The first form of drama was originally from ancient Greek. Dran ‘to perform’• The performance was initially intended to honor the Gods and the God that used to be associated to this performance was Dionysus, God of wine and crops.• They celebrated the harvest by imitating the human’s daily activity or even the animal in the form of dancing and singing.• That performance later on became drama or play.
History of DramaSome factors of the appearance of
drama at that time. Believe in Gods
A Fear of Starvation (hunger) The mimitic faculty
The sympathy of magic
Why these factors become the factors of the appearance of Drama?
sssssssssssss
History of Drama• The development of the play in Greece
then became formal performance on the stage for the sake of arts as well as bussiness. • The famous Greek playwright were Sophocles
(Tragedy) and Euripides (Comedy).• The theaters were build on the hill side. The
audiences heard the dialogue through the echo of the sound on the hill.
Sophocles’ theater
Stage
Spectators
Orchestra&
Dancer
Sophocles’ theater
Spectators
StageOrchestr
a&
Dancer
History of Drama
• The development of the drama was continued as the emerging of Roman Empire.
• The playright from Roman that much influenced European drama, especially English Drama, was Seneca. Seneca was considered as one of the the playrights that inspired shakespeare’s works.
• So why the English playwrights were much influenced by the Roman than the Greek?
• Most of the Greek plays were talking about the human that suffered by the Gods. In other word, the human struggles were much influenced by the involvement of the Gods power.
• On the contrary, the story of Roman drama that described the human self power or attemp was much more influenced by the success of the their struggles and not only depend on the Gods power.
• The culture and belieft of the Roman drama were suitable withEuropean, or it sounds reasonable to accept the story of the Drama.
History of Drama
ROMAN THEATER
ROMAN THEATER
ROMAN THEATER
History of English Drama
Maisrul• 08127552934
• [email protected]• English Department FKIP-UNRI & UIR
Intro to Literature
Assignment for Drama session• Find out one act play (3 - 5 pages)• Analyze the play• Do the assignment in group of not more
than 5 members• The assignment is also as to substitute
class (equal to one meeting)• Submit the task when the semester
test is administered
History of English Drama• The first form of English drama was
called Sacret. Sacret means holy or spiritual• Sacret was a sort of mini drama that was
performed in the Church to celebrate religion festival. The story was based on the holybook.• Sacret then developed into Morality. This Drama was performed in the yard and not in the church anymore. The story was not only from the bibel but also from the author but it still contained a moral lesson as Sacret did.
History of English Drama• Morality was enjoyed by common
people because it was performed in the open space in every city or town in England at that time.
• The upper class of society or the noble and royal family then developed the performance as what they called as Interlude.
• Interlude, like Morality, was also a drama that contained a moral lesson but it only perforemed in the middle of a party or festival of the noblemen and the upperclass.
History of English Drama• Sacret, Morality, and interlude were
the three forms of early drama in England.
• The development of English Drama reached its golden age in Elizabethan period or during Queen Elizabeth reign between the middle of 16th and early 17th Century.
• At that time the most famoust English playwright William Shakespeare lived.
Shakespeares’ theater
The StageActors /Actres
Spectators
Spectators
Shakespeares’ theater
The StageActors /Actres
Spectators
Spectators
Restoration Period
• Civil war (the war of roses) between Royal (Round head) Vs Parliament (the cavalier). Parliament defeated the royal and ruled the country, the leader was Oliver Cromwell.
• This period was known as Puritan period. Puritan was a group of religion society that wanted to purify their religion thought. One of their roles was no one allowed to show their enjoyment or happiness in front of publict.
Restoration Period• The impact was all theater that have developed during Elizabethan (Shakespeare time) were banned.
• Charles II (from the exile in France) came to England and struggled for the crown. After long war, he succeeded to overtake the kingdom and ruled the country.
• This time was known as restoration period for the changed in many aspects of life he made, including literature like Drama.
Restoration PeriodThe new features of New Drama
• The theater was shallower or smaller than
theater in Shakespeare time, the stage was moved behind.
• The language was much less poetic
• The women were introduced as the actress on
the stage
Tragedy and Comedy
• Tragedy was born in Greece in the fifth century B.C, Aristotle (Poetics) define it as an imitation of an action that is serious, complete in itself, and of a certain magnitude (scale/size) … accomplish through incidents that arouse pity and fear…
• The word tragedy derives from Tragos (= goat). It maybe taken from the festival to honor the God of Dionysus.
Tragedy and Comedy
• In many cases, it is the nature of tragedy that the protagonist or the hero (chief character) must fall from power and from happiness.
• In more modern tragedy (on stage or movie), it does not appear in the original one but it’s
combined with comedy.
• The combination of Tragedy and comedy then it’s called Tragicomedy.
Tragedy and Comedy
• Comedy, from the Greek komos/komoidia (=village festival or party), originated to celebrate spring and to praise the God Dionysus, God of fertility and wine.
• Two Kinds of ComedyA. Based on the people/character described
by the story.B. Based on the way to interpret
Tragedy and Comedy
A. Based on the people/character described by the story.• Satiric comedy: Shows a world with less attractive people (ordinary) in which human weakness or folly is ridiculed.
• Romantic Comedy is comedy which presents an ideal world, golden world, or a world more delightful than the fact. It portrays people with indulgence/wealthy in everyday world or in some never-never land.
Tragedy and Comedy
B. Based on the way to interpret• Comedy High and Low
• Comedy High focus on verbal or dialogue as the trigger to make funny.
• Ex. Comedy of manner‘The Importance of being Earnest’
• Comedy low focus on the physically action as the source of the funny.
• Ex. Slapstick comedy, Farce, etc
CHARACTERS
The way to interpret the characterization in a play can be based on:1. The name and physical appearance2. The individual’s patterns of action over the course
of the play3. The way a character speaks (dialect, word choice,
background of intelligence)4. The way a character responds5. What others say about the character
Action
Although the action of a play is suggested in the script, it is often considered as the product of the performance
The implementation of action from the script
or its realization is depend on the actor/actress on the stage or from the director.
