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Drilling Problems&Oil Well Cementing Techniques
2009-Min-31 Sohail Manzoor
2009-MIN-36 Shafq Asi
2009-MIN-21 Mirza Muhammad Zaid
2009-MIN-37 Nasrullah Qaisrani
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What is Risk or Success rate?
Normal Subsurface Conditions!
Problems encountered!
Fishing!
Stuck Pipe!
Lost Circulation!
Sloughing Shale!
Formation Damage!Corrosive Gasses!
Abnormal High Subsurface Pressure!
Drilling Problems
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The two possible outcomes after drilling.
Dry Hole.
Producer.
Definition of Risk or Success Rate.
Expressed in Percentage or Decimal.
Success rate for new field wildcats in US during 2000was 33 %, only
What is Risk or Success rate?
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Critical subsurface conditions.
Effect of depth on temperature & pressure.
Geothermal Gradient.Subsurface pressures.
Earth or Lithostatic pressure.
Formation or Fluid pressure.
Normal Subsurface Conditions!
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Fish or JunkFishing process
Fishing tools
Spear
OvershootWashover pipe
Tapered Mill Reamer
Junk Mill
Boot Basket
Wireline Spear
Fishing Magnet
Impression Block
Fishing!
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Differential wall Pipe sticking
Mechanical problems
Jarring
Spotting fluid
Lighter drilling mud
Dogleg
Keyseating
Stuck-point indicator tool or Stuck-pipe log
Back off operation
String Shot
Chemical cutter
Spiral-grooved drill collars
Stuck Pipe!
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Shafq Asi2009-MIN-36
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so shal! alon" h! #!ll$or!% ha adsor$s#a!r rom h! drillin" mud
!&'ands and alls o h! $oom o h! #!llin lar"! $alls
(h!mi)als su)h as 'oassium sals add!d o
h! drillin" mud or oil-$as! drillin" muds ar!us!d o inhi$i slou"hin" shal!
Sloughing Shale
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h! 'arial or )om'l!! loss o drillin" *uid and+or)!m!n slurr, o h! ormaion durin" drillin" or)!m!nin" o'!raions
Naural )aus!s in)lud! siuaions su)h as naurall,
ra)ur!d ormaions or un)onsolida!d zon!s Indu)!d loss!s o))ur #h!n h! h,drosai) *uid
)olumn 'r!ssur! !&)!!ds h! ra)ur! "radi!n oh! ormaion and h! ormaion 'or!s $r!a do#n
!nou"h o r!)!i.! rah!r han r!sis h! *uid n!# r!quir!m!ns o im! and mud and addsu$saniall, o h! o.!rall )os o a #!ll
Lost Circulation
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/os )ir)ulaion addii.!s ar! f$!rs%*a!s% "ranular mass!s% or mi&ur!s
h!, in)lud! r!d#ood and )!dar
sha.in"s% ha,% 'i" hairs% shr!dd!dl!ah!r% mi)a *a!s% lamina!d'lasi)% )!llo'han!% su"ar )an! hulls%
"round '!)an nu hulls% "round )oal%and as$!sos
Lost Circulation
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I a .!r, 'orous or hi"hl, ra)ur!d zon! is!n)oun!r!d #hil! drillin" an !&)!ssi.!amoun o drillin" mud is los o ha zon!
durin" los )ir)ulaion h! zon! is )all!d ahi! or los )ir)ulaion zon!
A 'ill o los )ir)ulaion addii.! or )onrol
a"!n )an $! mi&!d #ih h! drillin" mudand 'um'!d do#n h! #!ll o )lo" u' h!los )ir)ulaion zon!
Lost Circulation
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h!n drillin" a #!ll% 'ar o h! drillin" mudliquid #ih som! fn!s )all!d mud flra! isor)!d ino an, '!rm!a$l! ro) ad4a)!n o h!#!ll$or! h! mud flra! )an d!)r!as! or
d!sro, h! '!rm!a$ili, o a r!s!r.oir ro) n!arh! #!ll$or! ha is )all!d h! ormaion dama"!
5ama"! o a ormaion r!suls in #o )han"!s#ihin h! ormaion
1 r!du)ion o 'or! siz! .olum! r!du)ion2 r!du)ion in r!lai.! '!rm!a$ili, *o#
r!du)ion
Formation Damage
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$, drillin" h! ormaion usin" $rin! or anoil-$as!% !mulsion or s,nh!i)-$as! drillin"mud
$, drillin" #ih a li"h-#!i"h drillin" mudha !&!rs l!ss 'r!ssur! han ormaion'r!ssur!
#!ll )an $! drill!d as!r usin"und!r$alan)!d drillin"
Formation DamagePreention
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)orrosi.! "ass!s su)h as )ar$on dio&id!(
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A$normal hi"h 'r!ssur! is *uid 'r!ssur! ha ishi"h!r han !&'!)!d h,drosai) 'r!ssur! orha d!'h
>n!&'!)!d a$normal hi"h 'r!ssur! in h!
su$sura)! )an )aus! a $lo#ou% anun)onroll!d *o# o *uids u' h! #!ll
8luids *o# ou o h! su$sura)! ro)s ino h!#!ll in ha is )all!d a i)
As su$sura)! *uids *o# ino h! #!ll durin" ai)% mor! *uids #ill $! *o#in" ou o h! o'o h! #!ll han ar! $!in" 'um'!d ino h! #!ll
Abnormal "igh Pressure
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h! sudd!n in)r!as! o *uid *o# ou o h!#!ll and h! ris! o *uid l!.!l in h! mud 'iar! d!!)!d $, an insrum!n )all!d a 'i-.olum! oaliz!r h! 'i-.olum! oaliz!rus!s *oas in h! mud ans o )oninuousl,monior and r!)ord drillin" mud .olum! Isounds an alarm i h! mud .olum!d!)r!as!s du! o los )ir)ulaion orin)r!as!s du! o a i)
Detection o Mu# Leel
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Anoh!r d!!)ion m!hod is $as!d on h!'rin)i'l! ha shal! should $!)om! d!ns!rand l!ss 'orous #ih d!'h as i is)om'a)!d
I h! shal! d!nsi, in)r!as! and 'orosi,d!)r!as! ar! l!ss han 'r!di)!d rom
)om'uaions $as!d on normal )ondiions%a$normall, hi"h 'r!ssur!s )an $! !&'!)!d
Detection o Mu# Leel
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In h! #ai-and-#!i"h m!hod% h! #!ll is shu in ash! ill mud is $!in" 'r!'ar!d h! mud 'um's ar!sar!d% and usin" a slo#!r 'um'in" s'!!d% h!ori"inal mud and i) *uids ar! r!'la)!d #ih h!h!a.i!r ill mud durin" on! )ir)ulaion
In h! drill!r?s m!hod% h! frs )ir)ulaion $, h! mud'um's is us!d o r!'la)! h! ori"inal drillin" mudund!r hi"h 'r!ssur! ha #as )u $, i) *uids #ihori"inal drillin" mud #ihou h! i) *uids h! s!)ond
)ir)ulaion r!'la)!s h! undilu!d% ori"inal mud #ihill mud h! a$normal hi"h-'r!ssur! zon! is h!ndrill!d% and 'ro!)ion )asin" is run and )!m!n!d inoh! #!ll o isola! h! zon!
Control o Abnormal "ighPressure
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Oil Well Cementing
TechniquesMirza Muhammad Zaid
2009-MIN-21
Shafq Asi
2009-MIN-36
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8un)ions o
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o allo# h! s!"r!"aion o h! ormaion$!hind h! 'i'!
o a@ord addiional su''or or h! )asin" or!ih!r $, 'h,si)al $ra)in" or 'r!.!nion oormaion 'r!ssur! $!in" im'os!d on h!'i'!
o r!ard )orrosion $, minimizin" )ona)
Functions o oil $ell cementingtechnique
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Single stage %rimar cement 'ob
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Single stage %rimarcement 'ob
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&)!ssi.! 'um' 'r!ssur! r!quir!d
I h! )!m!n d!nsi, is hi"h!r han
h! d!nsi, o mud
I h! )!m!n d!nsi, is l!ss han h!
d!nsi, o mud
Densit Di(erence%roblems
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Slurr, d!nsi,hi)!nin" im!Sr!n"h-im! r!quir!m!ns 8ilraion 'ro'!ri!s:!rm!a$ili, o h! s! )!m!n:!rorain" qualii!s(orrosion r!sisan)!
Factors a(ecting the selectiono cement
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Normall,% slurr, d!nsi, should $! h! asha o mud in h! hol! a h! im! o)!m!nin"
A s'!)ial diaoma)!ous !arh o lo#!rd!nsi, han $!noni! is us!d
&'!nd!d '!rli! is o!n us!d or h! sam!'ur'os! % his is a .ol)ani) or! ma!rial
#hi)h has $!!n !&'and!d $, h!ain" o isusion 'oin and su$s!qu!n )oolin" 2-6 B $!noni! is us!d #ih '!rli! slurri!s
Slurr #ensit
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hi)!nin" im! is h! amoun o im! ha)!m!n r!mains 'um' a$l! #ih r!asona$l!'r!ssur!s his is h! '!rha's h! mos)rii)al 'ro'!r, in h! dis'la)!m!n
'ro)!ss
8a)ors a@!)in" h! hi)!nin" im! in)lud!
1 )om'osiion o )!m!n 2 !m'!raur!
Thic)ening time
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h!r! is no uni.!rsal a"r!!m!n on sr!n"hr!quir!m!ns or oil #!ll )!m!ns ho#!.!r% f"ur!s200 o C00 'si )om'r!ssi.! sr!n"h a!r 2D-hr'!riods ar! o!n quo!d
h! .alu! o C00 'si is mor! #id!l, a))!'!d
:orland )!m!ns ha.! mor! sr!n"hs han is"!n!rall, n!!d!d% so man, addii.!s r!du)! o isnormal l!.!l
5!nsi, r!du)ion
Strength*time requirement
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(om'l!!l, hard!n!d )!m!n is a''ro'ria!o sha!r and ra)ur! !&)!ssi.!l, #h!n"un '!rora!d
/o# sr!n"h )!m!ns ar! d!sira$l!
)!m!n sha!rin" is no n!)!ssaril,
in4urious in s!)ions #h!r! n!ar$, "as or#a!r sraa ar! a$s!n and ma, a)uall, $!$!n!f)ial
Perorating +ualities
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S! )!m!n )ould $! '!n!ra!d $, )orrosi.!liquids !s'!)iall, hos! )onainin" (
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Shafq Asi
2009-MIN-36
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h! si& A:I )!m!n )lassif)aions ar! asollo#s
(lass AE in!nd!d or us! o 6000- d!'h%#h!n s'!)ial 'ro'!ri!s ar! no r!quir!d
(lass ;E in!nd!d or us! o 6000- d!'h%#h!n sul'ha! r!sisan)! is r!quir!d
(lass (E in!nd!d or us! o 6000- d!'h%#h!n hi"h !arl, sr!n"h is r!quir!d
Classifcation o cements
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(lass 5E in!nd!d or us! o 12%000- d!'h%#h!n mod!ra!l, hi"h !m'!raur!s and hi"h'r!ssur!s ar! r!quir!d
(lass E in!nd!d or us! o 1D000- d!'h%#h!n hi"h !m'!raur! and 'r!ssur!s ar!!n)oun!r!d
(lass 8E in!nd!d or us! o 16000- d!'h%#h!n !&r!m!l, hi"h !m'!raur! and'r!ssur!s ar! !n)oun!r!d
Classifcation o cements
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Som! o h! mos im'oran ,'!s o)!m!ns ar! as ollo#sE
1 :ozzolan (!m!ns
2 5ia)!l )!m!n s,s!m3 /a!&-)!m!n
D 5i!s!l-oil-)!m!n 5
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:ozzolan ar! sili)!ous ma!rials #hi)h #illr!a) #ih lim! o orm a )!m!niiousma!rial
h!, ma, $! us!d as an addii.! oordinar, )!m!ns or 'r!'ar!d as lim!-'ozzolan $l!nd #ihou :orland ,'!)!m!n
lim!-'ozzolan )!m!n has 'ro.!d o $! asaisa)or, d!!' #!ll )!m!n 5i@!r!n.ariaions in 'ro'!ri!s o 'ozzolans has$!!n o$s!r.!d% and indi.idual !sin" is
r!quir!d
Po--olan cements
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his d!si"naion r!!rs o )!m!n s,s!msmodif!d $, on! or mor! o addii.!s lis!d asdia)!l 5% //% and A $, sandards
Su)h )!m!ns ha.! a lar"! ran"! o d!nsii!sand hi)!nin" im!s% #hi)h "i.! h!m a #id!s)o'! o a''li)a$ili,
8or sand 9CB hrou"h 200 m!sh is som!im!sadd!d o in)r!as! !arl, sr!n"h o h! mi&ur!
Diacel cement sstem
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his is a s'!)ial )!m!n )om'os!d o la!&%)!m!n% a sura)! a)i.! a"!n% and #a!r
I has 'ro.!d us!ul in su)h s'!)iala''li)aions as 'lu"-$a) 4o$s or #a!r!&)lusion
I is !s'!)iall, r!sisan o )onaminaion#ih oil or mud and !&hi$i a hi"h sr!n"h$ond #ih oh!r ma!rials su)h as )asin" %ro)s and !)
Late.*cement
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Mi&ur!s o :orland )!m!ns% di!s!l oil or!ros!n!% and a )h!mi)al dis'!rsan ha.!$!!n ound us!ul in #!ll r!'air #or o s!al o@#a!r $!arin" sraa
his ma!rial do!s no s! unil $rou"h ino)ona) #ih #a!r% and has h!r!or!% anunlimi!d 'um'in" im!
I has also $!!n us!d o 'r!.!n los )ir)ulaion'ro$l!ms
Diesel*oil*cements /DOC0
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/o# #a!r loss% lo# d!nsi, )!m!ns oad!qua! sr!n"h and hi)!nin" im! ha.!$!!n 'r!'ar!d rom !ros!n!% #a!r%)!m!n% and 2 o DB $!noni!
(al)ium li"nosulona! is us!d as!mulsi,in" a"!n and r!ard!r
Su)h )!m!ns ha.! a''li)a$ili, in $oh'rimar, and r!m!dial )!m!nin"
Oil*in*$ater emulsioncement
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!sin )!m!nsE :ro'!r )om$inaion os,nh!i) r!sin% #a!r% and :orland )!m!nar! o!n us!d o 'ro.id! an im'ro.!dormaion )!m!n $ond in )!rain r!m!dialo'!raions h!s! ar! )osl, han oh!rs
F,'sum )!m!nsE h!s! ar! s'!)ialmi&ur!s #hi)h ha.! hi"h !arl, sr!n"h
and !asil, )onroll!d s!in" im!s F,'sumis $asi) in"r!di!n h!, 'ro.id! !m'orar,'lu"s durin" !sin" and r!m!dial #or
1esin cements an# !%sumcements
ili
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8ollo#in" ar! h! au&iliar, !qui'm!n us!d
1 (asin" sho!
2 (ollars
3 (!niliz!rsD S)ra)h!rs
C (!m!n $as!s
6 'lu"s
Au.iliar cementequi%ment2s
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Casing Shoe3 A )asin" sho! is a shor% h!a.,#all!d 'i'! run on h! $oom o h! )asin"srin" I has a round!d Gnos!H o "uid! h!)asin" ino h! hol! h! sho! is s)r!#!d on h!
)asin" and "!n!rall, is G"lu!dH #ih a hr!ad-lo)in" )om'ound (asin" sho!s ar! "!n!rall,a.aila$l! in hr!! ,'!s
"uid! sho! *oa sho! di@!r!nial fll sho!
Continues445
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Collars3 A )!m!nin" )ollar is ,'i)all, run as anin!"ral 'ar o h! srin" and is 'la)!d a h! o'o h! frs or s!)ond )asin" 4oin h! )ollar s!r.!sas a so' or h! )!m!n #i'!r 'lu" so ha all h!
)!m!n is no inad.!r!nl, 'um'!d )om'l!!l,ou o h! )asin" and ino h! annulus Centrali-ers3 (!nraliz!rs ar! 'la)!d on h!
!&!rior o h! )asin" srin" o 'ro.id! sand-o@disan)! $!#!!n h! #!ll $or! and h! 'i'! in an
!@or o assis in aainin" )!m!n !n)ir)l!m!n oh! 'i'! Num!rous ,'!s o )!nraliz!rs ar!a.aila$l! h! $o# s'rin" ,'! is mos )ommon
Continues455
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Scratchers3o a)hi!.! an !@!)i.! )!m!n4o$% h! slurr, mus $ond o h! ormaionS)ra)h!rs assis $, s)ra'in" and s)ra)hin" h!mud )a! on h! ormaion o 'romo! $ondin" o
h! .ir"in ormaion
Cement 6as)ets3 (!m!n $as!s 'ro.id!su''or or h! )olumn o )!m!n #hil! i )ur!s%
or hard!ns h! $as!s ar! o!n 'la)!d a$o.!los )ir)ulaion zon!s ha )anno su''or a ull
)olumn o )!m!n
Continues455
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Plugs3 h! )!m!n slurr, is normall,s!'ara!d rom h! mud )olumn $, 'lu"sha minimiz! in!ra)! )onaminaion h!
$oom 'lu" has a dia'hra"m ha isru'ur!d #ih 'um' 'r!ssur! a!r i s!ason h! )ollar or sho! h! o' 'lu" has asolid aluminum ins!r h! 'lu"s ar!
moun!d in a )!m!nin" h!ad a h! o' oh! )asin"
Continues45
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