Drones Affirmative - UTNIF 2015

7/25/2019 Drones Affirmative - UTNIF 2015

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IndexIndex........................................................................................................................................................... 1

1AC............................................................................................................................................................. 1

Drone Stare.....................................................................................................................................................1

A2: Alt Causes.............................................................................................................................................1

A2: Targets Turn.......................................................................................................................................... 1

Total War......................................................................................................................................................... 1

A2: Surveillance Inevitable..........................................................................................................................1

A2: Militarization of olice Inevitable...........................................................................................................1

Solvenc!......................................................................................................................................................... 1

A2: "oo#$oles............................................................................................................................................. 1

A2: State%"ocal &ill use...............................................................................................................................1

A2: 'no&ledge roduction (ails..................................................................................................................1

A2: Cri)e Turn............................................................................................................................................ 1

A2: Accountabilit! Turn................................................................................................................................1 A2: Terroris) DA............................................................................................................................................. 1

*o "in+ , Drones Ineffective....................................................................................................................... 1

"in+ Turn , Inefficient..................................................................................................................................1

"in+ Turn , Targeted Surveillance...............................................................................................................1

"in+ Turn , -ac+ing.................................................................................................................................... 1

*o I)#act , *uclear Terroris) nli+el!...................................................................................................... 1

*o I)#act , *uclear Terroris) nli+el!...................................................................................................... 1

' of DA , Terror Tal+................................................................................................................................... 1' of DA , Terror Tal+................................................................................................................................... 1

A2: /x#erts Sa! T$reats 0eal.....................................................................................................................1

olitics DA.......................................................................................................................................................1

Drones 0efor) o#ular...............................................................................................................................1

A2: Courts C ................................................................................................................................................. 1

Congressional Action *ecessar!................................................................................................................. 1

er) Solvenc!............................................................................................................................................ 1t$

A)end)ent not A##licable to Drones.....................................................................................................1t$ A)end)ent not A##licable to Drones.....................................................................................................1

A2: 0ule of "a& * ..................................................................................................................................... 1

A2: 0ule of "a& * ..................................................................................................................................... 1

Court action doesn3t s$ield #olitics.............................................................................................................. 1

A2: AS /C......................................................................................................................................................1

2AC............................................................................................................................................................. 1


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1AC

Contention 1 is Inherency:

Drone use by law enforcement agencies is proliferating under a regulatory patchworkthat merely governs safety concerns mass surveillance is inevitable withoutoverarching federal reforms

!"#rien$ %&1' 45ennifer6 /ditor of 5ournal of Infor)ation Tec$nolog! and rivac! "a&6 7WA00A*T"/SS89 /0*M/*T D09*/ S 0 /I""A*C/: A C-A""/*8/ T9 T-/ (9 0T- AM/*DM/*T6; The JohnMarshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law 6 )ls.edu%cgi%vie&content.cgi?article@1 it#l

T$e nited States is not t$e onl! countr! to recognize t$e #otential of drones and )ulti#le counties no& use t$e s)allun)anned aircraft in agriculture6 scientific researc$6 and industrial )aintenance. E -o&ever6 currentl! t$e largest use ofun)anned aircraft is b! t$e nited States )ilitar!. T$e nited States )ilitar! $as been ex#onentiall! utilizingdrone tec$nolog! for various conflicts. F Drone use $as not been li)ited to )ilitar! o#erations overseas andsince 2== t$e Custo)s and order rotection Agenc! 47C ; $as used drones for surveillance along bot$t$e Mexican and Canadian borders . G nar)ed drones $ave also >oined t$e fig$t against Mexican drug cartels.E= T$e nexttransition for drone tec$nolog! &ill be #ublic use b! la& enforce)ent. E1 Drones are increasingl! being used in a vast arra! ofcivilian and govern)ental situations.E2 An exa)#le of a future la& enforce)ent drone is Aero iron)ent3s 7Hube6; alread! advertised as 7targeting t$eneeds of first res#onders.;E< A)ong t$e $ig$lig$ted features of t$e Hube is its size6E )obilit!6E and advanced tec$nolog!.EE S)aller drones6 li+e t$e

Hube6 &ill cost significantl! less t$an current #olice $elico#ters.E In res#onse to t$e gro&ing interest in do)estic drones6 a needfor t$e develo#)ent of regulator! standards $as been recognized .EF Since 1G F t$e (AA $as been c$arged &it$ ensuring t$esafe and efficient o#eration of aircraft in national airs#ace.EG T$erefore6 t$e (AA &ill regulate t$e o#eration of do)estic dronessince drones &ill be flo&n in t$e national airs#ace. = nder current (AA #olic!6 un)anned aircraft use is#ro$ibited in t$e *ational Airs#ace S!ste) &it$out s#ecific (AA aut$orization. 1 In lig$t of increasing de)and for dronesand several safet! concerns &it$ drone o#eration in t$e national airs#ace6 t$e (AA #ublis$ed guidelines for o#erating drones in 2== . 2 T$ese (AAguidelines distinguis$ bet&een civil and #ublic drone use. < (or civil drone use to be aut$orized6 t$e o#erator )ust be issued a S#ecial Air&ort$inessCertificate. T$e (AA #resentl! onl! issues a S#ecial Air&ort$iness Certificate for ex#eri)ental uses. An o#erator &$o $as been issued an

ex#eri)ental certificate )a! not use a drone for 7co)#ensation or $ire.; E T$e (AA denotes la& enforce)ent drone use as 7#ublicuse.; (or #ublic o#eration of a drone6 t$e la& enforce)ent entit! )ust be issued a Certification of

Aut$orization or Waiver 47C9A; . F T$e C9A outlines t$e li)itations on t$e use of t$e drone. G T$e o#erator of t$e drone )ust also )eetcertain (AA re uire)ents.F= 9n (ebruar! 1 6 2=126 resident 9ba)a signed into la& t$e (AA Modernization and 0efor) Act of 2=12 .F1 T$e Act not onl! details (AA funding for t$e next four !ears but also )andates t$e (AA to develo# guidelines for civil and #ublic un)annedaircraft integration into t$e national airs#ace.F2 T$e Act ulti)atel! re uires t$e (AA to $ave i)#le)ent ed regulations for #ublic andcivilian drone use b! Dece)ber 2=1 .F< T$e Act ex#ressl! directs t$e (AA to #er)it la& enforce)ent o#erationof un)anned aircraft t$at &eig$ less t$an . #ounds under s#ecified restrictions.F T$e (AA3s stated )ission and focus &$ile&or+ing to integrate un)anned aircraft into t$e national airs#ace is safet! .F 9ne of t$e biggest safet! concerns over t$eintegration of drones into t$e national airs#ace is t$e absence of a 7sense and avoid; ca#abilit! in )ost drones.FE 0ecent cras$esF and $ac+sFF $avealso raised safet! concerns over t$e future nation&ide use of drones. In res#onse to t$e Act6 t$e (AA $as started )a+ing c$anges to t$e current

un)anned aircraft guidelines.FG T$e #rocess for #ublicl! o#erated drones re)ains si)ilar to t$e 2== #rocess6 re uiringla& enforce)ent agencies to first a##l! for a C9A.G= T$is C9A &ill serve training and evaluation #ur#oses and if t$e agenc! can #rove to be#roficient in fl!ing its drone it &ill be granted an o#erational C9A. G1 Along &it$ safet! concerns6 #rivac! concerns $avealso develo#ed over t$e aut$orization of govern)ental do)estic drone use .G2 T$e general #rivac! concern is t$at drone use&ill infringe u#on areas #rotected under t$e (ourt$ A)end)ent6 areas in &$ic$ individuals en>o! a reasonable ex#ectation of #rivac!.G< rivac!concerns $ave alread! been raised regarding t$e use of drones for surveillance along t$e Canadian and Mexican borders. G *e& advances in dronetec$nologies increase suc$ #rivac! concerns. G Man! #rivac! organizations $ave called for t$e (AA to include #rivac! concerns in t$e ne& regulations

of un)anned aerial ve$icles.GE -o&ever 6 it $as also been suggested t$at t$e (AA is not #ro#erl! e ui##ed to create regulationst$at #ro#erl! consider individual #rivac! .G T$ere is also concern t$at +no&ledge t$at an individual3s dail! )ove)ents &illbe under constant surveillance could lead to an overall c$illing of (irst A)end)ent #rotected ex#ressions .GF T$e


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A)erican Civil "iberties nion 47AC" ; $as also ex#ressed concerns over la& enforce)ent drones being used for )ass trac+ing and surveillance of

civilians and t$e a)ount of ti)e t$at i)ages and data collected fro) drones &ill be retained.GG In res#onse to t$e several #rivac! concernsex#ressed over govern)ental drone use6 state and federal legislation $as been #ro#osed.1== T$e co))on #rinci#le a)ongt$e #ro#osed legislation is t$e re uire)ent of a &arrant for an! govern)ental drone use sub>ect to certain exce#tions.1=1 Multi#le la&enforce)ent agencies $ave countered t$e #rivac! concerns b! e)#$asizing t$at t$e real )otivation for drone use lies in t$e lifeJsaving ca#abilities for

officers and civilians.1=2 Additionall!6 t$ere $ave been selfJi)#osed restrictions and guidelines on govern)ental drone use.1=< nless federallegislation is #assed forbidding &arrantless govern)ental drone surveillance6 c$allenges to suc$ use &ill fallunder t$e #urvie& of t$e (ourt$ A)end)ent .

And$ in the absence of coherent limitations on drone use$ federal agencies havedeveloped fleets of drones groups like the Department of (omeland )ecurity andCustoms * #order +atrol are loaning federal drone missions out to state and local

,urisdictions

#arry$ %&1' 4To)6 senior #olic! anal!st at Center for International olic!6 7Drones 9ver -o)eland6; A#ril 2ects &ill be ca#able of uic+l! res#onding to $o)eland securit! t$reats6national securit! t$reats and national e)ergencies across t$e entire nation. In addition6 D-S sa!s t$at itsdrone fleet is available to assist local la&Jenforce)ent agencies. Due to a surge in .S. )il itar! contracting since 2==16 t$e

nited States is t$e &orld leader in drone #roduction and de#lo!)ent. 9t$er nations6 es#eciall! C$ina6 are also ra#idl! gaining a larger )ar+et s$are of

t$e international drone )ar+et. T$e nited States6 $o&ever6 &ill re)ain t$e do)inant driver in drone )anufacturing andde#lo!)ent for at least anot$er decade. T$e central .S. role in drone #roliferation is t$e direct result of t$e

entagon3s ra#idl! increasing ex#enditures for A s. Also fueling drone #roliferation is A #rocure)ent b! t$e De#art)ent of-o)eland Securit!6 b! ot$er federal agencies suc$ as *ASA6 and b! local #olice6 as &ell as b! individuals and cor#orations. Drones are also

#roliferating a)ong stateJlevel Air *ational 8uard units. Des#ite its lead role in t$e #roliferation of drones6 t$e .S.govern)ent $as failed to ta+e t$e lead in establis$ing a##ro#riate regulator! fra)e&or+s and oversig$t#rocesses. Wit$out t$is necessar! regulator! infrastructure , at bot$ t$e national and international levels ,drone #roliferation t$reatens to under)ine constitutional guarantees6 civil liberties and international la& .

Advantage 1 is -he Drone )tare:

Drones are deployed by Customs . #order +atrol for surveillance in areas near theborder and deployment is increasing in the future

/lliot and #rian "10 KS#agat6 /lliot6 niversit! of San DiegoL Associated ress San Diego S+oloff6 rian6niversit! of TennesseeJ'noxville Associated ress $eonix6 Arizona 7Drones +ee# e!e on .S. border

AircraftNs $ig$Jresolution ca)eras s&ee# re)ote areas of t$e Mexico frontier.; 2=1 .O KM MO
http://www.ciponline.org/research/html/drones-over-the-homelandhttp://www.ciponline.org/research/html/drones-over-the-homeland


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T$e .S. govern)ent no& #atrols nearl! $alf t$e Mexican border b! drones alone in a largel! un$eralded s$ift to controldesolate stretc$es &$ere t$ere are no agents6 ca)era to&ers6 ground sensors or fences6 and it #lans to ex#and t$estrateg! to t$e Canadian border .P It re#resents a significant de#arture fro) a decadesJold a##roac$ t$at e)#$asized fences and agents.Since 2===6 t$e nu)ber of order atrol agents on t$e 16G J)ile border )ore t$an doubled to sur#ass 1F6===6 and fencing )ulti#lied nine ti)es to ==

)iles. P nder t$e ne& a##roac$6 redator drones s&ee# re)ote )ountains6 can!ons and rivers &it$ $ig$Jresolution video ca)eras and return &it$in t$ree da!s to s$oot video in t$e sa)e s#ot 6t&o officials &it$ direct +no&ledge of t$e effort said on condition of anon!)it! because details $ave not been )ade #ublic. P T$e t&o videos are t$enco)#ared for anal!sts &$o use so#$isticated soft&are to identif! tin! c$anges JJ #er$a#s t$e trac+s of a far)er or co&s6

#er$a#s t$ose of i))igrants entering t$e countr! or a drugJladen -u))er6 t$e! said .P About G2Q of drone)issions $ave s$o&n no c$ange in terrain 6 but t$e ot$ers raised enoug$ uestions to dis#atc$ agents todeter)ine &$et$er so)eone got a&a!. T$e agents 6 &$o so)eti)es arrive b! $elico#ter because an area is so re)ote6 loo+ for an! sign of $u)an activit! JJ foot#rints6 bro+en t&igs6 tras$. P About Q of )issions $ave been false alar)s 6 suc$ as trac+s oflivestoc+ or far)ers6 and about 2Q are inconclusive. T$e re)aining 2Q offer evidence of illegal crossings fro)Mexico6 &$ic$ t!#icall! results in ground sensors being #lanted for closer )onitoring. P T$e govern)ent $aso#erated about 1=6=== drone flig$ts under t$e strateg!6 +no&n internall! as C$ange Detection 6 since it began inMarc$ 2=1


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re&er &rote a letter to 9ba)a urging $i) to send also &$at s$e referred to as aviation assets36 s#ecificall! )ilitar! A s and $elico#ters 4"ac$6 2=1= . re&er asserted t$at drones $ave #roven effective in S )ilitar! ca)#aigns overJ seasand t$at t$e! &ould t$erefore assist in securing t$e S border :P I &ould also as+ !ou6 as overseas o#erations in Ira and

Afg$anistan #er)it6 to consider &ider de#lo!)ent of A s Kun)anned aerial ve$iclesO along our nation3s sout$ern border. I a) a&are of $o& effectivet$ese assets $ave beco)e in 9#erations Ira i and /nduring (reedo)6 and it see)s A s o#erations &ould be ideal for border securit! and counterJ

drug )issions. P 4Huoted in "ac$6 2=1= P T$is a##eal for drones at t$e border obscures t$e fact t$at A s $ave alread!been #roviding aerial surveillance over S border regions 4S$ac$t)an6 2== 8ilson6 2=1= . Since 2==E6 t$e SA $ass#ent a##roxi)atel! U1== )illion for A s on bot$ t$e sout$ern and nort$ern S borders as #art of its efforts tocreate a soJcalled virtual fence 4Can&est *e&s Service6 2== . As of 2=1= t$e S Custo)s and order rotection 4 C &aso#erating six unar)ed redator drones for over$ead surveillance )issions along t$e S,Mexico border6 five of&$ic$ &ere based in re&er3s state of Arizona 48ilson6 2=1= . Since late 2== or earl! 2==F6 t$e C $as been testing drones in

S% Canada border regions 4Can&est *e&s Service6 2== . C officials credit t$eir drones &it$ $el#ing bust 1 6===lbs of #ot and 6=== illegal i))igrants3 48ilson6 2=1= . In t$e &ords of a defense executive: It is uite eas! toenvision a future in &$ic$ 4 A s 6 unaffected b! #ilot fatigue6 #rovide 2 , border and #ort surveillance to #rotectagainst terrorist intrusion ... 9t$er exa)#les Kof #ossible usesO are li)ited onl! b! our i)agination3 4McCullag$62==E .P Clearl!6 drones $ave been enlisted in efforts to restrict illegal i))igration and co)bat t$e &ar on drugs.T$e notion of drug drones3 $as beco)e fas$ionable in international drug enforce)ent6 es#eciall! for use in )ariti)e o#erations4 adgett6 2==G . (or instance6 under t$e na)e Monitoreo36 &$ic$ is S#anis$ for )onitoring6 t$e S Sout$ern Co))and recentl! conducted a drone

testing #ro>ect3 t$at )obilized an IsraeliJ)ade UE. )illion -eron drone fro) /l Salvador3s Co)ala#a Air ase to trac+ do&n sus#ected drug cartel)e)bers &$o &ere allegedl! using t$e o#en &aters to s)uggle drugs into t$e SA 4 adgett6 2==G see also S$ac$t)an6 2==G . ! re)ainingt$ousands of feet in t$e air for u# to 2=J$ours &$ile being e ui##ed &it$ a set of sensors better suited for s#otting t$e subs K)iniJsub)arinesO t$at $ave

beco)e so #o#ular a)ong narcoJcartels3 4S$ac$t)an6 2==G 6 t$is #articular -eron drone #ro)ises to be a longer endurance tec$nolog! t$anconventional #lanes co))onl! used in drug surveillance. As Ti)e )agazine >ournalist Ti) adgett 42==G &rites6 P If battlefield drones li+e t$e

redator can scan and bo)b Taliban targets in t$e )ountains of Afg$anistan6 t$e logic goes6 a si)ilar droneli+e t$e -eron s$ould be able to find t$e go fast3 boats and sub)arines used b! drug cartels in t$e &aters oft$is $e)is#$ere. P A s are also currentl! fl!ing in t$e s+ies over so)e cities in bot$ t$e SA and nited 'ingdo). Asre#orted in 2==E6 one *ort$ Carolina count! is using a A e ui##ed &it$ lo&Jlig$t and infrared ca)eras to +ee# &atc$ on its citizens. T$e aircraft $asbeen dis#atc$ed to )onitor gat$erings of )otorc!cle riders at t$e 8aston Count! fairgrounds fro) >ust a fe& $undred feet in t$e airLclose enoug$ toidentif! facesLand )an! )ore uses6 suc$ as t$e aerial detection of )ari>uana fields6 are #lanned. P 4McCullag$6 2==E P In 2== 6 t$e -ouston oliceDe#art)ent in Texas controversiall! tested t$e use of unar)ed surveillance drones6 &it$ t$e eventual ob>ective of )onitoring traffic6 aiding evacuationsduring natural disasters6 $el#ing &it$ searc$ and rescue o#erations6 and assisting &it$ ot$er tactical3 #olice incidents 4Dean6 2== . T$e /xecutive

Assistant olice C$ief ad)itted t$at A s over t$e s+ies of -ouston could include covert #olice actions3 and t$at t$e #olice force &as not ruling out

so)eda! using t$e drones for &ritJ ing traffic tic+ets3 4Dean6 2== . In anot$er exa)#le6 a confidential docu)ent revealed t$at t$e "asegas olice De#art)ent )a! $ave been using A s above t$e cit! of "as egas as earl! as 2== 4 ublic Intelligence6

2=1= . T$e docu)ent furt$er outlines a #lan for A s to $el# )onitor s#ecial events and discusses &a!s in &$ic$ t$e"as egas A s are integrated into De#art)ent of -o)eland Securit! 4D-S fusion centers3 to assist &it$ t$einvestigation of sus#icious activit! re#orts 4 ublic Intelligence6 2=1= . As noted in ot$er &or+ on t$e )ilitarization of cities6t$e a##lication of drone tec$nologies to urban areas #ro)ises to extend t$e surveillance net&or+s &it$in &$ic$#eo#le are caug$t 4Mura+a)i Wood6 2== and intensif! t$e #olicing of cultural difference and #olitical dissent t$at$ave $istoricall! )ar+ed cities as vibrant6 de)ocratic s#aces 48ra$a)6 2=1= . P Wit$in t$e current #olitical and cultural )ilieu6 t$is#articular )ove)ent of )iliJ tar! tec$nolog! to civilian s#$eres reveals a s!)biotic relations$i# bet&een t$e &ar on cri)e and &ar on terror. 5onat$anSi)on 42== : 11 #ersuasivel! argues t$at in so)e res#ects t$e &ar on terror is an unac+no&ledged continuation of t$e &ar on cri)e6 s$aring &it$ i t

si)ilar discourses and institutional arrange)ents. W$en t$e rationalities and tec$nologies of t$e &ar on terror are a##lied toot$er do)ains and ot$er #erceived t$reats6 t$ere is a $eig$tened danger t$at existing legal #rotections and rig$ts&ill be vitiated in t$e #rocess 6 t$ereb! ratc$eting u# cultures of control t$at alread! dis#ro#ortionatel! $ar))arginalized #o#ulations 4Wac uant6 2==G . (or instance6 D-S fusion centers )a! $ave originated as organizations tos$are data on terrorist t$reats6 but t$e! $ave since been lin+ed to s#!ing on nonJviolent antiJ &ar #rotesters6environ)entalists6 students at $istoricall! blac+ colleges6 and ot$ers 4Mona$an6 2=11 .P In conte)#orar! cultures ofcontrol6 all #o#ulations )a! be called u#on Lor be res#onsibilizedL to )anage ris+ in $ig$l! individualized &a!s andt$roug$ increasingl! #rivatized )eans 40ose6 1GGG 6 but t$is in no &a! indicates a di)inis$ed role for t$e state6 or stateJcor#orate a##aratuses6 in extending disci#line and control into do)estic territories 48arland6 2==1 Mona$an6 2=1= . T$euse of drones in nonJco)bat settings )a! s!)bolicall! transfor) t$ose sites to arenas of agonistic engage)entand furt$er )ilitarize do)estic #olice de#art)ents and govern)ent agencies to t$e detri)ent of individualliberties and t$e #ublic good.


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2e"ll isolate % impacts:

4irst$ border securiti ation intensifies the effects of structural violence experienced bymigrants they"re forced to take more dangerous crossings and are sub,ect to higherrates of incarceration

Ch5ve "1% K'ar)a 0. C$Vvez6 associate #rofessor of r$etoric6 #olitics and culture at niversit! ofWisconsinJMadison. $.D. Arizona State niversit!6 2== . M.A. niversit! of Alaba)a6 2==


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re#orts e)erged of s!ste)ic $u)an rig$ts abuses at t$e $ands of order atrol agents . T$e in S also &aged itslargest i))igration enforce)ent crac+do&n since t$e infa)ousl! na)ed o#eration Wetbac+ in 1G in t$e"o&er 0io 8rande v al le! in sout$ Texas . T$e in S3s strateg!6 as outlined in a 1GFG internal docu)ent titled 7/n$ance)ent lan for t$e Sout$ern

order6; included: 41 rigorous enforce)ent of i))igration la&s and detention for t$ose &$o violated la&s 42 uic+ and t$oroug$ #rocessing of as!lu) clai)s and 4< a)edia ca)#aign t$at &ould &or+ to create 7 #ub l ic understanding and acce#tance of t$e difference bet&een clai)s Kfor #o l iti cal as!lu)O )a de fro) a t$ird countr! and

t$ose )ade after entr! Kinto t$e nited StatesO &it$out ins#ection3; 4 in S 0e#ort 2 as cited in Dunn6 Militarization of t$e S M exico order G2 . T$e I*S3scrac+do&n not onl! resulted in $u)an rig$ts violations &it$in t$e nited States 4and in #arts of Mexico and Central A)erica dueto related infor)ationJsee+ing )issions 6 but also de)onstrated t$e in S3s abilit! to engage in carefull! targeted )ilitarizationtactics &it$out disru#ting usual business6 traffic6 and life for )ost local residents in t$e area. T$e entrenc$)entof )ilitarization #olicies and #ractices undoubtedl! existed during t$e first us$ ad)inistration $o&ever6t$edetri)ental i)#acts on $u)an lives &ould ta+e a &orse turn during resident Clinton3s ad)inistration and in t$e&a+e of t$e nort$ A)erican free Trade Agree)ent3s #assage. *A(TA advocated free trade and o#en foreign invest)ent at t$e sa)e ti)e t$at it )ore or less #ro)oted closedborders for t$e )ove)ent of #eo#le 45o$nson6 7 free Trade and Closed orders; . T$e creation of *A(TA &as an i)#etus to restrictionist attitudes and antiJ)igrant legislationon t$e state and federal levels 45o$nson6 7An /ssa! on i))igration; 122 . f o r exa)#le6 t$e 1GG< in S ca)#aign 7o#eration loc+ade%-old t$e "ine; soug$t to deterundocu)ented )igration in /l aso6 and t$e 1GG in S ca)#aign 7o#eration 8ate+ee#er; ai)ed to curb )igration fro) Ti>uana to San Diego6 bot$ of &$ic$ re#resented t$e$ig$est traffic areas for undocu)ented crossings. T$ese federal initiatives &ere boo+ends to California3s 1GG ballot initiative6 ro#osition 1F 4Save our State . At its )ostbasic level6 according to t$e su))ar! #re#ared b! t$e attorne! general6 ro#osition 1F 7)a+es illegal aliens ineligible for #ublic social services6 #ublic $ealt$ care services4unless e)ergenc! under federal la& 6 and #ublic sc$ool education; 4cited in o no and Sloo# 1EG . lti)atel!6 ro#osition 1F &as dee)ed unconstitutional6 des#ite #assing&it$ G #ercent voter a##roval. ot$ t$e over&$el)ing su##ort and t$e extensive ca)#aign surrounding t$e initiative #aved a #at$&a! for additional antiJ)igrant initiativesand legislative efforts t$roug$ out t$e nited States. 9#eration 8ate+ee#er ca)e on t$e tide of t$e ro#osition 1F ca)#aign6 and could $ave even been vie&ed as a federal

res#onse to t$e #ro#osition 4 n e vins G2 . Clinton3s i))igration #ositions &ere constantl! under conservative fire6and 8ate+ee#erfunctioned to 7restore integrit!; of t$e San DiegoJ Ti>uana border b! enforcing t$e border )ore stringentl! 4 n evins < . 8ate+ee#er &as a #art of a broader fourJstage Sout$&est order Strateg! t$at soug$t to funnel )igration

out of )etro#olitan areas and into desolate areas li+e t$e Arizona desert as a )eans of deterring crossers6 andin fact6 in 2==16 a 8eneral Accounting office re#ort suggested t$at s$ifting traffic &as t$e #ri)ar! effect of t$estrateg! 4Stana and 0ez)ovic . T$e rationale for &$at t$e niversit! of Arizona inational Migration institute describes as t$e 7funnel effect; &as t$atbot$ t$e deat$s t$at &ould undoubtedl! occur as &ell as t$e danger #osed b! t$e desert &ould be enoug$ to#revent #eo#le fro) )a+ing t$e clandestine >ourne! 4Arnoldo 8arc a 0ubioJ 8o lds)it$ et al. . 2 T$oug$ )an! earlier )ilitarization strategiesovertl! suggested t$at t$e #ri)ar! goal of )ilitarization &as to enable successes in t$e War on Drugs6 t$e Sout$&est order Strateg! ex#ressl! states its focus as deterring7illegal aliens; 4Stana and 0ez)ovic 1 . T$is focus led to t$e order atrol3s budget being around U1.2 billion in 2==1 and6 of t$e G6=GE order atrol agents in t$e nited

States at t$at ti)e6 G< #ercent of t$e) being located in sectors on t$e Sout$&est border 4 . T$e 7funnel effect6; &$ic$ #us$ed crossings to t$e)ost desolate and dangerous #arts of t$e Arizona desert6 also led i))igration officials to suggest a need forincreased )ilitar!Jli+e tec$nolog! in order to find and a##re$end border crossers 40ubioJ 8olds)it$ et al. . As of Ma! 2==16around E )iles of border fence &ere erected as #art of t$e strateg! 4Stana and 0ez)ovic F . T$oug$ t$e De#art)ent of -o)eland Securit! and6 )ore s#ecificall!6 SCusto)s and order rotection suggest t$at nearl! t&o decades of border )ilitarization strategies are leading

to )ore securit! on S borders and #orts of entr!6 t$e $u)an conse uences of suc$ strategies areastrono)ical. T$e i)#acts of )ilitarization are )ost devastating for border crossers. In a 2==G re#ort s#onsored b! t$e A)erican Civil "iberties nion and Mexico3s national Co))ission of -u)an 0ig$ts6 Mar a 5i)enez calculates t$e nu)bers of deat$s and a##re$ensions along t$e Sout$&est

border fro) fiscal !ear 1GG to 2==F. < Co)#iling data fro) Mexico3s Secretariat of (oreign 0elations6 t$e S 8eneral Accounting office6 t$e S De#art)ent of -o)eland Securit! order Safet! initiative6 and various ne&ssources6 5i)enez re#orts 2< deat$s in 1GG 6 < F deat$s in 1GGG6 and F2 in 2== 45i)enez 1 . 9n average6bet&een < E and 2G )igrant re)ains are recovered eac$ !ear along t$e Sout$&est border. Mean&$ile6a##re$ension rates $ave $overed bet&een 2


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ani)al #redators. T$oug$ one )ig$t describe t$e -ernandez )urder as an isolated incident6 it suggests t$at)ilitarization #ractices $ave been detri)ental for citizens and )igrants ali+e.

)econd$ the militari ed approach to surveillance displayed by drone use abstracts theexperiences of migrants to data points and screen shots transforming real peopleinto calculable variables and space into control sites 2e should challenge this form of

violence and understand its relation to other forms of domination and war

2all and 3onahan "11 KT!ler Wall /astern 'entuc+! niversit!6 SA. T!ler Wall is an Assistant rofessor in t$e Sc$ool of 5ustice Studiesas /astern 'entuc+! niversit!. -e received $is $.D. in 5ustice Studies6 an interdisci#linar! degree fro) Arizona State niversit!. -e $as #ublis$ed $is&or+ in acade)ic >ournals suc$ as T$eoretical Cri)inolog!6 Social 5ustice: A 5ournal of Cri)e6 Conflict6 B World 9rder6 Identities: 8lobal Studies inCulture and o&er6 and Surveillance B Societ!6 a)ong ot$ers. Torin Mona$an anderbilt niversit!6 SA. Torin Mona$an is Associate rofessor ofCo))unication Studies at T$e niversit! of *ort$ Carolina at C$a#el -ill. Mona$an is an associate editor of t$e leading acade)ic >ournal onsurveillance6 Surveillance B Societ!. 7Surveillance and violence fro) afar: T$e #olitics of drones and li)inal securit!Jsca#es;O KM MO

T$e tec$nological )ediation vital to &$at &e call t$e drone stare3 is )ost often fra)ed b! advocates of As!ste)s as an un#roble)atic abilit! to see t$e trut$ of a #articular situation 4see 0attansi6 2=1= or to ac$ieve atotalizing vie& of t$e ob>ect3 under cos)ic control. In t$e &ords of 0obins and "evido& 41GG : 121 : /ne)! t$reatsLreal ori)aginar! 6 $u)an or )ac$ineL beca)e #recise grid locations6 abstracted fro) t$eir $u)an context.3 To t$e extentt$at t$is descri#tion is accurate6 it &ould a##ear to $old true for t$e use of drones in co)bat as &ell as nonJco)bat settings. P 5ournalist *oa$ S$ac$t)an 42== 6 &$oobserved drone o#erators )onitoring t$e S,Mexicoborder 6 betra!s t$roug$ $is descri#tion t$e de$u)anizing tendenc! of droneJ )ediated #erce#tions: /ver!oneloo+s li+e ger)s6 li+e ants6 fro) t$e -unter3s 1 6===J foot #oint of vie&. /s#eciall! &$en t$e ant $ill brea+sa#art6 and ever!bod! scatters in a dozen different directions.3 ut t$is #articular articulation )a+es no distinctionbet&een illegal i))igrants36 #olitical refugees6 or MexicanJA)erican citizens. In t$is sense6 t$e drone s!ste)radicall! $o)ogenizes t$ese identities into a single cluster of racialized infor)ation t$at is used for re)oteJcontrolled #rocesses of control and $ar). odies belo& beco)e t$ings to trac+6 )onitor6 a##re$end6 and +ill6&$ile t$e #ilot and ot$er allies on t$e net&or+ re)ain differentiated and #roxi)ate6 at least culturall! if not

#$!sicall!. P In t$e case of t$e use of )ilitar! drones for #recision3 +illing6 t$e #ractical action of f iring a -ellfire )issile is translated and transfor)edb! t$e infor)ational s!ste) into a co)#uterized c$ec+list of t$ings to do3. As one >ournalist &rites concerning S Air (orce drones6 *o&6 #ilots sa!6 itta+es u# to 1 ste#sLincluding entering data into a #ullJdo&n &indo&Lto fire a )issile3 4Dre&6 2==G . In t$is res#ect6 as 'evin -aggert! 42==E $as#ointed out6 t$e s#eed and )obilit! of infor)atized &arfare is #erforce slo&ed b! attendant co)#lex s!ste)s of control6 &$ic$ is a generalizable findingt$at #resents an i)#ortant caution against overdeter)ined conclusions about inevitable increases in t$e velocit! of &ar tec$nologies. ut t$is ste#Jb!J

ste# #rocess of entering data3 into a co)#uter s!ste) nonet$eless #ro#agates a de$u)anizing abstraction &$en living$u)an beings are rendered into )ere s#atial or tactical coordinates. As Avital 0onell 41GG2: #uts it: t$e c!borg soldier6located in co))and and control s!ste)s6 exercises on t$e fields of denial3. 'illing trans#ires not onl! at a distance but t$roug$ t$eroutine6 banal co)#uterized #rocedure of t!#ing and clic+ing. A s!ste)s6 according to one )ilitar! drone o#erator6 are #rett!si)#le3 to o#erate but6 P t$e c$allenge is ta+ing all t$e infor)ation available and fusing it into so)et$ing t$at3s usable and t$en #racticing and exercisingt$e constraint or t$e let$al #o&er to eit$er #reserve life or to #rosecute an attac+. And t$at is &$ere t$e c$allenge reall! is6 $oning t$at &arrior s#iritL

+no&ing &$en to sa! &$en. P 40attansi6 2=1= P ut as &e $ave discussed6 t$is +no&ing &$en to sa! &$en3 is not a decision3 t$at is )ade ina vacuu) but is rat$er a sovereign act s$a#ed b! social and #olitical nor)s6 &$ic$ are encoded in bot$ t$einstitutional #ractices and tec$nological s!ste)s of drone &arfare. P T$e state +illing enacted b! A s!ste)sexists in a discursive and s!)bolic context &$ere a steadfast belief in #recision tec$nolog! $el#s >ustif! t$etec$noJscientific violence of t$e West 4S$a&6 2== . Central to co))on re#resentations of virtuous &arfare6 and es#eciall! aerial &arfare6is t$e idea t$at t$e SA is tec$nologicall! su#erior to ot$er countries in its &ar ca#abilities6 #articularl! because of its relianceon s)art bo)bs3 and #recisionJguided )issiles3 t$at distinguis$ bet&een legiti)ate and illegiti)ate targets 4Der Derian6 2==1 . T$is6 in turn6 bringsabout an ex#ectation t$at )ilitaries s$ould go to great lengt$s to use t$eir violence in discri)inator! &a!s t$attarget co)batants &$ile avoiding civilians 4 eier6 2==< . Militaries in tec$nologicall! advanced countries suc$ as t$e S e)bracet$is r$etoric to assert t$at t$e! $ave t$e ca#acit! to conduct &ar in )ore legal and )oral &a!s t$an lesstec$nologicall! advanced countries 4 eier6 2==< . P 9f course6 clai)s to tec$nological so#$istication are al&a!s relative ones t$at can invite $ubris on t$e#art of t$ose #arties #resu)ing su#eriorit!. T$is &as revealed &$en it &as discovered in 2==G t$at Ira i insurgents $ad accessed unencr!#ted videofootage fro) S redator drones 48or)an et al.6 2==G . T$is exa)#le6 &$ile e)barrassing for S )ilitar! officials6 illustrates a #aradox in t$econstruction of t$e ene)! ot$er. Insurgents &ere a##arentl! #resu)ed too bac+&ard and unso#$isticated to ta# unenJ cr!#ted signals broadcasted b!


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t$e SA. ! interce#ting t$ese signals &it$ a##arent ease using U2E offJt$eJs$elf soft&are3 48or)an et al.6 2==G and storing t$e feeds on la#to#co)#uters6 t$e ene)! effectivel! elevated its o&n s!)bolic legiti)ac! as civilized #eoJ #les6 in large #art because in t$e West tec$nologicalac$ieve)ent and abilit! are often e uated &it$ civilization 4Adas6 1GFG . T$e ene)! )oreover de)onstrated its agenc! and its refusal to beco)e a

legible and docile ob>ect for &estern control. P eo#le &$o are a&are of adversarial )onitoring fro) t$e s+ies also engagein tactics to evade t$e drone stare. S#ecificall!6 sub>ects of drone surveillance $ave tried to be stealt$ier andca)ouflage t$e)selves better t$an t$e! $ave in t$e #ast. In t$e *ort$ P Waziristan region of a+istan &$ere drone surveillance andviolence $as been $eavil! concentrated6 t$e standard &a!s in &$ic$ )ilitants $ave traditionall! traveled6 sle#t6 and co))unicated $as been significantl!altered b! t$e aerial gaze of A s6 according to so)e local sources 4 erlez and S$a$6 2=1= . Co)batants $ave allegedl! abandoned satJ ellite #$onesand large gat$erings in favor of co))unicating b! courier and )oving stealt$il! in s)all grou#s3 &$ile also establis$ing $ideJouts in )ountainside

tunnels and rel!ing )ore on civilianJloo+ing trans#ortation as o##osed to allJterrain ve$icles3 4 erlez and S$a$6 2=1= . In addition6 if #ast rusesof ca)ouflage and s#atial dece#tion e)#lo!ed b! undocu)ented i))igrants along S border regions aregood indicators6 undocu)ented )igrants see+ing entrance to t$e SA &ill find ne& &a!s of subverting anddisa##earing fro) t$e gaze of A s 4Corc$ado6 2==< .

-he structural violence of imprisonment and anti6immigration policy outweighs theirimpact calculus is hegemonically distorted because a 7uantitative approach toviolence is insufficient)cheper6(ughes and #ourgois 80 4 rof of Ant$ro#olog! Y CalJ er+el! rof of Ant$ro#olog! Y enn 4*anc! and $ili##e6Introduction: Ma+ing Sense of iolence6 in iolence in War and eace6 #g. 1GJ22

T$is large and at first sig$t 7)ess!; art II is central to t$is ant$olog!3s t$esis. It enco)#asses ever!t$ing fro) t$e routinized6 bureaucratized6 and utterl! banal violence of c$ildren d!ing of $ungerand )aternal des#air in *ort$east razil 4Sc$e#erJ-ug$es6 C$a#ter ian 1GGG . ut&e $old an o##osing and alternative vie& t$at6 to t$e contrar!6 it is absolutel! necessar! to )a+e >ust suc$ existential lea#s in #ur#osefull! lin+ing violent acts in nor)al ti)es to t$ose of abnor)alti)es. -ence t$e title of our volu)e: iolence in War and in eace. If 4as &e concede t$ere is a )oral ris+ in overextending t$e conce#t of 7genocide; into s#aces and corners of ever!da! life &$ere&e )ig$t not ordinaril! t$in+ to find it 4and t$ere is 6 an even greater ris+ lies in f ailing to sensitize ourselves6 in )isrecognizing #rotogenocidal #ractices and senti)ents dail! enacted as nor)ativebe$avior b! 7ordinar!; goodJenoug$ citizens. eaceti)e cri)es6 suc$ as #rison construction sold as econo)ic develo#)ent to i)#overis$ed co))unities in t$e )ountains and deserts of California6or t$e evolution of t $e cri)inal industrial co)#lex into t$e latest #eculiar institution for )anaging race relations in t$e nited States 4Wa uant6 C$a#ter


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capacity among otherwise good enough humans and that we need to exercise a defensive hypervigilance to the lessdramatic, permitted, and even rewarded everyday acts of violence that render participation in genocidalacts and policies possible 4under adverse #olitical or econo)ic c onditions 6 #er$a#s )ore easil! t$an &e &ould li+e to recognize. nder t$e violence continuu) &e include6t$erefore6 all ex#ressions of radical social exclusion6 de$u)anization6 de#ersonalJ ization6 #seudos#eciation6 and reification &$ic$ nor)alize atrocious be$avior and v iolence to&ard ot$ers. Aconstant selfJ)obilization for alar)6 a state of constant $!#erarousal is6 #er$a#s6 a reasonable res#onse to en>a)in3s vie& of late )odern $istor! as a c$ronic 7state of e)ergenc!; 4Taussig6C$a#ter


12/55

t$e $eart of virtuous &ar is t$e tec$nical ca#abilit! and et$ical i)#erative to t$reaten and6 if necessar!6actualize violence fro) a distance ... &it$ no or )ini)al casualties; 4Der Derian6 2==16 #age xv6 e)#$asis in t$e original Land6 as aconse uence6 so too does anger about t$e) a)ong activists and critical t$in+ers. 9ne feature of t$is anger see)s to be t$at t$e drones are un)anned6and t$us a ne& ste# in t$e tec$nolog! of )ilitar! distancing3 or ris+Jtransfer &arfare3. T$is clai) $as been )ade so fre uentl! t$at a co)#lete li st ofreferences &ould be #ointless6 so let /ric -obsba&)3s )ore general #oint stand in $ere: one of t$e features of t$e 7age of extre)es;6 notes -obsba&)6is t$e 7ne& i)#ersonalit! of &arfare6 &$ic$ turned +illing and )ai)ing into t$e re)ote conse uence of #us$ing a button or )oving a lever. Tec$nolog!)ade its victi)s invisible6 as #eo#le eviscerated b! ba!onets6 or seen t$roug$ t$e sig$ts of firear)s6 could not be.; 9ne of -obsba&)3s )ain exa)#lesis6 unsur#risingl!6 air #o&er: 7(ar belo& t$e aerial bo)bers &ere not #eo#le about to be burned an eviscerated6 but targets .. . t$e greatest cruelties ofour centur! $ave been t$e i)#ersonal cruelties of re)ote decision; 41GG 6 #age = . T$e i)#ersonal cruelt! of re)ote +illing and un)anned tec$nolog!see)s to be t$e essence of one as#ect of t$e criticis) of drones: bo)bings and assassinations b! a #iece of e ui#)ent far re)oved fro) an! $u)ano#erator. (ro) a critical #ers#ective6 t$is see)s a rat$er naive t$ing to be angr! about6 e it$er in ter)s of t$e conflicts of &orld $istor! or in ter)s oftec$nological #ossibilit!6 since )axi)ising let$alit! &$ile reducing t$e ris+ to a state3s o&n co)batants is in$erent to t$e logic of all )ilitar! tec$nological

advance. T$e ot$er )a>or concern #eo#le $ave about drones is t$at t$e! no& #atrol t$e s+ies not >ust in t$e lands of Afg$anistan6 Ira 6 and a+istan but of t$e &$ole #lanet6 and not >ust in &ar zones3 but in civilian areas3. T$us one findst$at t$e! no& fl! over cities engaged in #olice o#erations6 fro) )anaging e)ergencies caused b! naturaldisasters to s#!ing on foreign drug cartels6 fig$ting cri)e6 conducting border control o#erations6 and generalsurveillance 4Wall and Mona$an6 2=116 #age 2 = . In t$e S6 follo&ing a 2==< decision b! t$e (ederal Aviation Aut$orit!to grant license to A s to fl! over A)erican civilian airs#ace6 )ore and )ore A)erican states no& &or+ &it$drones6 and a Congressional 0esearc$ Service re#ort noted in 2=1= t$at 7recent A )odification is #art of anongoing #us$ b! so)e #olic!)a+ers and C KCusto)s and order rotectionO to bot$ ex#and C 3s Aresources and o#en do)estic airs#ace for A o#erations; 4-addal and 8ertler6 2=1=6 #age 1 . In t$e ' a nu)ber of #oliceforces $ave trialled t$e use of drones6 over 12= co)#anies $ave been given blan+et #er)ission3 to fl! s)all drones &it$in t$e ' for surveillance#ur#oses6 and t$e ' AST0A/A #rogra))e ai)s to 7enable t$e routine use of AS K n)anned Aircraft S!ste)sO in all classes of airs#ace &it$out t$e

need for restrictive or s#ecialised conditions of o#eration; 4AST0A/A6 2=12 also Cole6 2=126 #age 2E . -ence t$e criticis)6 &$ic$ runs:t$is is tec$nolog! designed for &ar and it is being used to #olice civilians it is anot$er ste# in t$e )ilitarisation3of #olicing. M! argu)ent6 $o&ever6 is t$at air #o&er $as al&a!s been #olice #o&er. 9n t$is basis &e need toread t$e drone not as a ne& for) of )ilitar! tec$nolog! t$at is so)e$o& being allo&ed to snea+ into civilians#aces but6 rat$er6 as a continuation of t$e #olice logic in$erent in air #o&er since its ince#tion. Des#ite t$e #ublicit!surrounding t$e) t$e vast )a>orit! of drones are not so#$isticated bo)bing or +illing )ac$ines but are in fact s)all andunar)ed )odels used #ri)aril! for battlefield surveillance. 9f t$e 1= GG )issions flo&n b! redator and 0ea#er drones over Iraand Afg$anistan during 2== and 2==F6 )issiles &ere fired on onl! 2 )issions 4Turse and /ngel$ardt6 2=126 #age 1 G Wall and Mona$an6 2=116#age 2 2 . T$eir +e! feature is t$at t$e! are dis#osable6 a feature $ig$lig$ted b! t$e s)aller and s)aller A s6 dro##ed fro) aircraft6 fired into t$e air b!

$and6 cata#ult6 or slings$ot 4 lac+)ore6 2== 6 #ages 1or t$e)e of t$e air #o&er literature of t$e 1G2=s6 foundin t$e &or+ of Mitc$ell6 Severs+!6 (uller6 and all t$e ot$ers6 but t$e anal!sis #rovided in T$e Co))and of t$e Air b! 8iulio Dou$et6 first #ublis$ed in 1G216ex#anded in 1G2 6 and #er$a#s t$e first definitive account of t$e influence of air #o&er on &orld $istor!6 is re#resentative: t$e art of aerial &arfare6 notesDou$et6 is t$e art of destro!ing cities6 of attac+ing civilians6 of terrorising t$e #o#ulation. In t$e future6 &ar 7&ill be &aged essentiall! against t$e unar)ed

#o#ulations of t$e cities and great industrial centres;. T$ere are no longer soldiers and citizens6 or co)batants and

nonco)batants: 7&ar is no longer a clas$ bet&een ar)ies6 but is a clas$ bet&een nations6 bet&een &$ole#o#ulations.; Aerial bo)bing )eans &ar is no& 7total &ar; 4Dou$et6 2==or #o&ers foug$t againstacce#ting t$is for so)e ti)e. 49r at least6 foug$t against acce#ting it in t$eir classic doctrine of &ar as a battle bet&een )ilitaril! industrialised nationJstates t$e #olice bo)bing of colonies &as entirel! acce#table to t$e)6 as &e $ave seen . ut eventuall!6 in t$e course of World War 2 t$e! conceded6and b! 5ul! 1G a S Ar)! assess)ent of strategic air #o&er could o#enl! state t$at 7t$ere are no civilians in 5a#an; 4cited in S$err!6 1GF 6 #age


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drone is #er)anent #olice #resence across t$e territor!. 7 n)anned aircraft $ave >ust revolutionized our abilit!to #rovide a constant stare against our ene)!;6 said a senior S )ilitar! official. 7 sing t$e allJseeing e!e6 !ou&ill find out &$o is i)#ortant in a net&or+6 &$ere t$e! live6 &$ere t$e! get t$eir su##ort fro)6 &$ere t$eirfriends are; 4cited in arnes6 2==G . Muc$ as t$is )ig$t be i)#ortant geo#oliticall!6 &it$ drones being ca#able of )aintainingnonsto# surveillance of vast s&at$es of land and sea for so long as t$e tec$nolog! and fuel su##lies allo&6 it is also not$ing less t$an t$estate3s drea) of a #er#etual #olice #resence across t$e territor! 4*eocleous6 2=== . And it is a #olice #resenceenca#sulated b! t$e #rocess of colonisation6 ca#tured in t$e ar)! docu)ent 7Stri+eStar 2=2 ; &$ic$ s#ea+s of t$e#er)anent #resence of A s in t$e s+! as a for) of 7air occu#ation; 4Car)ic$ael et al6 1GGE6 #age viii . Drones $ave

been described as t$e #erfect tec$nolog! for de)ocratic &arfare6 co)bining as t$e! do a certain utilitarianc$aracter &it$ an a##ealing ris+Jtransfer 3 4Sauer and Sc$oring6 2=12 6 but #er$a#s &e need to t$in+ of t$e) e uall! as t$e#erfect tec$nolog! of liberal #olice. W$en in 1G < Disne! soug$t to #o#ularise t$e idea of victor! t$roug$ air #o&er36 t$e co)#an! #robabl!$ad little idea >ust uite &$at t$is victor! )ig$t )ean6 be!ond t$e defeat of 5a#an. ut if t$ere is a victor! t$roug$ air #o&er to be $adon t$e #art of t$e state it is surel! not )erel! t$e defeat of a )ilitar! ene)! but t$e victor! of #er#etual #olice.

-his normali ation of militarism expressed through surveillance and incarcerationculminates in endless wars and endemic violenceC$andra Tal#ade 3ohanty 6 8ender Studies at S!racuse niversit!6 %&11

K


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sub>ectivities , thus necessitating a feminist criti ue. Geo-liberalism, !ilitarisation and :eminist Hriti ue #ar is on the global agenda precisel) because the nephase of capitalist e"pansionism re uires the destruction of an) economic acti*it) not subordinated to the logic of accumulation, and this is necessaril) a *iolentprocess. Horporate capital cannot e"tend its reach o*er the planet4s resources from the elds to the seas and forests to people4s la- bour, and our *er) genetic pools

ithout generating an intense resist- ance orld ide. !oreo*er, it is in the nature of the present capitalist crisis that no mediations are possible, and that de*elopment

planning in the Third #orld gi*es a) to ar. Sil*ia :ederici 5nd6 I)#erial fe)inist #ro>ects devoted to bringing 7freedo) andde)ocrac!; to o##ressed t$ird &orld &o)en $ave buttressed >ustifications for &ar and occu#ation in recent

)ears 5 bu-;ughod 20023 /isenstein 200D3 !ahmood 200 . In i)#erial de)ocrac!6 &o)en serve as an alibi for neocolonial ad*entures in &arJ )a+ing6 and in soJcalled $u)anitarian and #eace+ee#ing )isJ sions . ustified; for)s of

surveillance and violence at )ulti#le levels. T$e #olitical econo)! of securitised states is focused fundamentall)on t$e #er)anent abandon)ent of certain 7ca#tive #o#ulations 5%ordon 200L6 ho are )ar+ed as t$reats to t$eneoliberal order . ere militarised capitalism is enshrined ithin securitised states, and orks in concert ith fundamentalist indu, !uslim, 8e ish andHhristian social mo*ements to produce a surge of reactionar) neoliberal gender identities. :or instance, Aebecca 9ingo4s 520076 ork on neoliberalism and the HhristianAight in the US sho s ho the rhetoric of crisis and national securit) col- lapses the market, indi*idualism, pro-famil) and conser*ati*e religious ethics, ith the nation

naturalising the link bet een neoliberal capitalist market *alues and US culture. It is t$e r$etoric of t$e 7condition of &o)en; that serves bothas a #retext for i)#erial occu#ation in Ira and Afg$anistan6 and also creates struggles unto deat$ bet&eent$e &est and t$e east 5$anner+i et al 20106. s $anner+i et al suggest, ith the retreat of socialism, t$e contrasting gender agendas ofi)#erialist neolibJ eralis) and of et$nic and religious nationalis)s co)bine to subJ >ugate &o)en acrossnational borders. ere, i)#erialist6 racist6 ca#italist #atriarc$ies &it$ t$eir o&n colonial $istories collide &it$7e uall! #atriarc$al6 #rivateJ#ro#ert! oriented6 racialising et$nic nationalis)s 5$anner+i et al 2010E 2LD6. :eministphilosopher Teresa $rennan argues that neoliberal conditions create a bio-deregulation of the bod) 5200=E 276. She suggests that the material eMects of neoliberalglobalisation can be read as a biopolitics here a lack of time and a life rh)thm of rushing and insecurit) aMects marginalised bodies in concrete a)s. deregulatedbod) goes ithout enough sleep, rest and proper food in a culture that pri*ileges immediate pro t o*er long-term sustainabilit) 5$rennan 200=E 20, =26. Similarl), I sug-

gest that e need to e"amine the possibilit) of a bioJ)ilitarisation of t$e bod! that occurs &it$in neoliberal, securitised regi)es . bio-militarised bod) is one that must sur*i*e under conditions of perpetual control and sur*eillance, is sub+ect to the constant material and s)mbolic *iolence enacted b)

the state, and li*es in constant fear of being arrested or incarcerated. A bioJ)ilitarised bod! lives under a constant state ofdis#ossession and &it$ a lac+ of basic civil rig$ts evident in t$e dissolution of citizens$i# in occupied or securitised&ones. It is al&a!s #articular dispossessed bodies indigenous, immigrant, Musli)6 raced , classed, and genderJ)ar+ed bodies t$at are bio-deregulated or bioJ)ilitarised6 never generic ones . Geoliberal and )ilitarised conditions #rivilege certain#o#ulations 5the bona de citi&en-sub+ect6 &$ile simultaneousl) dis#ossessing ot$ers6 constructing t$e) as non-citi&ens, criminals, asbare life; 5 gamben 200N6. It is this comple" condition of disposses- sion of particular communities that is generated b) ars, alls and pro t-making that must be

condemned. Interestingl), the alls in


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i)bued &it$ and dependent on t$e logic of )ilitar! institution s in a)s t$at #er)eate economic priorities 6 govern)ent#olicies , popular culture, language, educational s)stems, and naJ tional values and identities 5/nloe 200D6.

-hus$ the plan:

-he nited )tates Congress should re7uire warrants for all law enforcementoperations utili ing drones$ implement a maximum duration of twenty four hours onwarranted operations$ restrict sense6enhancing technology$ and delete anysuperfluous data within a '& day period

Comprehensive restrictions and warrants are key to implode government abuse ofdrones these regulations will force accountability for all missions

;ang %&10 KDouglas6 5.D.6 oston niversit! Sc$ool of "a&6 2=1 [ 7 I8 09T-/0NS 809W* WI*8S:T-/ D9M/STIC 09"I(/0ATI9* 9( D09*/ S 0 /I""A*C/ A*D T-/ "AWNS 0/S 9*S/6; The BostonUniversity Public Interest Law Journal [ 2< . . ub. Int. ".5. < udicative #roceeding. n22E T$e brig$tJline 0ules listed belo& s$ould beconsidered as a $olistic guide J not as K\< O individual suggestions t$at &or+ in isolation. T$us6 a drone s$ould confide b! all six 0ules conte)#oraneousl! J no one 0ule $olds greater &eig$t t$an an! of t$e ot$ers: T-/ SI] 0 "/S (90 D09*/ SA8/ 0ule 1 : Warrantless Drone

se Sub>ect to t$e restrictions of 0ules 2 t$roug$ 6 Drone o#erations t$at are confined to 41 nonJla& enforce)ento#erations 42 situations &$ere a $ig$ ris+ of terrorist attac+ exists 4o!)ent of t$e #ro#ert!6 a &arrant is re uired . Warrants issued #ursuant to 0ule < )ust be founded u#on #robable cause t$ata drone )ust necessaril! fl! 41 unreasonabl! close to #rivate #ro#ert! 42 in violation of an a##licable airs#ace regulation or la& or 4< in a )anner t$at

causes a nuisance6 to effectuate its )ission. T$is 0ule does not a##l! &$ere an i))inent danger to life exists. 0ule : SenseJ/n$ancing Tec$nolog!0estrictions /xce#t &$ere a $ig$ ris+ of terrorist attac+ or i))inent danger to life or #ro#ert! exist6 no drone s$all use senseJen$ancingtec$nolog! t$at is not in general #ublic use6 on a target t$at is #rivate #ro#ert!6 &it$out a &arrant. (or t$e #ur#osesof t$is 0ule6 senseJen$ancing tec$nolog! generall! enco)#asses an! tool6 )et$od6 tec$nolog!6 or soft&are t$at artificiall! increases6 ex#ands6 and%ori)#roves an individualNs abilit! to $ear6 see6 s)ell6 or #erceive. K\< EO (or t$e #ur#oses of t$is 0ule6 Rin general #ublic useR )eans t$at a #articularsenseJen$ancing tec$nolog! can be boug$t or sold on t$e o#en )ar+et in t$e nited States &it$out significant govern)ental restriction. /xa)#les ofsignificant govern)ental restriction include )ini)u) age li)itations6 li)itations on &$o can #urc$ase or #ossess suc$ tec$nolog!6 )andator! licensure

and )andator! registration. 0ule : rivate ro#ert! Tres#ass 0estrictions A drone )a! onl! enter a $o)e6 #lace of business6 orenclosed #rivate structure &it$out a &arrant &$en an i))inent danger to life exists6 and onl! if t$e droneNso#eration is critical to #reventing or )itigating danger to life . 0ule E : Data Collection 0estrictions Infor)ation or dataobtained b! a drone )a! not be retained and stored for )ore t$an t$irt! da!s unless t$e govern)ent $olds#robable cause t$at t$e infor)ation or data contains evidence of a felon! or is relevant to an ongoinginvestigation or trial. Infor)ation or data obtained b! a drone )a! not be intentionall! distributed or s$ared &it$ an!unaut$orized #erson or entit!6 unless a##roved b! la&. Infor)ation or data obtained b! a drone in violation of an! of t$e above 0ules )a! not be usedas evidence in a court of la& or ad>udicative #roceeding against an! individual or entit!. Individuals $old a #rivate rig$t of action to sue for an in>unctionagainst se#arate and re#eated violations of t$e above 0ules.
http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?tokenKey=rsh-20.531851.3619163485&target=results_DocumentContent&returnToKey=20_T22184783264&parent=docview&rand=1434385495861&reloadEntirePage=true#n225http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?tokenKey=rsh-20.531851.3619163485&target=results_DocumentContent&returnToKey=20_T22184783264&parent=docview&rand=1434385495861&reloadEntirePage=true#n225http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?tokenKey=rsh-20.531851.3619163485&target=results_DocumentContent&returnToKey=20_T22184783264&parent=docview&rand=1434385495861&reloadEntirePage=true#n226http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?tokenKey=rsh-20.531851.3619163485&target=results_DocumentContent&returnToKey=20_T22184783264&parent=docview&rand=1434385495861&reloadEntirePage=true#n227http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?tokenKey=rsh-20.531851.3619163485&target=results_DocumentContent&returnToKey=20_T22184783264&parent=docview&rand=1434385495861&reloadEntirePage=true#n227http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?tokenKey=rsh-20.531851.3619163485&target=results_DocumentContent&returnToKey=20_T22184783264&parent=docview&rand=1434385495861&reloadEntirePage=true#n227http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?tokenKey=rsh-20.531851.3619163485&target=results_DocumentContent&returnToKey=20_T22184783264&parent=docview&rand=1434385495861&reloadEntirePage=true#n225http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?tokenKey=rsh-20.531851.3619163485&target=results_DocumentContent&returnToKey=20_T22184783264&parent=docview&rand=1434385495861&reloadEntirePage=true#n226http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?tokenKey=rsh-20.531851.3619163485&target=results_DocumentContent&returnToKey=20_T22184783264&parent=docview&rand=1434385495861&reloadEntirePage=true#n227


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And6 &arrants are +e! to c$ec+ )ilitarization of do)estic s#ace , accountabilit! guarantees trans#arenc! Bli)its t$e sco#e of acce#table drone o#erations.

#auer$ %&1' 4Max6 5D Y oston College , Attorne! at W$ite B Associates6 7Do)estic Drone Surveillancesage: T$reats and 9##ortunities for 0egulation6; ACLU Briefing Pa er 6 9nline:

$tt#s:%%#rivac!sos.org%do)estic^drones

-istor! s$o&s t$at our res#onse to t$reats to our #$!sical safet! )ustnNt involve #rogra)s or #olicies t$atdi)inis$ our core rig$ts . T&o centuries ago6 during a ti)e of great national insecurit!6 t$e War of 1F126 t$e Constitution3s #ri)ar! aut$or6

resident 5a)es Madison6 too+ virtuall! no ste#s to di)inis$ civil liberties. MadisonNs a##roac$ did not lead to t$e nation3s de)ise. K EO Wit$ t$e riseof do)estic drones as a c$err! on to# of an alread! s#ra&ling surveillance state6 A)erica is $eaded in t$eo##osite direction. ut t$ere is ti)e !et to ensure t$e tec$nolog! doesnNt tra)#le all over our rig$ts. If )assdrone surveillance is inesca#able6 &arrant and data collection re#orting re uire)ents &ill #rovide a criticalc$ec+ against govern)ent abuses . 5ustice randeis $as &ritten6 7 ublicit! is >ustl! co))ended as a re)ed! for socialand industrial diseases. Sunlig$t is said to be t$e best of disinfectants electric lig$t t$e )ost efficient#olice)an .; K ODo)estic drones can )onitor individuals al)ost constantl! it3s t$erefore essential to $ave

sunlig$t s$ine u#on t$eir o#erators6 to )onitor t$eir actions. T$e #ublicit! necessar! to $old t$eir o#erationsaccountable to t$e #ublic re uires trans#arenc! and accountabilit!. K FODrone usage &ill continue to ex#and and)a! not sto# even at infrared ca)era surveillance and bio)etric data ac uisition. T$e 8uardian3s 8lenn 8reen&ald $as cautioned t$at alt$oug$do)estic drones )a! currentl! be li)ited to t$ose outfitted onl! &it$ surveillance e ui#)ent6 given t$eincreasing )ilitarization of do)estic la& enforce)ent6 t$e ti)e )a! co)e soon &$en do)estic drones are&ea#onized . K GO uteven s$ort of t$at futuristic nig$t)are6 drone surveillance alread! #oses a ne& t$reat tolibert! at $o)e . As our (ourt$ A)end)ent searc$ #rotection di)inis$es &it$ t$e #rogress of tec$nolog! 6 KE=Olegislative initiatives and #ublic outcr! )a! be t$e onl! &a! to #rotect t$e rig$t to #rivac! in t$e age of do)esticdrones.

And$ changes in surveillance policy must be grounded in anti6militarist knowledgeproduction it"s impossible to change these material conditions without anappreciation for how militarism structures policymaking and other realities

Ch5ve "1% K'ar)a 0. C$Vvez6 associate #rofessor of r$etoric6 #olitics and culture at niversit! ofWisconsinJMadison. $.D. Arizona State niversit!6 2== . M.A. niversit! of Alaba)a6 2==ects suc$ as citizens$i#6)edia re#resentation6 and )igrant identit! 4Cisneros6 740e ordering t$e Civic i)aginar!; DeC$aine6 7 ordering t$e Civic i )aginar!; Mc'innon o no

and Sloo# S$i . T$oug$ a nu)ber of sc$olars in ot$er acade)ic disci#lines &it$in t$e $u)anities and social sciences $ave &ritten about border )ilitarization 4e.g.6 Andreas6 70edra&ing t$e "ine; Dunn6 Militarization of t$e S Mexico order nevins 6 in revie&ing r$etoric andco))unication sc$olars$i# #ertaining to i))igration and borders6 &it$ t$e exce#tion of a fe& #assing )entions 4De)o6 7Afteri)age;and 7Sovereignt! Discourse Carrillo 0o&e DeC$aine6 7 ordering t$e Civic i)aginar!; o no and Sloo# 6 an engage)ent &it$ t$e r$etoric of border )ilitarization is virtuall! nonexistent. instead6 in #ost,Se#te)ber 116 2==1 6 S A)erica6 &$ere t$e do)inantborder r$etorics e)erge fro) t$e soJ called War on Terror6 discourses of 7border securit!; and 7nationalsecurit!; are t$e #arlance of t$e da! for r$etoric sc$olars 4e.g.6 Dun)ire6 7G%11 C$anged /ver!t$ing; and 7 ree)#ting t$e future;8ales i vie i vie and 8iner Mirrlees o no 0o>ec+i 0oss . T$oug$ )an! of t$ese anal!ses offer rigorous criti ues of t$e &a! securit! discourses )anifest and #er#etuate troubling i)aginaries of safet! and #rivac!6 t$e #roble) &it$ t$e e)#$asis sc$olars #lace on


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anal!ses of t$e r$etoric of securit! is t$at it enables state a##aratuses and conservative ideolog! to dictate t$efra)ing of discussion and debate. 9no and Sloo# argue t$at discourses construct borders6 and i &ould extend t$is tosa! t$at discourse constitutes t$e &a! i))igration 6 generall!6 is understood . If sc$olars use t$e state3sconservative ideogra#$s L t$eir ideological building bloc+sL to tal+ about )atters of #ublic interest 4Mc8ee6 7 ideogra#$3; 6conservative ideolog! continues to fra)e t$e broader debate in #eo#le3s )inds. -his in turn suggests thatthe public may be more willing to support problematic state policy and action$ for no other terms existby which to understand important issues T$e issue of fra)ing is es#eciall! dire in relation to t$e SJ Mexicoborder 6 &$ic$ $as6 in t$e e!es of )an! #oliticians6 #undits6 and citizens ali+e beco)e t$e greatest source for insecurit! in t$e national i)aginar!. T$ediscourse of national securit! intert&ines &it$ t$e War on Terror6 t$e t$reat of drug s)uggling6 and t$e invasionof 7illegal aliens; so t$at )ilitarization of regions of t$e SJ Mexico border see)s natural and &arranted in order to#rotect citizens f ro) t$ese su##osed t$reats. Moreover6 as sc$olars increasingl! note6 7ever!da! )ilitarization; a#tl!describes t$e &a!s in &$ic$ 7ordinar! #eo#le; acce#t t$e beliefs of )ilitaris) and )ilitarization in suc$ a &a! t$atu#$olds state )ilitar! and )ilitarization #olic! 4 ernazzoli and f lint . Caren 'a#lan ui#s in an essa! on $o& t$e #o#ularit! oftec$nolog! li+e 8lobal ositioning Satellites 48 S can lead to )ilitarized consu)ers and citizens : 7 for )ost #eo#le in t$e nited States6&ar is al)ost al&a!s ever!&$ere; 4EG< . fe)inist sc$olars suc$ as C!nt$ia /nloe $ave long called attention to t$e &a! t$at)ilitarization see#s into ordinar! lives as a regular #art of #ublic discourse 4/nloe6 Does '$a+i eco)e ou?6 8lobalizationand Militaris)6 Maneuvers . ecause )ilitar! discourse #ervades t$e ever!da! 6 its furt$er ex#ansion in )!riad for)s #roves for)an! to be co))on#lace instead of &orriso)e. I)#ortantl !6 )ilitarization of t$e SJ Mexico border $as not occurred in res#onseto t$e War on Terror instead6 it $as been in t$e S govern)ent3s #lan at least since t$e 0eaganad)inistration6 and $as virtuall! not$ing to do &it$ t$e events of Se#te)ber 116 2==1 4Dunn6 Militarization of t$e SMexico order . As one exa)#le6 t$e i))igration and naturalization Services3 4 in S3s fourJ #$ase 7Sout$&est order Strateg!6; i)#le)ented #ostJ*A(TA in 1GG 6 strategicall! #lanned to )ilitarize t$e SJ Mexico border in order to allegedl! deter clandestine crossings 4Stana and 0ez)ovic . T$e

events of Se#te)ber 116 2==16#rovided a convenient rationale to $eig$ten t$ese strategies 6 &$ic$ $ad been in )otion for decades!et6 a context of 7ever!da! )ilitarization; cou#led &it$ t$e r$etoric of securit! $as obfuscated an urgent need tofocus on t$e devastation of border )ilitarization on border crossers and co))unities s#ecificall!6 and #rivac! and civil liberties )oregenerall!. 8ordon Mitc$ell suggests t$at r$etoric sc$olars &$o stud! social )ove)ents s$ould also enable )ove)ent &it$ t$eir &or+. T$is c$a#ter &ill

de)onstrate t$e need for border r$etoric sc$olars to turn t$e discourse of securit! to&ard a discourse of )ilitarization in t$e$o#es of )a+ing a civic intervention into t$e broader national debate. If )ore #eo#le understood $o& )ilitarization&or+s and t$e careful &a! t$at t$e r$etoric of securit! disguises its )aterial i)#acts6 it is li+el! t$at t$e Sgovern)ent &ould be forced to be )ore accountable to its #eo#le 6 and r$etoric sc$olars s$ould lead t$is c$arge. I begin t$isargu)ent b! first defining )ilitarization and briefl! tracing t$e increase in border )ilitarization6 s#ecificall! on t$e SJMexico border since t$e )idJ to

late 1 GF=s. *ext6 I outline t$e severit! of t$e conse uences suc$ )ilitarization $as $ad for border co))unities and border crossers6 and &$at t$is)eans for residents of t$e nited States )ore broadl!. I t$en argue &$! t$e language of )ilitarization is so crucial t$roug$ a brief anal!sis of Secureorder Initiative Mont$l!6 or S I Mont$l!6 #roduced b! t$e Secure order initiative 4S i rogra) Manage)ent o ff ice 4 M o and designed to

#rovide ne&s and infor)ation on t$e S i and t$e no&J defunct S i net6 t&o )a>or #rogra)s of t$e De#art)ent of -o)eland Securit! 4D-S to

aug)ent 7border securit!.; T$ese ne&sletters evidence t$e ease &it$ &$ic$ undocu)ented )igration and terroris) are conflated6si)ilarl! to $o& undocu)ented )igration and drug traffic+ing &ere conflated decades ago6 as a >ustification forincreased )ilitarization.


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Drone )tare


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A%: Alt Causes

-he border is increasingly militari ed drones are a huge component of a strategy thatconflates immigration with terrorism

ust assigned to t$e territorial borders 6but no& even bus and train co))uters bet&een cities in t$e east andMid&est $ave gro&n accusto)ed to being as+ed for #roof of citizens$i# b! t$e order atrol at train sto#s and bus sto#s in &$at $asessentiall! beco)e an 7internal docu)ent c$ec+; 4 ernstein 2=1= . Moreover6 in #laces far fro) an! border6 international students areroutinel! detained for interrogation 4Wood&ard 2=11 . In addition6 #rivate citizens $ave organized into antiJi))igration andvigilante grou#s 6 suc$ as t$e Minute)en &$o &atc$ out for )igrants &it$out #olice oversig$t L serving as a sort of citizen Jdetective for) of surveillance re)iniscent of 9r&ell3s 1GF 4 aug$anJWillia)s 2==F . Cou#led &it$ t$e re)ote sensing of t$e 7 irtual order6; &$ere )ilitar! grade e ui#)ent 6including bot$ A)erican and Mexican un)anned drones6 #atrol and surve! t$e border region 2 % 6t$is could be called 7t$e securitization of ever!da! life; 4see selections in a>c and de "int 2=11 on t$e border and be!ond. As aresult of t$e i)#le)entation of govern)ent #olicies t$at conflate i))igration &it$ terroris)6 life on t$e border$as been #rofoundl! c$anged.


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A%: -argets -urn

Drones facilitate distancing by divorcing the sub,ects of their surveillance from culturalcontext everything is reduced to a blip on the radar

2all and 3onahan "11 KT!ler Wall /astern 'entuc+! niversit!6 SA. T!ler Wall is an Assistant rofessor in t$e Sc$ool of 5ustice Studiesas /astern 'entuc+! niversit!. -e received $is $.D. in 5ustice Studies6 an interdisci#linar! degree fro) Arizona State niversit!. -e $as #ublis$ed $is&or+ in acade)ic >ournals suc$ as T$eoretical Cri)inolog!6 Social 5ustice: A 5ournal of Cri)e6 Conflict6 B World 9rder6 Identities: 8lobal Studies inCulture and o&er6 and Surveillance B Societ!6 a)ong ot$ers. Torin Mona$an anderbilt niversit!6 SA. Torin Mona$an is Associate rofessor ofCo))unication Studies at T$e niversit! of *ort$ Carolina at C$a#el -ill. Mona$an is an associate editor of t$e leading acade)ic >ournal onsurveillance6 Surveillance B Societ!. 7Surveillance and violence fro) afar: T$e #olitics of drones and li)inal securit!Jsca#es;O KM MO

As surveillance and )ilitar! devices6 drones offer a #ris) for t$eorizing t$e tec$nological #olitics of &arfare andgovernance. T$is #ris) reveals so)e violent articulations of S i)#erialis) and nationalis)6 t$e translation ofbodies into targets3 for re)ote )onitoring and destruction6 and t$e insidious a##lication of )ilitarized s!ste)sand rationalities to do)estic territories and #o#ulations . In t$is article6 &e anal!zed t$e de#lo!)ent of drones #ri)aril! &it$in t&o different li)inal securit!Jsca#es: &arzones in Afg$anistan6 Ira 6 and a+istan and borderzones and urban areas in t$e SA. W$ile &e readil! ac+no&ledge #rofound variation and diversit! bot$ &it$in and across t$ese securit!Jsca#es6 extant resonances and dissonances6 es#eciall! &it$ t $e use of drones6 reveal broader #atterns in for)s of st ate o#erations. *otabl!6 t$e drone stare de#ends u#on #roJ cesses t$at see+ to

insulate #ilots and allies fro) direct $ar) &$ile sub>ecting targets to #recision3 scrutin! and%or attac+.

T$e drone stare furt$er abstracts targets fro) #olitical6cultural6 and geogra#$ical contexts6 t$ereb! reducing variation6 difference6 and noise t$at )a! i)#ede actionor introduce )oral a)biguit!. In co)bination6 t$ese #rocesses furt$er nor)alize t$e ongoing sub>ugation of t$ose)ar+ed as 9t$er6 t$ose targeted for discri)inator! observation and attac+6 t$ose &it$out co)#arableresources to contest t$e $ar)ful categories &it$in &$ic$ t$e! are #laced. P W$et$er t$e for)s of drone surveillanceand violence o#erate in discursive 6 re#reJ sentational6 and%or #$!sical registers 6t$e! are al&a!s articulations of identit!and scri#ted assertions of value t$at are far fro) ob>ective or benign. A s )a! reside &it$in a #aradig) of cos)ic control t$at see+s strategic advantaget$roug$ s!ste)s of verticalit!6 but rat$er t$an )irror realit! belo& in so)e #ositivistic &a!6 t$e drone asse)blage executes socioJtec$nical codes t$at ob>ectif! ot$ers &$ile blurring all idenJ tities &it$in t$e

a##aratus. So)e of t$ese blurred identities include insurgent and civilian6 cri)inal and undocu)ented )igrant6re)otel! located #ilot and frontJline soldier. *ot onl! does t $e use of )ilitar! drones destabilize identities and t$eir re#resentations in bot$ co)bat and borderzones6but conce#tual categories as &ell are sub>ected to P $o)ogenization of radical difference as borders arerefas$ioned as co)bat zones and co)bat zones are construed as ontological borders bet&een us3 and t$e)3 6or civilizaJ tion3 and barbaris)3. P A surveillance #ractices furt$er)ore reveal a #ri)ar!6 unstable fault line &it$ surJ veillance in ris+ societies: exact identification and targeted control of individuals issubJ ordinated to i)#eratives of #ree)#tive ris+ )anage)ent of #o#ulations and grou#s. Individualizing and differentiating surveillance is still $ig$l! valued6 of course it >ust gives &a! toLor is subsu)ed

b!L#ractical needs and ex#ediencies &$ic$ )a! a##ear to be rational and tec$nocratic but are nonet$eless infused &it$ #re>udicial understandJ ings and evaluations of sub>ects. T$us6 actuarialfor)s of surveillance see+ #recision &it$in certain $o)ogenizing #ara)eters. In t$e case of A s6 t$is arrange)ent )a!increase instances of state cri)es suc$ as t$e direct or indirect +illing of innocents6 &$ic$ can occur t$roug$drone )issile attac+s or t$roug$ t$e furt$er )ilitarization of dangerous borderzones .


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-otal 2ar


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A%: )urveillance Inevitable

)urveillance isn"t inherently bad it"s a 7uestion of building in accountabilitymeasures 2arrants and other regulations are key to reverse government overstep

)tanley . Crump$ %&11 45a! , Senior olic! Anal!st Y AC" B Cat$erine , rofessor Y er+ele! "a&Sc$ool6 7 rotecting rivac! (ro) Aerial Surveillance: 0eco))endations for 8overn)ent se of Drone

Aircraft6; ACLU 6 9nline: $tt#s:%%&&&.aclu.org%files%assets%#rotecting#rivac!fro)aerialsurveillance.#df

A s are #otentiall! extre)el! #o&erful surveillance tools6 and t$at #o&er6 li+e all govern)ent #o&er6 needs tobe sub>ect to c$ec+s and balances. "i+e an! tool6 A s $ave t$e #otential to be used for good or ill. If &e can set so)e good#rivac! ground rules6 our societ! can en>o! t$e benefits of t$is tec$nolog! &it$out $aving to &orr! about itsdar+er #otentials. We i)#ose regulations on &$at la& enforce)ent can do all t$e ti)e6 for exa)#le allo&ing la&enforce)ent to ta+e a t$er)al i)age of so)eone3s $o)e onl! &$en t$e! get a &arrant. We need to i)#ose rules6 li)its andregulations on A s as &ell in order to #reserve t$e #rivac! A)ericans $ave al&a!s ex#ected and en>o!ed. T$e

AC" reco))ends at a )ini)u) t$e follo&ing core )easures be enacted to ensure t$at t$is $a##ens : _ sagerestrictions. A s s$ould be sub>ect to strict regulation to ensure t$at t$eir use does not eviscerate t$e #rivac! t$at A)ericans $avetraditionall! en>o!ed and rig$tl! ex#ect. Innocent A)ericans s$ould not $ave to &orr! t$at t$eir activities &ill be scrutinized b! drones. To t$is end6 t$euse of drones s$ould be #ro$ibited for indiscri)inate )ass surveillance6 for exa)#le6 or for s#!ing based on(irst A)end)entJ#rotected activities . In general6 drones s$ould not be de#lo!ed exce#t: o &$ere t$ere are s#ecificand articulable grounds to believe t$at t$e drone &ill collect evidence relating to a s#ecific instance of cri)inal&rongdoing or6 if t$e drone &ill intrude u#on reasonable ex#ectations of #rivac!6 &$ere t$e govern)ent $as obtained a &arrantbased on #robable cause or o &$ere t$ere is a geogra#$icall! confined6 ti)eJli)ited e)ergenc! situation in&$ic$ #articular individuals3 lives are at ris+ 6 suc$ as a fire6 $ostage crisis6 or #erson lost in t$e &ilderness or o for reasonable nonJla&enforce)ent #ur#oses b! nonJla& enforce)ent agencies6 &$ere #rivac! &ill not be substantiall! affected6 suc$ as geological ins#ections or

environ)ental surve!s6 and &$ere t$e surveillance &ill not be used for secondar! la& enforce)ent #ur#oses. _ I)age retention restrictions. I)agesof identifiable individuals ca#tured b! aerial surveillance tec$nologies s$ould not be retained or s$ared unless t$ere isreasonable sus#icion t$at t$e i)ages contain evidence of cri)inal activit! or are relevant to an ongoing investigation or #ending cri)inal trial.
https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/protectingprivacyfromaerialsurveillance.pdfhttps://www.aclu.org/files/assets/protectingprivacyfromaerialsurveillance.pdf


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A%: 3ilitari ation of +olice Inevitable

Accountability to the public is the key component in reducing government abuse ofdrones warrant re7uirements solve

/+IC$ %&10 4/lectronic rivac! Infor)ation Center6 7D09*/S: /!es in t$e S+!6; ! otlight on !urveillance 69ctober6 9nline: $tt#s:%%e#ic.org%#rivac!%surveillance%s#otlig$t%1=1 %drones.$t)l

In addition6 / IC $as testified before congressional co))ittees on drone #rivac! issues. In 5ul! 2=126 A)ie Ste#anovic$6 Director of / IC3s Do)esticSurveillance ro>ect6 testified before t$e -ouse Co))ittee on -o)eland Securit!3s Subco))ittee on 9versig$t6 Investigations and Manage)ent on t$e

uni ue t$reats of drones and t$e lac+ of legal oversig$t. K1=EO / IC stated t$at 7 t$ere are substantial legal and constitutional issuesinvolved in t$e de#lo!)ent of aerial drones b! federal agencies; and t$e current legal regi)e is inade uate toaddress t$ose concerns . K1= O III. rivac! and Civil "iberties Concerns: 9ld roble)s6 *e& *u)bers T$e ca#acit! to #erfor)aerial surveillance is not ne&. -o&ever6 t$e econo)ics of aerial surveillance $ave c$anged dra)aticall!. "o&Jcost drones6 cou#led &it$ lea#s in ca)era tec$nolog! and c$ea# data storage6 create t$e ca#acit! for#ervasive and indiscri)inate surveillance. Surveillance tec$nolog! is no& econo)icall! and #racticall! feasible

for even s)all #olice forces. Huite si)#l!6 &$ile t$e #roble) of aerial surveillance is uite old6 t$e econo)ic realities of t$e #ast served to li)itt$e sco#e of t$e surveillance. In t$e #ast6 a cit! #olice force could de#lo! an air#lane or a $elico#ter &it$ a ca)eraattac$ed to engage in surveillance6 but t$e costs of fuel6 a #ilot6 and video storage &ould $ave li)ited t$e ti)e suc$ as!ste) re)ained in t$e air. *o&6 for t$e cost of a single #olice $elico#ter6 a force could de#lo! dozens ofdrones. T$is ca#acit! creates a $ost of dangers to civil liberties. Indiscri)inate surveillance of an area )a!ca#ture all of an individual3s )ove)ents. T$e Su#re)e Court $as recognized t$at t$is t!#e of data $as t$e #otential to reveal t$e )ostinti)ate details of one3s life. K1=FO Drone tec$nolog!6 suc$ as A08 SJIS 4see above can trac+ t$e )ove)ents of tens of t$ousands of individuals atonce. T$is $as obvious i)#lications for (irst A)end)ent rig$ts6 including t$e rig$t to free association6 t$e rig$t to freel! exercise of one3s religion and t$erig$t to s#ea+ anon!)ousl!. It also could t$reaten a )ore basic sense of #rivac! in a free societ!: t$e rig$t to live &it$out constant observation b! t$e

state. Additionall!6 t$e #rofitJ)otive of govern)ent drone contractors can create #roble)atic incentives t$at couldt$reaten #rivac!. W$en t$e govern)ent outsources la& enforce)ent functionsLsuc$ as t$e #rivate o&ners$i# ofsto#lig$t ca)eras K1=GOL#rivate co)#anies are )otivated to trac+ t$e cri)es t$at are t$e )ost #rofitable rat$er t$ant$e cri)es t$at are t$e )ost dangerous. unis$ing #ett! infractions suc$6 as >a!J&al+ing6 littering6 and s)o+ing in undesignated areas does not &arrantdragnet surveillance of all #ublic be$avior. T$e #roliferation of #rivate drones could also $ave legal i)#lications t$at )a+e govern)ent surveillance )ore#ervasive. (or instance6 if a drone #roducer offered cloud storage for infor)ation ca#tured b! #rivate drones6 t$atinfor)ation could #otentiall! be collected b! t$e govern)ent &it$out a &arrant. And under so)e a##roac$es to (ourt$

A)end)ent la&6 increased drone use b! t$e #ublic could )ean t$at individuals $ave a reduced ex#ectation of #rivac! &it$ regard to govern)ent drone

surveillance. K11=O T$e t$reat t$at unregulated drone use #oses to civil and constitutional rig$ts is not con>ecture. T$e ca#acit! forindiscri)inate surveillance exists. T$ese #rogra)s could collect infor)ation on t$e actions of ever! citizen6&it$out regard to sus#icion or an! connection to a cri)e. "a& and #ublic #olic! 6 at ever! level of govern)ent6 )ustada#t to t$ese tec$nological advance)ents to ensure t$at t$e tec$nical feasibilit! of a securit! state does notlead to t$e creation of one . rivate drone use creates )an! ot$er #rivac! concerns. Infor)ation generated b! location trac+ing of individualscould be valuable to advertisers and data bro+ers6 and t$e tec$nical ca#acit! for suc$ surveillance exists toda!. Co))ercial data collectors )a! soon$ave t$e ca#acit! to continuousl! trac+ t$e )ove)ents of individuals in #ublic s#aces >ust as t$e! no& trac+ online activit!. ot$ 8oogle and (aceboo+$ave recentl! ac uired drone co)#anies6 raising concern t$at t$e co)#anies )a! furt$er ex#and t$eir surveillance activities into t$e #$!sical &orld.K111O 0egulation of #rivate drone use )ust be crafted &it$ a recognition t$at drones not onl! )a+e #ossible ne& t!#es of cri)e6 but )a+e it )uc$ easierto co))it ot$ers. 5ust as #roble)s of stal+ing $ave beco)e )ore #rolific in t$e online context6 a >ealous ex or a grudgeJ$olding co)#etitor could de#lo!$is #ersonal drone to follo& so)eone t$roug$out $er da! &it$out leaving $is des+. 9ffenses li+e stal+ing6 $arass)ent6 blac+)ail6 and invasions of#rivac! could be co))itted )ore easil!6 covertl!6 and anon!)ousl! &it$ t$e use of drones. "a& enforce)ent &ill need to ado#t strategies to counter t$istrend. In s$ort6 drones )a+e it easier for citizens to invade eac$ ot$er3s #rivac!6 bot$ in &a!s t$at current la&s recognize and in ot$ers t$at it does not.

I]. 0eco))endations "egislation on drone use b! la& enforce)ent s$ould ensure t$at all drone surveillancere uires a &arrant or a narro&l! tailored e)ergenc! exce#tion . "a&s s$ould also create data retention li)its forinfor)ation collected b! drones and )ini)ization for infor)ation collected outside t$e sco#e of t$e &arrant. 8overn)entaccess to t$ird #art! drone data s$ould also re uire a &arrant6 so t$at t$e govern)ent cannot avoid obtaining &arrants b! collecting drone surveillance

data fro) t$e #rivate sector. (ederal agencies )ust be trans#arent and $eld accountable for t$eir do)estic use ofdrones. Agencies s$ould #rovide clarit! around t$e data collected6 $o& it is used6 and $o& long it is retained ."ocal and state agencies s$ould #rovide si)ilarl! infor)ation to t$e #ublic &$et$er t$e! are using drones directl! or indirectl! t$roug$ federal agencies.

All la& enforce)ent agencies s$ould #ublicl! disclose t$e sco#e and #ur#ose of t$e )issions it #erfor)s . Courts


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)ust ada#t constitutional >uris#rudence to #ro#erl! address )odern tec$nolog!. T$e fact t$at it is no& feasible to c$ea#l! #erfor) surveillance on anindividual or entire area of individuals s$ould not )ean t$at t$ese actions are constitutional. articularl! &$en surveillance is conducted on t$e #ro#ert!of anot$er6 or in areas &$ere #eo#le &ould $ave an ex#ectation of #rivac! or at least an ex#ectation t$at t$e! &ill not be sub>ect to covert observation

and recording6 sanctions s$ould be i)#osed. "a&)a+ers s$ould be concerned &it$ c$anges in tec$nolog! t$at allo& co))ercial or #rivate actors to gat$er data on or trac+ t$e )ove)ents of individuals. T$ese tec$nological c$anges)ean t$at individuals need la&s to #rotect t$eir dignit!6 autono)!6 and #rivac! . At t$e sa)e ti)e6 la&)a+ers )ust becognizant of t$e fact t$at t$ere are nu)erous legiti)ate uses for drone tec$nolog!6 including #ublic safet! and e)ergenc! res#onse.. As suc$6 la&s

#assed in an effort to #rotect victi)s and consu)ers )ust be carefull! tailored to se#arate innocent #$otogra#$! and ex#lorationfro) stal+ing6 $arass)ent6 and t$e co))odification of our #ersonal lives.


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)olvency


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A%:


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#rivac! #rotections t$at go be!ond &$at t$e Constitution #rovides6 legislators s$ould not ado#t allJenco)#assing restrictions t$at #revent drones fro) conducting valid and rational #olice &or+ t$at air#lanesand $elico#ters legall! #erfor) ever!da!. T$us6 to better co)bat unreasonable and un#alatable invasions on #rivac!6 courts andlegislatures s$ould loo+ to t$e li)its of surveillance on #rivate #ro#ert!6 as 0ule < does. 0ule < see+s to #rotect #rivate individualsN #rivac! &$ilebalancing t$e stateNs need to co)#ete Rin t$e often co)#etitive enter#rise of ferreting out cri)e.R n2E1 ! using t$e ter)s6 Runreasonabl!6R and Rclose#roxi)it!6R 0ule < allo&s for a co)bination of a 5onesJian #ro#ert! rig$t anal!sis and 'atzNs Rreasonable ex#ectation of #rivac!R test to deter)ine

&$et$er a droneNs o#eration K\ect. n2E (or exa)#le6 0ile! left o#en t$e uestion of &$et$er violating an aviation regulation orstatute transfor)ed a surveillance o#eration into a #er se unconstitutional searc$. n2EF T$e #luralit! indicated t$at co)#liance &it$ regulations andstatutes Ris of obvious i)#ortanceR to t$e (ourt$ A)end)ent in uir!6 alt$oug$ not deter)inative in and of itself. n2EG 0ule


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i))inent danger to life. T$is exce#tion trac+s t$e Su#re)e CourtNs acce#tance t$at in certain exigent circu)stances6 suc$ as &$en #oliceofficers res#ond to an e)ergenc! n2G or &$en dela!ing an investigation to see+ a &arrant &ould endanger lives6 n2GF a &arrant is not re uired. n2GG *otabl!6 besides t$e Ri))inent danger to lifeR exce#tion6 0ule is not concerned &it$ &$et$er a govern)ent agenc! is o#erating a drone in t$e courseof a cri)inal investigation or for an! ot$er #ur#ose. T$us6 even if a drone satisfies t$e conditions of 0ule 16 t$at drone )a! not enter a $o)e or ot$er

enclosed #rivate structure if it does not )eet 0ule Ns Ri))inent danger to lifeR exce#tion. f . 0ule E: Data Collection 0estrictions 0ule E isan outgro&t$ of t$e various state and federal #ro#osals t$at substantiall! li)it a droneNs abilit! to serve as a dragnet tool for govern)ent surveillance. n


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A%: )tate>ournal.co)%)agazine%article%$o&^s$ould^states^regulate^drones^and^aerial^surveillance

States are ta+ing notice and considering regulation. According to t$e *ational Conference of State "egislators6)ore t$an 2= states $ave #assed la&s related to drones. So)e li)it la& enforce)ent3s use of drones or ot$erun)anned aircraft. (or exa)#le6 in Ida$o6 a la& signed in 2=1< #rovides t$at6 exce#t for e)ergencies 7forsafet!6 searc$JandJrescue or controlled substance investigations6; no #erson or agenc! )a! use a drone toconduct surveillance of #rivate #ro#ert! &it$out a &arrant .

Documents

Drones Affirmative - UTNIF 2015