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Drought Management in Tunisia
Dr. Issam Nouiri, INAT
Dr. Slah Nasri, BPEH
Ing. Mohamed Tahrani, MDCI
National Capacity Development Training of Trainers (TOTs) Workshop on Developing and
Implementing Mitigation and Preparedness Water Scarcity and Drought (WS&D)
Management Plans
Zaragoza ‐ Madrid, Spain, May 6‐9, 2014
Outline
• Objective and methodology,
•• Climate,
• Water resources,
• Drought Management :• Tools,
• Institutional aspect,
• Legal aspect,
• Drought Management.
• Examples.
OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY
• Objective:
– Draw the most realistic image of the drought
management in Tunisian.
• Methodology: Use of available documents:
– Published technical and scientific papers,
– Presentations made in conferences by officials.
CLIMATE
6
� Annual rainfall: 250 mm (100 -1500 mm)
� Runoff is only 12 % of the rainfall(0 -700 mm)
� Potential Evapotranspiration(1000-3000 mm)
� The North of Tunisian Dorsal: a Mediterranean climate
� The Centre and the Golf of Gabes: a semi-arid climate
� The rest of the country: a dry desert climate.
Climate of Tunisia
Tunis-Carthage
Sfax
Le Kef
Tozeur
Temperature (1961/2000)
Rainfall (1901/2000)
Tunis-Carthage
Kairouan
Tabarka
Gafsa
WATER RESOURCES
10
Surface water
37 Dams
1- Irrigation and domestic uses
2- Groundwater Recharge
3- Infrastructure protection
Hill‐Reservoirs : Water
Harvesting System
(850)
• North : 2190 M m3/year 81%
• Center : 320 M m3/year 12%
• South : 190 M m3/year 7%
81%
12%7% Nord
Centre
Sud
2.7 Milliard m3/year
13
Groundwater resources
2.14 Milliard m3/year
Surface water
2700 Mm3/year (56%)Groundwater
2140 Mm3/year (44%)
Water resources in Tunisia
Water balance (x109 m3)
Rainfall36
Evapotranspiration31,43
Available resources
4,57
Runoff2,70
Groundwater recharge
1,87
Mobilized Resources
1,781,69
1% 5%
83%
11%
Tourisme Industrie Agriculture Domestique
Water uses
Water dotation : 461 m3/cap/year (2009)
315 m3/cap/year (2030)
« Usage rétrospectif et prospectif de l’indice de pression démographiquesur les ressources en Eau – Tunisie – Zahar, 2001 »
Water ressources per capita (m 3/cap.)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Big dams construction
Use of treated water
Water saving projects in irrigation
Non conventionnal water use
DROUGHT MANAGEMENT
Tools
ARIANA
BEJA BEN AROUS
MEDNINE
KEBILI
GABESTOZEUR
GAFSA
SFAX
SIDI BOUZID
KASSERINE
KAIROUAN
MAHDIA
MONASTIR SOUSSE
NABEUL
LE KEF
SILIANA
JENDOUBA
ZAGHOUAN
TUNISMANOUBA
BIZERTE
TATAOUINE
KERKENAH
JERBA
� 100 years.� 850 measurement stations.� 100 pluviographs (IDF).� Statistics documents from 1969.� Daily and monthly bulletins.� Databases: Pluviom, Hydrom, Access, “système de gestion des ressources en eau : Sygreau” .
Rainfall measurement network
Flow measurement network
� 60 stations� 74 measurement points� Statistics documents from 1974-75� Transmission mode:
In 2005 : Cell phone network for the Medjerda river basin.
Linked dams (natural and artificial channels and pipes)
1758 to 1900 : 4 droughts8 io After 1900 : 20 droughts tions
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Cum
ul d
es é
cart
s
Années
Indice de pluviosité
Tunis Manoubia Kairouan Mednine
Drought indice
The percentage of precipitation deviation from the mean
historically established values.
Precipitation quantities are ranged between 70 to 50% : Drought
less than 50%: Severe drought
Institutional aspect
Atelier national d’examen et de validation du rapport
GIRE
Ministère de l’Equipement Ministère de l’Agriculture
Universités,
RecherchesSecrétariat d’Etat à l’Environnement
DGEQV ANPEBEPH
IRESA
DGRE DG BGTH DG GREE DG ACTA SONEDE SECADENORD
Météo
CRDA
HER
A/GRA/PPIA/RE A/CESBarrages
SMVDA
PrivésGDA
Na
tio
na
lR
ég
ion
al
Loca
l
Climatology
ONAS
Atelier national d’examen et de validation du rapport
GIRE
Ministère de l’Equipement Ministère de l’Agriculture
Universités,
RecherchesSecrétariat d’Etat à l’Environnement
DGEQV ANPEBEPH
IRESA
DGRE DG BGTH DG GREE DG ACTA SONEDE SECADENORD
Météo
CRDA
HER
A/GRA/PPIA/RE A/CESBarrages
SMVDA
PrivésGDA
Na
tio
na
lR
ég
ion
al
Loca
l
Surface water
ONAS
Atelier national d’examen et de validation du rapport
GIRE
Ministère de l’Equipement Ministère de l’Agriculture
Universités,
RecherchesSecrétariat d’Etat à l’Environnement
DGEQV ANPEBEPH
IRESA
DGRE DG BGTH DG GREE DG ACTA SONEDE SECADENORD
Météo
CRDA
HER
A/GRA/PPIA/RE A/CESBarrages
SMVDA
PrivésGDA
Na
tio
na
lR
ég
ion
al
Loca
l
Groundwater
ONAS
Atelier national d’examen et de validation du rapport
GIRE
Ministère de l’Equipement Ministère de l’Agriculture
Universités,
RecherchesSecrétariat d’Etat à l’Environnement
DGEQV ANPEBEPH
IRESA
DGRE DG BGTH DG GREE DG ACTA SONEDE SECADENORD
Météo
CRDA
HER
A/PVA/PPIA/RE A/CESBarrages
SMVDA
PrivésGDA
Na
tio
na
lR
ég
ion
al
Loca
l
Water Use
ONAS
A/GR A/SA
DGEDA DGPA
OTD
Atelier national d’examen et de validation du rapport
GIRE
Ministère de l’Equipement Ministère de l’Agriculture
Universités,
RecherchesSecrétariat d’Etat à l’Environnement
DGEQV ANPEBEPH
IRESA
DGRE DG BGTH DG GREE DG ACTA SONEDE SECADENORD
Météo
CRDA
HER
A/PVA/PPIA/RE A/CESBarrages
SMVDA
PrivésGDA
Na
tio
na
lR
ég
ion
al
Loca
l
Drinking Water
ONAS
A/GR A/SA
DGEDA DGPA
OTD
Atelier national d’examen et de validation du rapport
GIRE
Ministère de l’Equipement Ministère de l’Agriculture
Universités,
RecherchesSecrétariat d’Etat à l’Environnement
DGEQV ANPEBEPH
IRESA
DGRE DG BGTH DG GREE DG ACTA SONEDE SECADENORD
Météo
CRDA
HER
A/PVA/PPIA/RE A/CESBarrages
SMVDA
PrivésGDA
Na
tio
na
lR
ég
ion
al
Loca
l
Transferts
ONAS
A/GR A/SA
DGEDA DGPA
OTD
Atelier national d’examen et de validation du rapport
GIRE
Ministère de l’Equipement Ministère de l’Agriculture
Universités,
RecherchesSecrétariat d’Etat à l’Environnement
DGEQV ANPEBEPH
IRESA
DGRE DG BGTH DG GREE DG ACTA SONEDE
Météo
CRDA
HER
A/PVA/PPIA/RE A/CESBarrages
SMVDA
PrivésGDA
Na
tio
na
lR
ég
ion
al
Loca
l
Aménagements
antiérosifs
ONAS
A/GR A/SA
DGEDA DGPA
OTD
DG Forêt
Atelier national d’examen et de validation du rapport
GIRE
Ministère de l’Equipement Ministère de l’Agriculture
Universités,
RecherchesSecrétariat d’Etat à l’Environnement
DGEQV ANPEBEPH
IRESA
DGRE DG BGTH DG GREE DG ACTA SONEDE SECADENORD
Météo
CRDA
HER
A/PVA/PPIA/RE A/CESBarrages
SMVDA
PrivésGDA
Na
tio
na
lR
ég
ion
al
Loca
l
Qualité des eaux
ONAS
A/GR A/SA
DGEDA DGPA
OTD
Legal aspect
Water code,
Chapter 6 is devoted to water management, especially the water
saving sensitive measures. The water use should be justified by
socio-economic profitability and environmental sustainability.
The Minister of Agriculture promulgates several decisions related to
the different drought committees,
The Tunisian Central Bank delivers a circumstance circular
establishing easiness in the credits delivery for farmers,
Special decisions are taken in order to exempt the importation from
the custom duties.
Drought management
(i) Drought announcement:
Referring to rainfall, hydrologic and agricultural indicators as
observed in the different regions affected by drought and
transmitted by the agricultural, economic, and hydrologic districts of
MAERH, a drought announcement is established.
The MAERH Minister proposes a scheduled operations plan to the
National Commission, which is composed by decision makers and
beneficiaries.
The National Commission : supervises the execution of all the
operation actions, with the regional and specialized committees.
The drought commissions:
� The Drought National Commission: supervision of the
execution of all the operation actions:
(i) before – drought preparedness;
(ii) during – drought management;
(iii) after – subsequent drought management.
� The Drought Regional Commissions (24)
� The Drought Specialized Commissions (4):
(i) Water Resources Management Committee
(ii) Livestock Safeguard Committee.
(iii) Cereal Sector Management Committee.
(iv) Arboriculture Sector Committee.
A/ Drought preparedness
(i) The climatic and hydrologic data are analyzed in order to
predict the hydro climatic situation.
(ii) A water management program is established..
(iii) Equipment of water points for domestic use when the drought
has set in.
(iv) Contributing within the National Program of Water Saving by a
growing public awareness on the drought event.
Drought management steps
B/ Drought management
(i) Identification of affected regions.
(ii) Evaluation of dams, water reserves and fitting a management plan
regarding the available water.
(iii) Enhancing of the irrigated cereal program.
(iv) Encouragement of the cereal complementary irrigation, especially in
the seed production areas.
(v) Evaluation of animal nutrition stocks and prevision of the eventual
importation.
(vi) Supply the drought damaged regions by barley and other forage
products.
(vii) Prevision of priority products importation.
40
Alerte
OctobreNovembre
Note de conjoncture
MINISTERE DE L’AGRICULTURE
Météo (précipitationtempérature, anticyclones des Acores)
Services hydrologiques
Services des réservoirs et Barrages (débits entrants et Stockage)
Services de l’Agriculture (circonstances de la production)
Services régionaux
INM
DGRE
DGBGTH
DGPA
CRDASECHERESSE
Septembre-Octobre
BILANPrévention de la premièreAnnée de la Sécheresse
Tous les opérateurs
Exé
cutio
n de
laP
lani
ficat
ion
des
actio
ns
Exé
cutio
n de
la
Pla
nific
atio
n de
sac
tions
Commission RégionaleContre la Sécheresse
COMMISSION NATIONALECONTRE LA SECHERESSE
Commission SpécialiséeContre la Sècheresse
A1-
A2
C/ Subsequent drought
(i) Intensification of the extension program related to the soil tillage and farming
practices.
(ii) Establishing a scheme of delaying the credit payment,
(iii) Programming the distribution of cereal and forage seeds.
(iv) Evaluation of the available water resources (dams and aquifers).
(v) Reconstitution of the aquifers water reserves.
(vi) Evaluation of the mitigation program efficiency and estimation of their cost.
(vii) Updating the drought mitigation program with reference to the identified
deficiency.
(viii) Associate the research institutes and universities in the development of
research program related to drought mitigation.
Examples
1993‐1994
The drinking water supply (for domestic, tourist and industrial use as well) has
been ensured without any restriction during the successive years 1992-1993,
1993-1994 and 1994-1995.
The agricultural water demand was satisfied during 1992-1993 and 1993-1994. A
restriction plan was prepared for 1994-1995 (19 – 27 %). This plan was applied in
March 1995 and updated in July 1995 regarding the water resources situation
which was improved by the exceptional rainfall of June 1995 (in Mellègue).
1999‐2002
Summary• Tunisia faces drought events, that will be more frequent as
forecasted by climate change models,
• Strength :
– Tools infrastructure (data monitoring and collection)
– Institutional platform (involved institutions).
• Future improvements needed:
– Definition of comment indicators and indices,
– Elaboration of a legal manual to use when drought is declared.
– Optimize the Information Sharing and processing,
– Use of modelling and optimizing tools to take decision.
WEAP Models
Mellegue
Reservoir Storage Observed VolumeScenario: Reference, All days (365)
01/01/
2010
11/02/
2010
26/03/
2010
09/05/
2010
22/06/
2010
04/08/
2010
17/09/
2010
31/10/
2010
13/12/
2010
26/01/
2011
11/03/
2011
23/04/
2011
06/06/
2011
20/07/
2011
01/09/
2011
15/10/
2011
28/11/
2011
10/01/
2012
23/02/
2012
08/04/
2012
22/05/
2012
04/07/
2012
17/08/
2012
30/09/
2012
12/11/
2012
26/12/
2012
08/02/
2013
23/03/
2013
06/05/
2013
19/06/
2013
01/08/
2013
14/09/
2013
28/10/
2013
10/12/
2013
Milli
on
Cubic
Mete
r
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
08/05/2014 48
��راMerci
Thank You
Danke schön
Thank you