U1TJ<::RN ... TIONAL BAlilI{ FOR R3COHSTRUCTIO!:J MID DSV:ELOP1·iE1TT

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EcOHOltiIC DEPARTllElIT

1:!OBLD T EIPLATI: PRODUCTIOF A~:.D ?ROSE~CTS

Prepared by: Jacob Grauman E. iva,yne Rembert

January 18, 1949

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WORLD TINPLATE PRODUCTIOF A}ID ?ROSPBCTS

I.. Gener~l,l Considerations

The largest single use to Hhich tin metal is put, is the coating of

steel s~eets to make tinplate. Before the 1"ar, roughly t1,ro-fifths of the

t·'orld l s annual tin consumption of up,·rard of 160,000 long tons \-'ent into tir:olf'.te

manufacture. Currently about 35% of a ,,'orld consumption of about 1.50 t 000 tons

is used for this purpose. Availability of sufficient Quantities of tin is

therefore one of the t"ro prime requisites for expansion of tinnlate nroduction~

It apnears as though tin production is expandin.3; rapidly, and hence lack of

tin should not con~titute a 'bottleneck.

The other important prerequisite is a sufficient supnly of thin steel

sheets and strip, ",!hieh forms the ba,se on T·'hich the tin is deDosi ted. Hhile

consumption of steel for tinnlate represents only th~ee percent of the current

rate of steel nroduction, immedia.te expansion of sunnly is extremely unlikely,

al though considerable improvement shoo.ld de'~elop in the next tpo yeprs. The

reason for the shortage is that sheets And strin for tinrylate coronete for the

same types of facUi ties DB are used in the rosnufacture of sheet pnd stri T) for

other uses, and these items (1)re still in extremely short sun~'ly. The reesO:r.s

for the shortage of sheet and strip are to be found on the SU1:rnly sid.e ill t.l:e

scarcity of modern continuous sheet and strip mills, in the lack of 1'ol11n3

equipment for the manufacture of sheet bars for the old.lla.nd (sheet) mills,

and in the hitherto 10,.7 rate of output of the German iron and steel induetry;

and on the demand Side, in the expRllded ~roduction of items like automobiles,

refrigera.tion equipment, and other large consumers of sheet and stri-p. E01,r­

ever, several countries are currently enga.ged in expanding their facilities,

and, if German production continues to rise, the shortage of sheet and strip

should be materially eased, or even disapT)ear in about tvo years.

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Not only is the supuly of steel increasing, but the backlog of der;land

for durable steel-containing goods is being reduced at a noticeable rate, &.t

lee.st at the present high prices. This ,.rould e,pn6ar, then, to be the prO,Jt':r tL:1C

for thinking in terms of expanding the food processing industries, in vie1" 0: the

time required for establishing firm 'Olans, obtaining finl?,nces, selectinf:~ s~ to~;

building plant and equipment, filling the inventory pipelines flnd este.blishin2

outlets.

By the time that all these necessary stens ere cOfmleted, steel sheet

and strip should be in sufficiently e~,sy su:nply to permit operl:',tion of the

planned facilities.

II. 1'lorld ?rod'uction and Consnmotion of Tin 11etal

I'[orld production of refined tin mete,1, excluding second!",ry tin amounted

to betHeen 160,000 and 200,000 long tons in pre"'ar years a,nd is currentl~r about

160 ,000, if allo"lallce is mel,de for production in severa.l countries for "'hieh no

figures are available (the U.S.S.R. being excluded from all figures). Before

the \"ar, Nalaya producod roughly one-half of the ".orld sU'!)1Jly, the tini ted lCingdom

about one-fifth, the Netherlands about one-seventh, and China about 7;;. Only

negligible quanti ties "rere produced in the United States. During the Far, h01,'e,"e

U.S.A. production "rCl,S expanded and currently close to 40,000 tons of metnl are

produced in this country. Belgium, too, has increased her outnut to bet,,'een

t"ro and three times the nre1"ar rate. In contrast, production in other countries

has declined, the group of four listed a,bove no'" 1Jroducing only .58 percent of

total '·!orld production.

Because the geographical pattern of procuction differs widely from the

consumption pattern, the ve.st bulk of prev'ar tin metal moved in the 'V'orld trade

channels. Nearly 9.5:6 of the 1937 tin natal production "'as sold in export markets

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Currently the percentage is considerably lm,rer -- onl:)'" 53 percent - prin~iJ1ally

because the U. S., "'hieh 1<'a9 the major purcht'ser of foreign refined tin, produces

about tNo-thirds of her requiren:ents. H01,rever, si.nee the U.S. does not hr:nre tin

ore deposits, the raw materials must be im~orted.

III" Tinnlate

Of some four million tons of tinplate uroduced ar.nunl1y, the U .S.L.

currently produces about 80 uercent, ,.,hile Great Bri te.in, though still the second

largest -producer no", as before the 1,'ar, procluces only 550,000 tons, as egl3.inst

960,000 in 1937. Germany in pre"'ar years T)roduced about 250,000 tons annually,

but current production is negligible. France, "'hich produced about 125,000 tons

annually, currently "produces only 70,000 tons. Ital~r, Nhich before the ,"'p.I' had a

production cape.city of 125,000 tons -per year a"ld an actual output of about 80,000

tons, currently produces at a yearly rate of about 18,000 tons. In contrast,

Canada has increased her oubut from 19,000 tons in 1937 to a current al1nu8l rate

of 148,000 tons, ~"ld Belgium has increased production from virtually notting

before the war to a current rate of 16,000 tons Del' year. In other 1'ror~.s, tinplat

production, ~,'hich even before the "'ar "-as highly cOI'centrated on the Forth

American continent, today is even more so. because Forth Ar:lericcn :9roc.uction has

increased, ,,'hile European production has declined.

A significant ','artime development ,'ias the successful reduction of tl1e

percentage "reight of tin going into tinplate, 1ronze, solder, and be.bbi 1:1; natal • .,....h ~ ",~,"".,,_

In the case of the lest three items the reduction '\.-las accomnlished through change

in the pro!,)ortions of constituent materials. In the case of tinplate, a ne"r

process of tin deposition by electrolysis, reouiring smaller auantities of tin,

proved acceptable for many uses. As a result, although ~1orld tinnll) .. te is

currently at 1937 levels, the quantity of tin going into tinT)late is currently

only 55 percent of 1937. In other 1"ords, the same quantity of tin nOv l goes much

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further. Also primarily as a result of the '·'ar. tin has been displaced as a,

constituent of collapsible tubes such as are used in the packaging of tooth paste,

shaving cream, etc. In its place tubes made of lead, aluminum and mUd stet!

he,ve gained "'ide acceptance.

Tin is still not free from end use restrictions, but is controlled by

the U.S., ,,~hich also is stockpiling tin, "'hile other tin ir:i:Jorting countries ~dso

restrict consumption in one fashion or another. This fact, conbined ,.rith its

scarcity relative to the current levels of industrial nroduction, has tended to

keep the time-saving ,.rartime-developed eJ:pedients in current use. As the SV-lJ')ly

improves, it is to be expected that there '·'HI be some tendency to revert to pre-

,.rar practices J but unless the price of tin drops very dr8,stically in relB,tion to

substitute materials, the per unit consumption of tin is not likely to rise much.

Unofficially the tin industry ac!.Jni ts the,t it has lost the colle:osible tllbes outle i

As for baboi tt metal, a great deal denends on the nrice at l"hich silver (t~:lich ha' .. '

been substituted for tin in bearing metals) is solct on the free market. The or~ly

clearly seen increase in tin consumDtion per unit is in tin':llate ne,I1UfFl,cture sinei

electrolytic tinDlate cannot be usee. for cenninf; acid foods l~,nless it is nrotecte

by lacquer at a cost aP:Jroximately th8t of hot dipued tinplate. Hot-c"iin-~)ed til1-

plate is therefore still preferred for the cnnning of foode, ::1.nd hen:::e any incre&

in the quanti ties of food to be canned ~·'ould reauire proportionately greater

increases in consumption of tin metal. Ho,,'ever. prodUction 1)rospects are ex-

cellent, the Tin Study Group having estimated tha,t out:)ut can be increp.sed to an

annual rate of 190,000 tons ",Ii thin the next 18 months. assuming tha.t the in-

creased output "rere to be allocated to tinDlate in the same pro'Oortion a.s current

production, this should suffice, provided steel is available, to bring tin"Jle.te

production up to about 5.2 million tons, or an incrense of 900,000 tons a-nove

current levels, The above estima,te assumes that ell of the increBse ~"ill be

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concentrated in hot-dipned tinplate, at an average coat thickness equal t.o t:l!3.t

in the pre"rar 1Jeriod. Actually, thinner coatins c~m be used todey. ane. hence the

above estimate is in one sense a minimum eElti::Jate.

The bottleneck to expansion of tinnlate production is therefore not

likely to be one of tin availability, UP to about 120 percent of current -)1'0-

duction. The question is re.ther "'hether tinnlate capacity is sufficient to

permit a 20 percent increase in out~t and "'hether sufficient steel c~n be maiLe

available to operate at the exp~mded level. At first :slP.nce it 1"ould seem as

though capacity should be sufficient, since U.S.A. and Canada have increased their

output of tinT)late by more than 1,000,000 tons, nearly all of ~·'hich represents a

net ge.in in ~"or1d tinplate c~.!Jacity. However, it should be reco~nized tl1pt

European capacity consists to e. very la!'ge extent of the old type h£..no. mills, ~rhic:

in a more normal market cannot compete against modern continuous sheet and strip

mills. The Question of ca:)acity therefore reouires further all~.lJrsis.

All of the leF'ding Euro!)ea.'1 steel producing countries l)lan to ex'Oand

end modernize their sheet anct strip mj.ll cf\r:ladty. GreC'.t Britain is currently

building a modern Mill in ~T('leB ,~'i th an annual cappci ty of 1, 000,000 t ana of sheet

and strir:l, about one-half of ,,'hich should be available for the manufl"ciltre of

tinpla.te. Fr~nce is also engaged in installing a continuous hot-strip f.1i11 I".t

DenaJ! and 8. cold-rollin~ mill at I:ontataire, the forMer 1,'1 th a cape.ci t~r of a:nont

700,000 tons per year and the le.tter "'ith B. caDRcity of 250,000 tons ner ye8r,·

so that there should be no difficulty in surpassing the prewar production re.te

of 125,000 tons ner year, and perhaps rench the officit:,l goal of 200,000 tons by

ea.rly 1950. Eelgium intendc to increase production to A.bout 90,000 tons Per ye~,r,

an increa.se of nearly 75,000 tons over current output. Italian nlans call for an

exuansion of production to about 80,000 tons, comDared to the pre!'lent levels of

11 E.C.A. hag recentlv p.uthorizeu the '1uJ'ch,r, fl e of tt··o cold rpver('lin~ nill!': ,··ith no nmur".l CP'1PCitv of 50.000 tonr- of tinnlrote. to be ff"{: lW DeN-~in f'.te~l.

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13,000 tons. If German steel nroduction increl:1,ses from the cllrrent level of

6,000,000 tons for :Bhonia, sheet availabilities sl:.ould increase too. Thif'l shoult

a.l,d materially in eesing the current tightness in the sheet and stri~o ffinrketf.1,

thereby making it uossible to ex nand tinplate cJroduction to le,rels made l)osf':.ole

by increased tin availabilities.

It is, of course, true that c01mtries not 1Jossessing their 0','71 S,g;"-:":'I2S

of steel l'lill become vulnerable, should they decide to establish a food :;rocesrint,

industry, on tva counts. First, in periods of genE-reI steel scarcity, they may

find it almost impossible to obtain tin1)late; and second, in these d'Ws of govern­

mental control of exports and of domestic plannin~~, the:y may find it cciificul t at

other times to obtain tinnlate if the eXDorting countries should. be eIl:!'~8.F-,ed in

expanding their own food 'l"Jrocessing inciustries. Since it is the Latin Ameri.can

and other non-European cmmtries in 1,>hich ne,,1 food procesnin:~ induttries are

envisage0., ,<,hile the sUi>ply of tinplate for these nel" industries ::lU.!:'t COMe

essentia~ly from L'urope, the position and 1'Jrospects of the Zuronean food pro­

cessing industries need to be e:randnl"d as carefully as 8,va-ila.ble information ",ill

permit. In particular, t",o questions are im,ortant. These are, first, ,"rether

increased availaoility of tjnplate 1dll induce an expansion of Eu.r07)e1Cu: food

processing industries, and under this general heading the proportion of tin)late

used by these industries becomes significant in relation to possible export

Dotentials of tinnlate; and second, ,"hether even in the absence of an eX>:)I;.,nsion

of' Euro:?8' s food r.>rocessing industries, the lon~-terJ:l trend topards s"J.osti tution

of tin cans for gltl,sS jars may not absorb so much of the potentifll increase in

tinplate production as to leave insufficient e.mounts for export.

Unfortunately. because of unavailabili ty of the requisite det~f the

s.ns,",'ers to these questions cannot be given in precise, ouartit£ttive teros.

Sufficient general infor:r.:Jation eXists. ~o,,'ever, to Dermit the drs",ring of reason-

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ably firm qualitative conclusions~ In respect of the lJercentage of tirnlc"t.(' z:oing

to food ctuming detailed estimates are available only for the United St~,tes. '!'hesi

estimates shm'~ that in 1940 87% of all domestically consumed tinplate (excluc.ing

losses) 1"ent into food cans, another 6;' "'ent into closures, almost 1.111 of '··l::'.C~l

are used for soft drir>.lcs and beer, and only 7% "'9.S }lsed for .~eneral line CI"ns.

The composition of the general line is interesting. It incluQes in order of

importance of steel consumption: oHs (nrime,rHy lubricH.tfng) J lJe,int!", to'bpcco,

liquid chemice.Is, ge,soline, end antifreeze, the first t,,'o items e,lone accol'.;."'lting

for t v o-thirc1s of the steel consumed in the genere,l line. From the nature o-f' the

products enumerated al)ove it is clear ths,t the general line ','ould have nlayed a

far less im!,ortant role in European consumption of tin'!')late, !'l:r.d th~,t food

canning "Iould account for greater nercenta'4e 0: domestic t~n')late consumption i!1

the :ind.ustrial countries of :E.urope than in the United States. There 1'~ill accord­

ingly be an extremely clo~e rela.tion bet"'€en European -production of c?nr..eC!. fooc:.s

end :European tinplate consumption.

'I'here has been a long-term trend in the direction of incree,sing use of

processed foods. S'his need not, in general, ":ork to the advantaee of l1f1ti':ms

entering the field for the first time since it is conceivable thr>t the irrroorte,:r:t

steel T)roducers in Europe may t"iph to expand their 01'1D, food processing for eXDort

industries, especially since the foreign exchange income so obtAined is badly

needed. HOI·'€ver, desni te the fnet that all industrial European countries suffer

from a shortage of foreign exchange th8t has led them to concentrate their €ffortr

on highly fabricated or processed lJroducts, it 00es not e,plJear likely tllDt these

ns,tiona "'ill attempt to keel) /!l,t home the increased sup')lies of tin'Dlate And

instead eyuort greater Quanti ties of tinned foods. Any !iuch attemuts ','culd run

un a::;ainst the obstR,cle of excessively high uni t costs, a,s may be 8})':Jreciated

from I;t considere,tion of the greatest consumer and "0]"oducer of cenned ::~ood.s in the

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world - the U.S.A. Here the large consumption of canned. foods is be,sed 'i,lY)on <"

high percentage of married ,.romen Nho work, and for whom the use of canned food.s

offer a considerable sEI.vings in time spent in the kitchen. Yet the food-cct!E!.in,~

industry could not have expanded as it did ~,'ithout basing itself on sea,sonel

operations, utilizing very poorly paid cas\lB,l labor. cheap fuel t and pu.rchasi::_g

fo06s when prices are B,t their seasonal 1 o"r , in the immediate ~~reA. 1;'hereg7'o'·n.

It would therefore be difficult for Europe's industrial countries, ,.rhich are ~,lso

food importing countries, to compete successfully with the U. S.,!\.. for eXE'Jlll:)le, in

Latin Americrul markets, even if the different dietary habits of La.tin ~~ericans

could la changed. }Tot only ','ould the to-be- 1)rocessed fresh foods hewe t.o be

imported, in refrigerated equipment, but the CP.Ilned goods ,·'ould have t.o be trans­

ported over large distances. Latin American food-'!Jrocessing nlants, utilizing

c1::eap native la.ber and indip,enous "Jroclucts, offer a frr ltore CI.ttract5_ve 1)rOSDect

for investment. Under such circumst~mces, there "'ould be the aCcditional D088i­

bUity th[l.t these countries could develop an exnort t:'ade in their s"Jeciel ties.

There yet remains the ouestion of phether the DreH 8.r trend t.o1,rards

renlacement of ::;lass containers b'T tin cans may not be sufficiently le"rge to

absorb the additional quanti ties of tinnlate once this item becomes more reEl.C:i1y

available. 1'11e uossibility of such a. develo1)ffient seems TP.ther remote. for a

number of reasons. First. both in ].iurope and the U.S.A. the issue in the COI:i­

petitt ve batt.le ,.ras decided, before the war, in fe.vor of the tin c~m. T:'le chiof

advantages of metal containers are f~tr suaerior resista.nce to both thermal and

mechaniCB.I shocks, the 18.tter being ahrays an im!,ortant cons:ideration, and. tr~e

former important in all operations reauiring cooking t pe.steurization , or sterili­

zation. In the U. Sf A., ,,'hile the first cost of a metal C!'ln is considerably :r.ighe

tha.n tha.t of a gle.ss jar, the subseouent s~winss in nrocessing time t:tnd in breBl:­

age more than offset the original cost advantege enjoy-ec. by the ,gla8s. 'bile the

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tin can is therefore preferred here, its possibilities of reDlecing {;la8~ in the

remaining fe~'1 us'- s in the packagiI4~ field are rether restricted, "ri th the beer

bottle ae perhaps the likeliest starting point once tinplate becomes more "le:'lti­

ful. HO','ever, the can manufacturers are not too sa,nguine abouk this pozsHiUt'T,

since the pre,,'ar campaign in that cirection was e:l~pensive and not ,,'holly 9'lCCeSS­

ful, and it is felt that the re-invas1on of the beer and ale :1eld ,,'ill be cdf':'i­

cuI t and costly. Outside of this field, the glass cor1tedner industry (eOeS not

account for an" iml')ortsnt part of food pp,ckagi:ng ..

Outside the U.S.A., the situation seems to fEl.vcr the glass container

industry some'l>lhat. The spreetd in price bet1"een the tin can and the glass ja,r is

far 1dder in Euro:;Je then in the U.S.A., and "'i th the recent development of shock­

resistan t glass containers at a reasonable price, that industr~r L1ay yet le e,ble

to recapture some 1?art of its original markets. Such a development 1,'ould, of

ccru.rae, increase the 8Yport suJ'tlluses of tinplate, and might actually ry!'ovide an

e,ddi tional food packaging device in non-~iJurouean countries. l,loreover. experimen­

te,tion in the develo:oment of imnregnated fibre~t:loarC cans ;"i th metal tous and

bottoms seems to be proceeding eatisfactorily, end this ,,'ould, of course, uro'Vide

B.n f'.ddi tional method for D;<1,ckagiu3 a li!!1ited group of iteIDS.

Granter, the validity of the aoove analysis. it a.p'Jea.rs that incre.?sed

supplies of tinDlate should r;1ake it 'OOSS2 ble to restore '01'8"71'>.r l~vels of dom<?stic

consumption in the European producing countries. 1"i th the possible exce'r)tior~ of

Germany, but that the probabilities of any pizee.ble European e:;:u8.'nsion of con­

sumption of tinplate above pre~rar levels R,re not high. Acco:rdingl~', "'0 rl ct export

availabilities of tinpla,te should increpse by ronghly 700,000 to 800,000 tons per

annum and since tin supplies should be more than adequate for this level of tin­

plate production, the problerr. is rather '·'hethEr food cons1l.11ption habi ts can be

modified sufficiently to absorb the increased ouanti ties of tinulate the,t enn be

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made available for the canning of foods.

It must be remembered, hm·rever, ths,t tinlllf'te "rill be tn com1)eti tion

~'Ii th other users of thin sheets and. strip, notabl;yr automobile and horae a1J;;li::-r..ce

proclucers. Uhile it is therefore im'!)ossi ble to assert l"i th complete cor..fi(:ence

that tinple,te sup'!)lies ,dll be adequate, given trA,nquil conditions it apnet',rs

likely that such "'ill be the case. Favorable e.spects are the steady ach.ral:1Ce of

the steel industries "'hieh are currently prod1).ci!lg at more than the 1937 rate even

if the United States is excluded from the count, the incree,se in coal and coke

production, and the gradual completion of important items in the mo~ernization

programs of the various na,tions.

Y.,ear

1936

1937

1938

1939

1947

1948 Y

Total vlorld Produc- Apparent tion Consump­

tion

175 155

196 185

160 149

170 158

124 132

146 139

U.S.A. Produc- Apparent tion Consump­

tion

11 68

11 73

1/ 48

0.5 67

33 60

38 63

TfJ31E 1

Production and Conf,1L'nDtion of 'fin Metal, for the world and for nrincip8.1 countries,

1936-39 and 19/~?-8

{in thousc\.l1ds of long t o~s L _

Unitf'd Kingdom Produc- Apparent tion ConsThTIp­

tion

34 22

34 26

36 18

35 27

28 27

27 27

:DeL~ium

P roduc- Apparent tion Consum~­

tion

5 1

6 2

7 2

4 1

12 2

13 2

Netherlands produc- Annarent tion Consump­

tion

21 1

28 1

25 1

14 I

9 2

11 2

Source: Statistical Bulletin of the International Tin Study Group. The Hagu~t August, 1948.

lJ Negligible. Included in all other countries. gj First six months expressed at an ann~~l rate.

China Produc- Arrnarent tion Consump­

tion

10 1

9

11

9

4 n .• a.

4 n .• a .•

Hate:. The years 19.36-9 include an estimate of production of U.S.S.R. and several minor countries. No such estimates are available for the ~st"JB,r years.

i·ialaya P roduc- Anparen t tion Consump­

tion

85 n.a.

q5 4

64 4

81 4

29 4

46 4

All Other Countries

Produc- Apparent tion Consump­

tion

20 .:....

24

17

36

9

7

Year

1936

1937

1938

1939

1947

19481/

1.1 First

TABLE 2

Exports (including re-exnorts) of tin metal by principal exporting countries,

1936-9 and 194:7-8

~i!! thousands of long , tons)

En'tire Malaya.' China United lTetherlands lvorld Kingdom

159 83 11 22 20

184 93 13 28 25

132 61 12 17 25

1.54 82 10 21 14

67 32 4 4 5

78 46 ~ 2 9 ../

six months expressed l:1,t an annual rate.

All Other

23

25

17

27

22

18

Note: The years 1936-9 include an estimate of production of U. S. S.R. B,nd several minor countries. l~o such estimates are aveilable for the post-,·,ar years.

The total includes a certain amount of duplication arising from double counting of re-exnorts.

TA13LE..J

IrrlJorts of tin metal by princiua1 importing countries

1936-9 and 1947-8

(in thousands of long tons)

Yef:;,r U.S.A. Germany Italy

1936 76 9 4

1937 88 10 4

1938 50 12 4

1939 70 9 4

1947 25 0 J

1948 1/ J4 1 n.a.

Source: Statistice1 Bulletin of the International Tin Study GroUpt The Hp.glle, Aw~ust. 1948.

1/ First six months expressE)d ~.t en annuJ3,l rate.

Year

1936

1937

1938

1939

1947

194821

TAB1:i~ 4

Production and consumption of timl1ate in the vTor1d and in principal producing countries, 1936-9 and

1947-8

{in thousands of long tons}

-- ~ A 1/ United Ger- All other

Entire 'lrJorld lJ.~ • • - Canada Kingdom France Belgium Ita1il Spain India many COUll t rie 91/ a b is a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a a

),715 3,697 2,097 1,861 14 98 815 4l.~5 120 109 25 82?J 54 18 28 52 54 239 278

4,268 4,179 2,421 2,066 19 123 958 496 121 128 24 82?J 57 10 27 55 61 267 335

2,976 3,102 1,429 1.383 26 96 613 283 129 105 1 17 82 50 35 53 47 61 2L;'7 367

4,250 4,180 2,)99 2,088 38 115 919 585 133 112 4 26 82Y 60 32 n.a. 59 65 198 376

4,ltl,Q 4,067 3.313 2,758 135 195 553 395 57 59 13 30 13 27 12 13 40 43 '±/ 4,276 3,)46 148 620 70 16 13 12 47 ~1jJ

a. - Product ion; b - Ap~arent consumotion;

11 Includes terneplate and taP:"'er-s. These auanti ties, h01PTe,rer, are small. ~/ Assumed equal to 1938 production. :1/ The figures for all other countries include estimates for several countries. f:!xcluding U.S.S.::l.. t for pre1"rar years, but not for 1947-8.

Accordingly, total production is currently higher than the Quoted figures, although by an 1Jn1cno'ltm margin. ~ Not available but knovm to be negligible, 5./ First six months at an annual rate.

Source: Italian Iron and Steel Industry and Manuscript of German Iron and Step,l Industry, Statistical TIulletin of the International Tin Study Group, The Ha.t.;ue, Au~~st 1')48.

TABLE 5

Excess of production over consumption "}j of tinplate for selected countries

1936-8 and 1947

(in thous9Ads of long tons)

Year U. S.A. Canada U.K. France Belgium Italy

1936 .f. 236 -84 -/- 370 .f. 11 - 25 -/- 28

1937 .f. 355 -104 .;. 462 - 7 -24 .f. 25

1938 t 46 - 70 -/- 330 t 24 - 16 t 32

1939 t 311 - 77 t 334 t 21 - 22 t 22

1947 t 555 - 60 t 158 - 2 - 17 - 14

Source: Comnuted from T~),ble 4.

11 Production excesses Bre denoted by a "1)11::.8 (t) sien; Consumution excesses by a minus (-) sign ..

Spain InrJ:ia

- 10 - 2-

- 17 - .6

- 18 - 14

t 32 - 6

- 1 - :3