Real World Strategies for Surviving and Handling Growth

Aerospace Supply Chain

Contents

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Introduction

Challenges in the Aerospace IndustryOvercoming the challenges in the Aerospace Industry

Product-­based Solutions

Benefits of CPM and CPD

Benefits of ASL

3D PrintingLearning to use this software

Why choose DTE

Conclusion

Generic Solutions

References

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Introduction

The significant rise in air travel poses numerous challenges for designers and manufacturers in the Aerospace industry, including the demand for around 38,000 new aircraft to keep up with increasing passenger travel (Aviation Week, 2015). Although these large orders represent an opportunity for substantial growth in revenue, it puts pressure on OEM’s to produce planes quickly and more cost effectively, without compromising on design accuracy and product integrity.

In turn, OEM’s put this pressure onto the supply chain to increase their efficiency in producing parts for aircraft, including employing lean manufacturing methods. But OEM’s and suppliers are struggling.

Demand for new aircraft is mostly concentrated in the single-­aisle segment with requirements for 26,730 aircraft, particularly the A320NEO and 737 Max (Aviation Week, 2015). The remaining 8,830 new aircraft will be dedicated to the twin-­aisle segment (Aviation Week, 2015) (figure 1).

Widebody Aircraft Number of Aircraft

200-­‐300 Seats 4,770

300-­‐400 Seats 3,520

400+ Seats 540

Total 8,830

SOURCE: AVIATION WEEK (2015)

Figure 1. Chart to show the percentage distribution of aircraft in demand by seat numbers, in the twin-­aisle segment.

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But the demand for new aircraft is accompanied by governmental pressures for OEM’s to comply with strict environmental regulations (i.e. OEM’s are challenged with reducing their carbon footprint). Hence suppliers are under pressure to design and produce more lightweight parts that utilise fuel more efficiently.

The aerospace defence sector also faces similar challenges. The UK defence sector has been promised a £178 billion investment in defence equipment by the government, which includes the development of new aircraft (National Security Strategy and Strategic Defense and Security Review 2015) – but more on this later. This is particularly relevant given the recent decision by the UK government to conduct airstrikes in Syria against ISIS, with the development of innovative and new technologies for aircraft in demand. And given the increasing threat to the UK by terrorist groups, aircraft will need to be developed quickly, putting pressure on suppliers to boost their manufacturing efficiency in times of need.

But there are a number of paths designers and manufacturers can take to reduce their costs whilst maintaining accuracy in design and product/part integrity. This includes improving cost management techniques within the supply chain through clean sheet costing and co-­operation between OEM’s and suppliers in reducing costs.

A series of Dassault SystèmesCATIA product-­based solutionscan help to reduce the cost of part production whilst improving design accuracy and time to market. These products include CATIA in Additive Manufacturing (AM), CATIA Composites Design for Manufacturing, CATIA Composites Design 3, CATIA Aerospace Sheet Metal Design and CATIA’s approach to 3D printing, including their innovative work on a new file format called 3MF to replace STL.

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Challenges in the Aerospace Industry

Reduce costs but boost time to market

Passenger air travel is expected to increase at 4.9% per year, with the potential to reach 6.5%, meaning the capacity of current aircraft is insufficient in handling passenger traffic (Aviation Week, 2015). This puts a lot of pressure on OEM’s such as Boeing and Airbus to deliver fleets of new aircraft cost-­effectively.

In aerospace defence, the increasing terror threat against the UK has prompted the government to invest billions of pounds in defence aircraft. But the government are adamant that costs need to be controlled and the production of these aircraft needs to be cost-­effective, especially given the government’s wider austerity measures (National Security Strategy and Strategic Defense and Security Review 2015).

“The pressure's now being put on tier one, tier two suppliers and they're finding that they're having to find better ways of creating parts quicker and more efficiently.”

Paul Gubb, Technical Consultant at DTE

To reduce costs, OEM’s are turning to the supply chain requesting a quick turnaround for parts at a cheaper price, squeezing suppliers in return for further contracts. Suppliers in turn are under pressure to deliver an ever increasing high standard of design and manufacturing of parts but now on an even lower budget. And where smaller Tier 2 and Tier 3 suppliers are unable to keep up with manufacturing, OEM’s may be forced to consolidate the supply chain.

One of the methods many OEM’s have employed to combat costs and reduce time delays is by on-­shoring or re-­shoring within their supply chain, bringing much of the supply chain back to the local economy. As the complexity of supply chains increases, off-­shoring produces cost and time delays in the form of transportation costs and long lead times, that OEM’s just cannot afford.

So many OEM’s are now reducing the complexity of their supply chains by on-­shoring, giving them greater control over the supply chain. It also helps to drive local economies by creating jobs and increasing social well-­being.

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Boosting manufacturing efficiency for Defence contractors

As terrorist groups, like ISIS, continue to pose a threat to the UK, the government has pledged to invest £178 billion over the next 10 years in defence equipment (National Security Strategy and Strategic Defense and Security Review 2015). This includes the development of a series of aircraft as part of the Joint Force 2025 initiative, aiming to tackle terrorism over the next decade (National Security Strategy and Strategic Defense and Security Review 2015) (table 2).

Type of aircraft Number of aircraft for production

Protector 20P8 Maritime Patrol 9Rivet Joint 3E-­‐3D Sentry 6Shadow 8Force Protection Wings 6Voyager 14C17 8A400M Atlas 22C130J Hercules 14

SOURCE: NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY AND STRATEGIC DEFENCE AND

SECURITY REVIEW 2015

The development of new defence aircraft is particularly vital given that the UK has now begun launching air strikes against ISIS in Syria. But as part of the UK government’s initiative to develop new defence aircraft, they’re also conscious to ensure that costs are kept down. To achieve this, the UK government has emphasised the need to take advantage of developments in technology and innovation to ensure aircraft of the highest quality can be produced cost-­effectively (National Security Strategy and Strategic Defense and Security Review 2015). But finding the right technology and receiving the proper training is not always easy.

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Reduce carbon emissions

Governments around the globe are putting pressure on airlines to reduce their carbon footprint. For example, the UK government are now including the aerospace industry in their plans to cut UK carbon emissions by 80% by 2050 (Gov.uk, 2015), meaning many airlines are demanding more fuel efficient aircraft.

The aerospace industry is responding with the production of aircrafts, such as the A320NEO and Boeing 737 Max, based on their fuel efficiency. But pressures to reduce carbon emissions means that suppliers are also being tasked with producing lightweight parts that benefit fuel efficiency. This is especially important when you consider the cost of fuel as a percentage of overall operating costs for airlines, which continues to increase from an average of 13.6% in 2001, to 32.3% in 2014 (IATA, 2015). Although it was forecasted that there was a decrease from 32.3% in 2014 to 28.1% in 2015, this is still significantly higher than costs in 2003 (IATA, 2015) (figure 2).

0.00%5.00%10.00%15.00%20.00%25.00%30.00%35.00%40.00%

Cost of fuel as a % of Operating Costs for Airlines

SOURCE: IATA (2015)

To produce lightweight parts, suppliers are increasingly using composite materials which are known for cutting production costs and improving reliability (KPMG, 2015). Common industry targets for the use of composite materials are set at “achieving 50% composite composition and 20% weight reduction by 2020” particularly in twin-­aisle aircraft (Wyman, 2015).

Composite materials are also used in the development of defense aircraft in an effort to reduce costs i.e. 70% of the Eurofighter Typhoon is composed of carbon fibre composites (Eurofighter Typhoon, 2015). Similarly, the A400M Atlas uses carbon fibre composite materials in the wing structure (Sloan, 2012).

Figure 2. Line chart to show the cost of fuel as a percentage of Operating costs for the airline industry

Are composite materials the answer…?

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The benefits of using composite materials include:

Benefit Fact

Complex designs Composites can be moulded into more complicated designs without the need for high pressure tools

Durable Composites enjoy a greater resistance to chemicals and moisture compared to metal alternatives

Thermal conductivity Composites act as good insulators

Low weight Composites can be as much as 25% of the weight of steel, and 30% lighter than aluminium

Pressure to design parts

OEM’s are now placing more responsibility for the design of aircraft parts onto suppliers. Suppliers are then required to invest in recruiting and training engineers, effectively diversifying outside of their main business operations (Wyman, 2015).

The problem for some suppliers is that they don’t have enough money to invest in people or the machine tools to accommodate the design requirements. And even if suppliers are able to take on this extra design work, it’s becoming more evident that there is a shortage of designers and engineers with the right skill set to complete the job to a high standard.

“You've still got to have that knowledge in the first place… you've got to have those basic skills”.

Chris Palmer, Business Development Executive at DTE.

This is what makes good quality training in the use of machine tools and software vital, as without the proper knowledge, poorly constructed parts are developed that are of no use to the OEM. But it’s not always easy to get access to good quality training in using machine tools and associated software.

SOURCE: VECK FASTENERS (2012)

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Global competition

As more complex jobs require a greater skill set, many OEM’s are looking further afield for suppliers who can get the job done. Western suppliers are facing increasing threat from Asia and South America whose innovation and manufacturing improvements are making these countries more attractive as potential suppliers.

For example, Japan has contributed carbon fibre components and titanium alloys to the construction of Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner, with over a third of the construction elements of the 787 Dreamliner attributed to Japanese suppliers (Allan, 2015).

Mexico’s aerospace industry also represents strong competition to global suppliers. As of 2014, Mexico’s exports of aerospace products were valued at $6.4 billion (ProMéxico, 2015). Mexico is also investing in their workforce, supporting the training of Mexicans across job functions in the aerospace industry, including technicians and engineers (ProMéxico, 2015).

So UK suppliers will need to improve the quality of training that their engineers and designers are receiving, in order to maintain a competitive edge.

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Overcoming the challenges in the Aerospace Industry

Clean Sheet Costing

Although these challenges are quite daunting, there are a number of solutions that OEM’s and suppliers can take to reduce their costs.

It’s important to understand the factors that contribute to the cost of a product/part so you can gain a better understanding of where costs can be reduced, without compromising the integrity of the end product/part. By gaining an understanding of cost drivers early in the product development process, adaptations can be made to component designs and manufacturing processes to reduce the cost of producing that component. This way, suppliers and OEM’s can produce and purchase components respectively, for a lower cost.

Clean Sheet Costing maps every step in the design and manufacturing process for each component, including understanding each piece of equipment used and overhead costs (McKinsey & Company, 2013). These calculations are then adjusted for performance variables (i.e. various possible yield rates, the extent to which equipment has been utilized etc.) (McKinsey & Company, 2013). From here OEM’s can get a much better estimate of suppliers’ costs, in an attempt to determine how much they should really be paying for these parts.

Similar to Should Cost Modelling, designers gain a better understanding of product costs. They can then use this information to adapt their approach to the utilization of materials to be more efficient, and make more informed decisions concerning trade-­offs between cost and functionality, similar to Should Cost Modelling (Industry Week, 2011).

Joint Cost Reductions

Joint cost reductions may be more appropriate when both OEM’s and suppliers are able to work together to cut costs (PWC, 2013). For example, OEM’s may place orders for a component on an unpredictable schedule, causing suppliers’ overheads to increase. But this can be resolved where if the OEM places orders on a more organized schedule, the supplier can reduce their costs of carrying inventory (PWC, 2013). This is something that suppliers may want to flag up with OEM’s.

Other ways that OEM’s and suppliers can work together include OEM’s placing orders of a higher quantity. Suppliers can then take advantage of economies of scale when producing larger numbers of components. Again, this may be something that suppliers discuss with OEM’s in negotiations in return for reasonable price concessions.

1. Generic Solutions

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2. Product-­based Solutions

CATIA – Composites Design for Manufacturing (CPM)

Along with these generic solutions, there are a series of Dassault Systèmes CATIA product-­based solutions that companies can employ to reduce costs and speed up design and manufacturing of aircraft components.

With pressure mounting to reduce the weight of aircraft in the attempt to become more fuel efficient, more and more companies are developing aircraft components from composite materials. To help companies achieve these goals, Dassault Systèmes have developed a range of software solutions that reduce the costs of composite part production and improve time to market, without compromising product integrity.

This includes CATIA – Composites Design for Manufacturing, a powerful tool that optimizes the manufacturing preparation of composite parts within a 3D design format. CPM allows manufacturers to include all of the manufacturing and producibilityconstraints in the composites design process, producing considerable time savings.

Specifically, CPM provides dedicated manufacturing part modelling capabilities including 3D multisplice. With CPM, you can also achieve accurate fibre behaviour simulation as well as automatic flattened geometry creation.

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CATIA – Composites Design 3 (CPD)

CATIA – Composites Design 3 is another CATIA software solution dedicated to optimising the process of producing high-­quality composite parts.

CPD covers the preliminary design phase through to engineering and manufacturing detailed design phases, delivering a powerful composites design solution within a 3D environment. One of the advantages of CPD is that designers are able to work concurrently on the same design whilst manufacturing constraints are considered early in the design process, meaning errors can be spotted earlier, reducing time to market.

This helps overcome the challenge of OEM’s pressuring suppliers to produce parts quickly.

CPD also offer a new grid design approach which can help in the design of aircraft parts such as wind turbine blades, improving the extent to which these parts fit with structural parts.

Benefits of CPM & CPD

Save Time and Money

Both CPM and CPD are able to utilise their design change management capabilities to ensure that any changes during the design-­to-­manufacturing process have minimal effect on production time of composite parts. This helps suppliers to overcome the challenge of needing to produce parts more quickly for OEM’s and improve manufacturing efficiency.

Collaboration between OEM’s and suppliers

CPM and CPD both have synchronisation capabilities that bridge the gap between engineering design and manufacturing that enables suppliers and OEM’s to work together during the composite design process. The advantage is that manufacturing designers are able to work simultaneously to the design phase, taking into account design changes, again saving time.

Ensure product quality

Producibility checking from the CAD model at the design stage allows designers to check for manufacturing problems such as wrinkles. These errors can then be eliminated early in the process, avoiding the costly production of poor quality composite parts.

Importantly, this helps to overcome the challenge of producing parts quickly and cost-­effectively, without compromising on the quality of parts.

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CATIA – Generative Aerospace Sheet Metal Designer (ASL)

CATIA – Generative Aerospace Sheet Metal Designer uses pre-­defined features to develop sheet metal parts across the aerospace industry.

ASL is based on specification-­driven and generative approaches, enabling hydro-­formed parts to be specified easily. ASL also allows you to compute 3D and flattened geometry from the feature specifications. Compared to basic modelling tools which can take hours or even days to do this, ASL is able to achieve the same results in a matter of minutes, contributing to a reduced time to market.

One of the advantages of ASL is that it provides the flatpattern of the sheet metal part, allowing design modifications in the preliminary design stage right through to the detailed design stages, in 3D and flattened conditions. This way, whenever a modification is made to the overall specifications of the part, any new parts are then automatically built in the new specifications.

Benefits of ASL

Increased design accuracy

ASL enables the development of both a 3D formed part and a 2D flattened part geometry from the technical specifications. Having consistency between the formed and flattened geometries helps to increase the accuracy of your designs and increases designers’ confidence in the extent to which the part can be manufactured.

Corporate standards

Corporate standards can be used as the basis for creating files which are to design part features, such as stiffening beads. The advantage here is that using these company standards helps you to increase the quality of your design.

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Additive Manufacturing/3D Printing

Additive Manufacturing (AM) represents a leap forward in manufacturing compared to traditional methods, particularly in reducing costs, increasing the speed of manufacturing and reducing design constraints.

Within aerospace, AM allows designers and manufacturers to develop functional components with complex geometries and multiple moving parts, cost-­effectively and quickly.

Dassault Systèmes’ CATIA, part of the 3DExperience platform, is able to create and export complex 3D models in an STL file format to print 3D parts. With CATIA, you can achieve significant cost reductions through a range of ways afforded by 3D printing.

Benefits of 3D Printing

Less waste material

The problem with traditional manufacturing is that milling or grinding down produces a significant amount of waste materials during part production. As AM works by building up using only what is needed, there is a significant reduction in the amount of excess materials remaining at the end of the process, saving you money.

Simplifying the supply chain

Costs can also be reduced through simplification of the supply chain by removing unnecessary assembly steps by consolidating the production of parts and sub-­assemblies within the supply chain (Marchese, Crane & Haley, 2015). By manufacturing a part as a single piece as opposed to a collection of smaller components, you can save time and money in labour and the necessary tooling and machines. Not only that, it decreases the weight of parts and increases fuel efficiency (see case study).

Improve tooling design

AM is also beneficial to the production of tooling based on its ability to reduce costs and lead times compared to traditional tooling approaches (Marchese, Crane & Haley, 2015). Using AM in tooling fabrication reduces the amount of waste material produced during fabrication, and because it’s an automated process, labour costs are reduced (Cotteleer, Neier & Crane, 2014).

AM also allows you to create more complex and specific tooling designs that are required for more customized end-­products (Cotteleer, Neier & Crane, 2014). This means that you can improve the design, efficiency and functionality of the end-­product at a cheaper cost afforded by the use of AM.

Case Study – Fuel Nozzle Production

An aerospace company was tasked with creating fuel nozzles for a series of new jet engines.

Using AM, the nozzles were created consisting of only a single piece compared to 20 pieces, as is the case with traditional methods.

The result was that the part weighed 25% less than standard fuel nozzles, helping aircrafts to reduce their fuel consumption by 15%.

SOURCE: BOLGAR (2015)

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The future of 3D Printing – 3MF

And as Additive Manufacturing continues to develop, Dassault Systèmes remains at the forefront of innovation. Dassault Systèmes are amongst a few companies developing a new file format called 3D Manufacturing Format (3MF) to replace the current STL files used to drive 3D printing.

3MF is a richer file format that is better able to retain internal colour information and texture compared to STL files (3MF.com, 2015). 3MF also contains all of the model information within a single archive, which includes materials, textures, colours and more (3MF.com, 2015).

Ultimately, 3MF rises above the limitation issues of STL and represents a step forward in supporting innovative designs in 3D printing.

So where can I get this software?

DTE are an accredited partner of Dassault Systèmes and sell all of these software solutions described as well as a range of other software solutions to help you to improve your design and manufacturing processes.

For more information about product and software solutions, follow this link.

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Learning to use this software

Having the right skills and training to use this software may just make you the number one choice for OEM’s. This is particularly important considering OEM’s are looking further afield to suppliers overseas who are developing a more skilled workforce and investing significantly in training and education.

This is where DTE can help you to remain a competitive force. DTE offer comprehensive training in the use of the above software and more. As a certified Education Partner of Dassault Systèmes, we provide high quality training solutions that reflect the best practices for using the latest technology.

DTE training courses are all trainer-­led with emphasis on interaction and demonstration of all the processes and procedures required to utilize the technology. We believe that a more hands-­on approach will enable you to gain a deeper understanding of the relevant functionality of the software.

What makes DTE different to other course providers is that we provide bespoke training to satisfy each customers’ individual requests. With that, we aim to ensure that there is a tangible element to what trainees receive at the end of the course. We encourage trainees to bring their own products to the sessions and use them as the basis for product demonstrations and training. For example, if there is a particular component that you want to machine, we will help you to do this during the training session.

And following training, we provide you with dedicated customer support to ensure that you make the most of what you have learnt. So whatever questions you may have, we’re ready to help you.

“DTE provides an exceptional service, every aspect of the course is covered with great detail, and at a pace to suit everyone. As well as teaching the course to which you have applied for, DTE did a fantastic job at relating commands within CATIA to your profession making the course even more interesting and relevant.”

DTE Training Courses

For more information about training courses offered by DTE, follow this link.

To start booking your training courses, follow this link.

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Why choose DTE?

DTE has been around since 1986, so we have developed vast experience about the types of problems companies face in the aerospace, automotive, motorsport, architecture and manufacturing industries.

We pride ourselves on a few key values that are deeply ingrained in our company philosophy which help us to achieve success with our clients;;

Strong industry knowledge

We pride ourselves on our ability to use our in-­depth knowledge of the industry and the common and not-­so-­common challenges that companies face.

The high level of industry knowledge at DTE stems from the fact that our consultants come from within the industry themselves, so they have first-­hand knowledge of what the problems and frustrations in the industry are and how best to solve them.

Honesty and integrity

If we aren’t able to provide the best solution for your specific problem, we aim to put you in touch with another company who may be better positioned to solve your problem.

Dedicated customer support

Getting used to new software isn’t easy and there may be times that you need follow-­up support. That’s why we provide dedicated customer support services to answer any questions or queries that you may have, whenever you have them. We make sure you don’t have to go through a whole chain of people to reach the right person. Instead, you can enjoy direct contact with the DTE consultant who you have been dealing with from the start.

Ultimately, this ensures we can provide a quick and catered solution that helps you to utilize the software you have purchased.

“…we will put our hand up and say, ‘Actually, you know what? We can't do that but we may know a company who can do that or maybe we can suggest another solution to achieve that’.”

Chris Palmer, Business Development Executive at DTE.

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Conclusion

As demand for new aircraft is on the rise, OEM’s are looking to reduce the cost of aircraft design and manufacturing. But this has placed a lot of pressure on the supply chain to find ways to reduce costs and time to market, without compromising the quality of the part.

Ways they can achieve this is through;;

Clean Sheet Costing– conducting a thorough cost breakdown analysis to understand where costs can be reduced in design and manufacturing, so OEM’s have a better idea of what parts should cost.Joint Cost Reductions – where OEM’s and suppliers work together to reduce costs i.e. more organized scheduling of orders.Product-­based solutions – this includes a variety of CATIA products;;

– Composites Design for Manufacturing– Composites Design 3– Generative Aerospace Sheet Metal Designer– CATIA in Additive Manufacturing– Obtain expertise in these software solutions with Training by DTE

If you have any questions, comments or would like to know more, please contact us.

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References

3MF (2015). What is 3MF? [online]. Available at: http://3mf.io/what-­is-­3mf/. [Accessed 3 December].

Allan (2015). Japanese aerospace industry taking off. [online]. Available at: http://www.investmentinjapan.com/news-­and-­ins ights/opinion/japanese-­aerospace-­industry-­taking-­off/. [Accessed 6 December].

Aviation Week (2015) New-­Aircraft Demand Grows Again in Boeing’s Latest Commercial Forecast. [online]. Available at: http://aviationweek.com/commercial-­aviation/new-­aircraft-­demand-­grows-­again-­boeing-­s-­latest-­commercial-­forecast. [Accessed 6 November 2015].

Bolgar (2015). 3D Printing takes off. [online]. Available at: http://www.apriso.com/blog/page/4/. [Accessed 3 December].

Cotteleer, Neier & Crane (2014). 3D opportunity in tooling. [online]. Available at: http://dupress.com/articles/additive-­manufacturing-­3d-­opportunity-­in-­tooling/. [Accessed 3 December].

Eurofighter (2015). The Aircraft. [online]. Available at: https://www.eurofighter.com/the-­aircraft. [Accessed 8 December].

Gov.uk (2015). 2010 to 2015 government policy: greenhouse gas emissions. [online]. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-­to-­2015-­government-­policy-­greenhouse-­gas-­emissions/2010-­to-­2015-­government-­policy-­greenhouse-­gas-­emissions#appendix-­2-­eu-­emissions-­trading-­system-­eu-­ets. [Accessed 11 November 2015].

IATA (2015). FACT SHEET: Fuel. [pdf] IATA. Available at: http://www.iata.org/pressroom/facts_figures/fact_sheets/pages/index.aspx. [Accessed 24 November 2015].

Industry Week (2011). Why the aerospace industry needs to use ‘should cost modelling’. [online]. Available at: http://www.industryweek.com/software-­amp-­systems/why-­aerospace-­industry-­needs-­use-­should-­costing. [Accessed 27 November].

KPMG (2015). Global aerospace and defence outlook. [pdf]. Available from: https://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/kpmg-­global-­aerospace-­defense-­outlook/Documents/kpmgs-­global-­aerospace-­and-­defense-­outlook-­2015.pdf. [Accessed 3 December].

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Marchese, Crane & Haley (2015). 3D opportunity for the supply chain: Additive manufacturing delivers. [online]. Available at: http://dupress.com/articles/additive-­manufacturing-­3d-­printing-­supply-­chain-­transformation/. [Accessed 3 December].

McKinsey & Company (2013). Excellence in cost management: A new era for aerospace. [pdf]. Available at: http://www.mckinsey.com/search.aspx?q=Excellence+in+cost+management%3A+A+new+era+for+aerospace. [Accessed 23 November].

Prime Minister's Office, Cabinet Office, Department for International Development, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Home Office, Ministry of Defence (2015). National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015. (CM. 9161). London: TSO.

ProMéxico (2015). Mexican aerospace industry: A booming innovation driver. [pdf]. Available at: http://www.promexico.gob.mx/documentos/revista-­negocios/pdf/ jun-­2015.pdf. [Accessed 20 November 2015].

PWC (2013). Recapturing value in aerospace: Know you suppliers’ costs and collaborate to lower them. [pdf]. Available at: http://www.strategyand.pwc.com/reports/recapturing-­value-­in-­aerospace. [Accessed 2 December].

Sloan (2012). A400M wing assembly: Challenge of integrating composites. [online]. Available at: http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/a400m-­wing-­assembly-­challenge-­of-­integrating-­composites. [Accessed 8 December].

Veck Fasteners (2012). Composite advantages. [online]. Available at: http://www.veckfasteners.com/composite-­advantages/. [Accessed 25 November].

Wyman (2015). Challenges for European aerospace suppliers. [pdf]. Available from: http://www.oliverwyman.com/content/dam/oliver-­wyman/global/en/2015/mar/key-­challenges-­for-­european-­aerospace-­suppliers.pdf. [Accessed 23 November 2015].

References

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DTE was founded in 1986 and has built up an array of experience in working with various companies in the aerospace, automotive, motorsport, architecture, manufacturing and general mechanical engineering markets.

DTE can provide full turnkey solutions for CAD, CAM, FEA, CAE, PLM solutions as we are a fully accredited Value-­added Reseller (VAR) for Dassault Systèmes suite of software products CATIA, ENOVIA, Delmia, 3DVia and UK agent for MSC Software products Nastran, Patran, Marc, Apex and Adams.