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&% b]lv *) lbgdf kfSg]kf}li6s kmfObf
g]kfndf d'+u v]tLsf nflu cfjZos hfgsf/Lx?
cfDbfgLsf] >f]t
df6f]sf] :jf:Yodf ;'wf/
df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQmdf ;'wf/
cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t
!)d'+usf] bfgfdf Unf]a'lng k|f]l6g x'G5 h'g ;lhn};Fu kRg] x'gfn] afnaflnsf, la/fdL JolQm tyf h]i7 gful/sx?sf nflu clt g} /fd|f] x'G5 .
d'+usf] lk7f] ld;fPsf] afnef]hg jf tof/L kf}li6s cfxf/
d'+u l6lk;s]kl5sf] afFsL emfD6fnfO{ df6f]df ldnfpFbf df6f]sf] :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ NofpF5 / kl5NNff] afnLsf] pTkfbg a9fpF5 .
Ps la3f hldgdf nufOPsf]
afnLaf6 &% b]lv *) lbgd}
sl/a *) xhf/;Dd cfDbfgL lng ;lsG5 .
!)!)d'+u 5f]6f] cjlwdf tof/ x'g] afnL xf], h;sf] v]tL g]kfndf d'Vo ul/ lxFpb]afnL h:t}M tf]/L, cfn', ux'F, d;'/f], rgf cflb afnL sfl6 ;s]kl5 jif]{ wfg nufpg'eGbf cufl8sf] vfnL ;dodf ul/G5 .
d'+uafnLaf6 dgUu] cfDbfgL lng ;lsG5 .
Ps la3fdf sl/a @) b]lv @% s]hL gfO6«f]hg l:y/Ls/0f ul/ df6f]df ldnfpF5 h'g $# b]lv %% s]hL o'l/of a/fa/ xf] .
;/b/ pTkfbg lbPsf] d'+uafnLdfPs la3fdf !) b]lv !@ d]l6«s 6g emfD6f lg:sG5 h;nfO{ hf]Tg] qmddf ;lhn} df6f]df
ldnfpg ;lsG5 .
o;n] df6f]df /x]sf] gfO6«f]hgsf] dfqf a9fO kl5NNff] afnLsf nflu df6f]nfO{
dlnnf] agfpF5 .
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kf}li6s kmfObfd'+udf dflg;n] ;lhn};Fu krfpg ;Sg] Unf]a'lng k|f]l6g x'G5M
d'+usf] bfgfnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf vfBj:t' pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 :d'+u au{/ nufotsf
zfsfxf/L vfgf agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 .
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d'+uafnL Ps ! kmfObf cg]s !!!
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d'+usf] h/fdf x'g] luvf{x?n] jfo'd08ndf ePsf] gfO6«f]hgnfO{ df6f]df NofpF5 / df6f] dlnnf] agfpF5 .
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pGgt tl/sf ckgfO Ps la3fdf nufOPsf] d'+uaf6 ?= *),))) ;Dd cfDbfgL
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d'+u bfnsf] k"0f{ bfgfsf ;fy} d'+u ldl>t ljleGGf vfB pTkfbgx? h:t}M bfndf]7, e'lhof, c+s'l/t 6';f, ;nfb, xn'jf, e]h au{/ cflb ;a} pd]/;d"xsf nflu pkof]uL x'G5 .
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v]t hf]t]/ kf6f nufO;s]kl5 lgDg tl/sfn] d'+u 5g{ ;lsG5 Mxftn] Psgfz x'g] ul/ 5g]{
aLp 5g]{ emf]n] d]lzg k|of]u ug]{
aLp dn 5g]{ l;8 l8«n d]lzg k|of]u ug]{
of] d]lzgn] lagf vghf]t klg 5g{ ;lsG5 .
/fOhf]ljod lhjf0f'n] aLp pkrf/ ubf{ h/fdf luvf{x? a9fpF5 / df6f]df gfO6«f]hg l:y/Ls/0f ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .
d'+u 5g]{ a]nfdf df6f]df kof{Kt lr:ofg x'g' clgjfo{ 5 .
nfOgdf d'+u 5bf{ sd aLp nfU5 ;fy} uf]8d]n ug{, ljifflb 5g{ / sf]zf l6Kg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
aLp 5g]{ ulx/fO # b]lv % ;]ld x'g'k5{ . lr:ofg sd ePsf] df6f]df # ;]ld / lr:ofg a9L ePsf] df6f]df % ;]ldsf] xf/fxf/Ldf 5g'{kb{5 .
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k|f+ufl/s jf /f;folgs dn xfNbf /fd|f];Fu df6f]df ldnfpg'k5{ .
klxnf]pd|]sf] !% b]lv @) lbgdf
bf]>f] km"n km"n]sf] a]nfdf
d'+uafnLdf km"n nfUf]sf] a]nf ;s];Dd /f;folgs ljifflb g5/f}+ .
k+x]nf] df]hfOs efO/;, kftsf] l;Gb'/] / kftsf] 89'jf /f]u d'+uafnLdf nfUg] d'Vo /f]ux? x'g\ . olb oL /f]ux? b]lvPdf tTsfn} /f]uu|:t af]6x? pv]n]/ hnfpg] jf hldgd'lg ufl8lbg] ug'{kb{5 .
olb afnLdf /f]u a9L g} b]lvPdf a]leli6g &) 8An'lk -sfj]{G8flhd_ @ u|fdsf nflu Ps ln6/ kfgLsf] b/n] ld;fO 5g'{kb{5 . ofb ug'{xf];\, of] lg0f{o lng' cufl8 s[lif k|fljlws;Fu ;Nnfx lng' pko'Qm x'g]5 .
klxnf] l6kfO d'+u 5/]sf] %) b]lv ^) lbgkl5 ;'? x'G5 .
bf]>f] l6kfO d'+u 5/]sf] &) lbgkl5 ;'? x'G5 .
pGgt tl/sfn] u/]sf] d'+u v]tLdf Ps s7\7fd} sl/a #) b]lv $) lsnf] cyf{t\ Ps la3fdf ^)) b]lv *)) lsnf]] d'+u pTkfbg x'G5 .
bfgfdf lr:ofgsf] dfqf !@ b]lv !$ k|ltzt ;Dd x'g'kb{5 . o;sf] cy{ d'+usf] bfgfnfO{ ;'/lIft e08f/0f ug{sf] nflu bfgfnfO{ bfFtn] 6f]Sbf lsl6Ss cfjfh cfpg] x'g'kb{5 .
blIf0f Pl;ofsf] cGgafnL k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ Nofpg l;;f kl/of]hgf (CSISA Project) ;g\ @))( df ;'? ePsf] xf] . of] kl/of]hgf cGt/f{li6«o ds} tyf ux'FafnL ;'wf/ s]Gb|n] cGt/f{li6«o vfB gLlt cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg / cGt/f{li6«o wfgafnL cg';Gwfg ;++:yfg;Fusf] ;xsfo{
/ nlIft b]zsf s[lif cg';Gwfg / k|;f/df sfo{/t lgsfo;Fusf] ;dGjodf ;Grfng ub{5 . o; OGkmf]u|flkmS;df ePsf ljj/0f tyf ljrf/x?n] lan P08 d]ln08f u]6\; kmfpG8];g, o'P;P8 / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf ljrf/x?nfO{ k|ltlalDjt ub}{gg\ / o;nfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf]
lj1fkg jf pTkflbt j:t'sf] ;dy{g jf k|dfl0fs/0fsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] 5}g . ;xL p¢/0fM vgfn, Pg=kL, ;fksf]6f, Pd=, e6\6, Pd=, 9'+ufgf, Pr=, b/fO{, cf/=, sfˆn], P;=, qm'lKgs, l6=h]=, @)!(= d'+uafnL Ps kmfObf cg]s . l;dL6 / l;;f kl/of]hgf, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .
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ljifflb 5bf{ ;'/Iffsf nflu clgjfo{ ?kdf df:s, kGhf, Pk|f]g / a'6h'Qf nufpg'xf];\ .
km"n km"Ng ;'? x'g' cl3 dfq ljifflb 5g{'xf];\ . km"n km"ln;s]kl5 ljifflb 5bf{ vr{ dfq a9\g] / pTkfbgdf vf;} km/s gkg]{ x'g ;S5 .
aLp 5g]{ d]lzg xftn] 5bf{{
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nueu ;a} sf]zf nflu;s]kl5 l;FrfO glbg], h;n] ubf{ sf]zfx? Psgfzn] kfSg dbt ub{5 .
xl/of] sf]zfx? kfs]/ v}/f] sfnf] x'g yfn]kl5 l6Kg'kb{5 / y|]l;ª ug'{ eGbf cufl8 # b]lv % lbg;Dd ;'sfpg' k5{ .
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nfebfos sL/fx? / dfs'/fx?n] xflgsf/s sL/fx? lgoGq0f ug{ dbt ub{5g\ . glhssf] s[lif zfvf, s[lif 1fg s]Gb|, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb jf l;dL6sf s[lif k|fljlws;Fu ;Nnfx lnP/ /f;folgs ljifflbaf/] lg0f{o lng'xf];\ .
sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ ljifflb k|of]u ubf{ nfUg] vr{ pQm sL/fn] afnLdf Iflt ubf{ x'g] gf]S;fg eGbf sd eP dfq kmfObf x'G5 .
ljifflbn] nfebfos hLjnfO{ klg dfg]{ x'gfn] k|of]u ubf{ xf]l;of/L ckgfpg'xf];\
ljifflb :k|] ubf{ glhsdf c? JolQm jf afnaRrf gePsf] lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .
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af?nfn] sL/fsf] z/L/df km'n kf5{-h;n] pQm sL/fnfO{ dfl/lbG5 .
cGo s]xL lzsf/L sL/fn] klg zq'sL/f vfG5g\ .
Ps s7\7fdf ^)) u|fd ! s7\7fdf *)) u|fd
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