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Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918

Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

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Page 1: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918

Page 2: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany
Page 3: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

1919: Versailles, art. 231:

The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.

Page 4: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

Duitse Keizerrijk

Bondsstaat (statenbond?) Hegemonie Pruisen

ambtenarenstaat

Reichstag ‘Made in Germany’ – Tweede

Industriële Revolutie chemie, elektriciteit, techniek

Germania docet

Page 5: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

Duitse historiografie na 1945

Het verleden als probleem

Vergangenheitsbewältigung

“Vergangenheitspolitik”? (Norbert Frei)

staatsdoctrine BRD: bewuste omgang met Duitse schuld (na 1960)

nieuwe geschiedenis (na 1960)

Page 6: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

Stadia Duitse geschiedwetenschap na 1945

continuiteit?:1945: het „tragisch historisme“ (Meinecke/Ritter)

breuk met historisme: Gesellschaftsgeschichte vanaf 1960 (Wehler/Kocka) SONDERWEGTHESE

Revisie/herwaardering Duitse geschiedenis? Na 1980Polemiek grote debatten: Historikerstreit/Bombenkrieg

Page 7: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

FISCHERKONTROVERSE Fritz Fischer, Deutschlands Griff nach der

Weltmacht. Die Kriegzielspolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschlands 1914/1918 (1961)

these: continuïteit → Derde Rijk

Page 8: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

Kritische kentering 1960 FISCHERKONTROVERSE (1961)

nieuwe generatie historici uitbreiding universiteiten/

leerstoelen ideologische verbreding einde tijdperk Adenauer revolutie jaren ‘60

Page 9: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

Gesellschaftsgeschichte

methodische & politieke breuk Marx én Max Weber

Bochum, Bielefeld assimilationistisch wetenschapsideaal(breuk

met historistisch autonomisme) nieuwe onderwerpen, soc. ec. & politieke

geschiedenis 1800-1933 = structuurgeschiedenis engagement: Verfassungspatriotismus

Page 10: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

De mislukte Duitse ontwikkeling=omkering historisme & ideaalbeeld Duitse cultuur! Germania docet

I. Ideologische Sonderweg-these na 1945: Le malade allemand

A.J.P.Taylor, The course of German History (1945)

Fritz Stern, The failure of illiberalism. Essays on the culture of modern Germany (1972)

Sonderwegthese

Page 11: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

II. Structuralistische Sonderweg-these Nationaal-socialisme= logische uitkomst

mislukte modernisering van Duitsland

Moderniseringstheorie: historisch voorgeschreven route industrialisatie/moderne parlementaire democratie

= Doppelrevolution/ dual revolution

traditionele → → moderne maatschappij

Sonderwegthese = Gesellschaftsgeschichte

Page 12: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

Hans-Ulrich Wehler (1973)

Sonderwegthese

Pathologie Duitse ontwikkeling: economishe modernisering, géén

politieke/sociale modernisering

Page 13: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

Sonderwegthese =Historische Sozialwissenschaft

analyse economie Wachstumsstörungen/organisierter

Kapitalismus

analyse machtstructuren pseudokonstitutioneller Semi-

Absolutismus/ autoritäre Polykratie ohne Koordination

analyse sociale verhoudingen vorindustrielle Eliten/Obrigkeitsstaat

Page 14: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

“Revolution von oben”

mislukte revolutie 1848

Hegemonialkriege (1864-1870) + binnenlandse politiek Pruisen!

‘Charismatische Herrschaft’ Bismarck Polykratie na 1890:

Keizer/Reichstag/Leger/Bureaucratie

Page 15: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

Ideologie Keizerrijk

Integrationsklammern und strukturelle Demokratiefeindschaft

Nationalisme + Staatsideologie Religie Autoritäre Gesellschaft Antisemitisme/minderheden Militarisme

Sozialimperialismus

Page 16: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

Die Flucht nach vorn (WO I)

Wilhelminische ‘Weltpolitik’ als Innenpolitik

Sozialdarwinismus + Pangermanismus = Sozialimperialismus

= Schuldvraag WO I !

Page 17: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

Hans-Ulrich Wehler (1931) Sonderwegthese

Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte 1700-1989 (1987-2008) Strukturbedingungen der Wirtschaft Strukturbedingungen sozialer Ungleichheit Strukturbedingungen politischer Herrschaft

Tijdschrift:(Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Jürgen Kocka)

Geschichte und Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift für Historische Sozialwissenschaft (1975)

Page 18: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

Kritiek Sonderweg:possibilistisch perspectief

Page 19: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

Kritiek Sonderweg: anti-these

Page 20: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

The pecularities of German History

All national histories are peculiar, but some appear to be more peculiar than others

Germany was much more the intensified version of the norm than the exeption

Age of Modernity (Blackbourn)

Page 21: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

Kritiek Sonderweg: stedenproject Lothar Gall

Page 22: Duitse Keizerrijk 1871-1918. 1919: Versailles, art. 231: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany

Gesellschaftsgeschichte:de natiestaat voorbij?

Gesellschaftsgeschichte:fixatie/kritiek op de natie-staat (Deutsches Reich)(=anti-these Pruisische School)

BRD = democratisch einde van Duitse geschiedenis