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Page 1: Dutch Baroque Portraiture - WORLD.ARTvisaworldartvisa.weebly.com/uploads/6/3/1/7/6317724/dutch... · 2020. 1. 24. · • Group"portraits"of"military"units"thatfoughtagainstthe"Spanish"were"acommon"subjectfor"

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The  Ar'st  and  Light  •  Rembrandt  did  not  specialize  in  one  type  of  artwork  but  excelled  in  all  subject  

ma<er  •  He  is  most  famous  for  bringing  a  new  psychological  depth  to  his  portraiture,  and  

for  using  light  to  illuminate  the  character  both  from  without  and  from  within,  to  define  space  by  varying  degrees  of  brightness,  and  to  give  life  to  that  space  through  the  flowing  movement  of  shadows  

•  The  harsh  contrast  of  Caravaggio’s  styles  here  has  given  way  to  subtle  grada'ons    so  that  the  light  appears  to  be  moving  and  subtly  changing  across  the  picture  

•  In  the  Renaissance  they  represented  the  idea  of  light,  which  was  sta'c,  rather  than  showing  how  human’s  perceive  light,  which  is  ever-­‐changing  

•   By  capturing  the  actual  gradaHons  of  light  Rembrandt  could  render  nuances  of  character  and  mood  –  his  use  of  light  allows  us  to  read  emoHonal  differences  and  feelings  

 

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Dr.  Tulp’s  Anatomy  Class  •  His  first  important  commission  was  from  the  local  Guild  of  Surgeons  and  Physicians  •  The  composiHon  combines  group  portraiture  of  the  corpora'on  type  and  scienHfic  

pictures  •  The  subjects  are  the  heads  of  the  guild  and  other  prominent  ciHzens  whose  name  appear  

on  the  sheet  of  paper  held  by  the  central  figure  •  He  has  grouped  the  figures  on  different  levels  to  achieve  a  sense  of  candor  and  informality  

–  we  are  welcome  to  join  them  •  The  grouping  is  dissected  by  the  dramaHc  diagonal  of  the  corpse  •  The  use  of  light  reveals  individual  reacHons  and  expressions  –  some  watch  with  intensity  

while  others  ignore  the  demonstraHon  •  The  fullest  light  is  focused  on  the  corpse  and  the  hands  of  Dr.  Tulp  –  heightening  the  

drama  •  In  the  bo<om  right  an  addiHon  of  Vesalius’s  Anatomy  is  open  –  the  authority  on  Anatomy  

by  the  Dutch  scienHst  Adries  van  Wesel  •  Dr.  Tulp  fashioned  himself  as  Vesalius  Revived  •  The  portrait  serves  as  a  drama'za'on  of  the  spirit  of  scien'fic  inquiry  in  the  Age  of  

Observa'on      

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•  Group  portraits  of  military  units  that  fought  against  the  Spanish  were  a  common  subject  for  corpora'on  portraits  

•  AVer  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  and  regaining  of  Dutch  Independence  most  men  who  fought  in  these  units  became  shop  keepers.  However,  they  would  enjoy  dressing  up  and  posing  as  warrior  for  holiday  parades  –  thus  the  corpora'on  portrait  became  a  popular  means  to  commemorate  their  prideful  service  

•  This  was  one  of  several  group  portraits  commissioned  for  Amsterdam’s  new  Musketeer  Hall  •  Most  depicHons  of  military  units  show  the  men  gathered  around  a  banquet  table  or  standing  in  

orderly  fashion  •  To  get  life  and  movement  into  his  picture,  Rembrandt  chose  to  show  Captain  Cocq’s  company  in  

ac'on,  as  if  responding  to  a  call  of  genuine  duty  •  What  they  are  really  doing  is  geHng  ready  for  the  parade  –  we  are  watching  them  rushing  

around  in  the  act  of  organizing  themselves  •  As  if  paying  homage  to  the  painHng’s  assigned  locaHon  and  its  patrons  Rembrandt  shows  men  in  

the  various  stages  of  preparing  a  musket:  loading,  firing  and  readying  the  weapon  for  reloading  •  Just  off  center,  illuminated  by  the  brightest  light  is  the  Captain  and  his  Lieutenant  –  the  shadow  of  

the  Captain’s  hand  defines  the  source  of  the  light  •  The  girls  to  the  leV  is  unidenHfied  –  from  her  bet  hang  a  powder  horn  and  white  cockerel  which  

may  allude  to  the  captain’s  name  •  It  was  not  his  intenHon  to  show  the  men  at  night  –  but  the  varnish  has  darkened  the  painHng  

considerably  over  Hme  •  SHll,  Rembrandt  used  lights  and  darks  to  create  dramaHc  effect  and  movement  

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From  Riches  to  Rags    Self  Portrait  with  Saskia  •  Has  successfully  established  himself  in  Amsterdam  •  Marries  Saskia,  a  daughter  of  a  wealthy  family  •  Is  enjoying  material  prosperity  •  Depicts  himsled  in  a  cavalier  costume.  His  young  wife,  si]ng  on  his  knee,  partakes  in  the  

enjoyment  and  self-­‐celebraHon  as  he  raises  a  toast  to  his  audience  

•  From  1640  on  he  suffers  a  series  of  tragedies  •  His  mom  dies,  and  then  his  wife  •  An  alienated  lover  sues  him  publicly  for  money  •  By  1650  his  painHng  style  is  no  longer  en  vogue  •  He  goes  bankrupt  in  1656  •  His  son  dies  in  1668  

•  The  effect  of  these  tragedies  are  recorded  in  the  manner  in  which  he  depicts  himself    Self  Portrait  1656  •  The  light  is  now  an  internal  glow  as  he  peers  into  the  depths  of  his  own  mind  and  feelings  •  It  is  not  merely  about  the  world  of  appearances  but  inward  self  appraisal  •  He  depicts  a  true-­‐to-­‐life  face,  marked  with  worry  behind  his  eyes,  as  he  peer’s  into  his  

own  fate  •  His  eyes  do  not  meet  ours  but  look  past  us  in  contemplaHon  

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NOT  A  PORTRAIT  •  It  is  a  painHng  of  a  painter,  Vermeer,  painHng  another  painHng  •  The  painter,  Vermeer,  wears  a  costume  from  the  16th  century  (alluding  to  the  history  of  

painHng  and  it’s  accomplishments  in  the  Renaissance”.  Thus  placing  the  acHon  in  the  past  •  The  painter  is  painHng  a  woman  dressed  as  Clio  –  the  muse  of  history  •  She  holds  a  book  about  the  lives  of  Dutch  painters.  While  the  trumpet  signifies  fame  =  

thus  celebra'ng  the  great  history  and  success  of  Dutch  pain'ng  •  On  the  table  are  a  book  and  death  mask.  These  symbolize  literature  and  sculpture  (the  

other  arts  in  addiHon  to  music  and  painHngs).  The  death  mask  also  serves  as  a  VANITAS.  Asking  us  to  reflect  upon  what  an  ar'st  accomplishes  in  their  life'me  

•  The  map  on  the  wall  indicate  the  pride  of  the  Dutch  in  their  country,  and  serves  as  yet  another  reminder  of  history  

•  The  light  streaming  in  through  the  window  can  be  read  as  the  light  of  inspiraHon  •  The  en're  works  serves  to  elevate  the  important  role  art  plays  in  serving,  recording,  

maintaining  and  shaping  history  •  The  viewer  stands  just  outside  the  painHng,  separated  by  the  curtain  •  Like  all  of  Vermeer’s  work  it  is  a  quiet  and  objecHve  scene,  where  the  subjects  are  

unaware  of  being  watched  or  painted.  There  is  no  dramaHc  acHon  or  visible  internal  conflict.  It  is  marked  by  detached  serenity.  

•  The  a<enHon  to  detail  and  capturing  of  light  the  eye  could  not  see  suggests  that  he  used  a  camera  obscura    

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Rembrandt  tried  to  penetrate  the  world  of  appearances.  Vermeer  studied  appearances  Rembrandt’s  light  is  the  glow  of  the  human  spirit.  Vermeer’s  is  the  light  that  floods  through  the  window  Rembrandt  was  concerned  with  moral  beauty.  Vermeer  was  concerned  with  physical  beauty  

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•  A  type  of  portraiture  mad  especially  popular  by  Vermeer  was  pain'ngs  of  quiet  interiors  with  the  wife  and  daughter  performing  a  household  chore  

•  Yet  this  painHng,  like  vanitas  sHll  lives,  is  full  of  hidden  meaning  •  The  woman  stands    before  a  window,  on  the  table  below  her  is  an  arrangement  of  jewelry  •  The  perspecHve  does  not  draw  our  a<enHon  to  her  face  but  to  what  she  is  holding  in  her  hands  –  a  

balance  for  weighing  gold  •  The  scales  however  are  empty  •  Vermeer  was  a  Catholic  who  converted  in  the  Protestant  Dutch  Republic  •  Saint  IgnaHus  advised  Catholics  to  balance  one’s  sins  with  virtues  •  The  mirror  before  the  woman  may  symbolize  self  knowledge  as  she  contemplates  the  balance  in  

her  life.  But  it  may  also  symbolize  vanity,  as  does  the  gold  and  pearls  on  the  table  •  On  the  back  wall  is  a  painHng  of  the  Last  Judgment  –  reminding  us  of  the  weighing  of  the  souls  and  

beckoning  the  need  to  live  a  life  of  free  of  earthly  temptaHons  and  worldly  riches  –  remember  the  new  wealth  of  the  merchant  class  brought  them  the  pleasure  of  owning  things  but  this  pleasure  was  tempered  by  strict  morals  and  the  contempla'on  of  death  (vanitas  s'll  life)  

•  The  composiHon  is  classical  serenity  –  think  Aphrodite  of  Knidos.  Vermeer  almost  exclusively  painted  quiet  domesHc  scenes  illuminated  by  a  window  

•  A<enHon  to  detail  is  key  •  Vermeer  recognized  that  light  was  made  of  color  and  that  colors  influence  one  another.  Thus  there  

are  colors  in  his  shadows  and  reflecHons  (camera  obscura)  

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