Dutch Brazil

8/10/2019 Dutch Brazil

1/5

Dutch Brazil

Further information:Groot Desseyn

Dutch Brazil, also known as New Holland, was the

South America around 1650

northern portion of Brazil, ruled by the Dutch during

the Dutch colonization of the Americas between 1581

and 1654. The term New Holland should not be con-

fused with thelater term for present-day Western Aus-

tralia. The main cities of the Nieuw Holland were Fred-

erikstadt (todayJoo Pessoa), Natal (the ancient Nieuw

Amsterdam before NY), So Cristvo, Fortaleza, Sirin-

ham and Olinda.

From 1630 onward, theDutch Republiccame to controlalmost half of Brazils area at the time, with their capital

inRecife. TheDutch West India Company(WIC) set up

their headquarters in Recife. The governor, Johan Mau-

rits, invited artists and scientists to the colony to help pro-

mote Brazil and increase immigration. The Portuguese

won a significant victory at theSecond Battle of Guarara-

pesin 1649. On 26 January 1654, the Dutch surrendered

and signed the capitulation, but only as a provisory pact.

By May 1654, the Dutch demanded that the Dutch Re-

public was to be given New Holland back. On 6 Au-

gust 1661, New Holland was formally ceded toPortugal

through theTreaty of The Hague.While of only transitional importance for the Dutch, this

period was of considerable importance in theHistory of

Brazil. Local Portuguese settlers had to oppose the Dutch

largely by their own resources, and made use of their

knowledge of local conditions; this struggle is counted, in

Brazilian historical memory, as laying the seeds of Brazil-

ian nationhood.

1 The significance of Spain

The Low Countrieshad long been part of the Spanish

Empire; however, in 1568 the Eighty Years Warbroke

out, and the Dutch established theRepublic of the Seven

United Netherlands. A consequence of the war was the

raiding of Spanish lands, colonies and ships by Dutch

fleets. In 1609, the two countries signed a twelve-year

peace treaty in which the Dutch Republic was allowed

to trade with Portuguese settlements in Brazil, since Por-

tugal was in adynastic unionwith Spain from 1580 to

1640. The Dutch also agreed to delay the creation of a

West India Company, a counterpart to the already exist-ingDutch East India Company. In 1621, the twelve-year

peace treaty expired and the Dutch West Indian Company

was immediately created. War resumed, and through the

new company, the Dutch now started to interfere with the

Spanish and Portuguese colonies in America. In 1624,

the Dutch sent a large expedition to invade Brazil.

1.1 So Salvador da Bahia de Todos os

Santos

As part of the Groot Desseyn plan, Admiral Jacob

Willekens in December 1623 led the West Indische Com-

pagnie(WIC) toSalvador, which was then the capital of

Brazil. They arrived there on May 8, 1624, on which

Portuguese Governor Diogo Tristo de Mendona Fur-

tadosurrendered to the Dutch.[1] However, by April 30,

1625, the Portugueserecaptured the city, with the help

of a combined Spanish and Portuguese force. The city

was to then play a critical role as a base of the Portuguese

struggle against the Dutch for the control of Brazil.

In 1628, the seizure of a Spanish silver convoy inMatanzas Bayprovided the Dutch WIC the funds for an-

other attempt to conquer Brazil.

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_in_the_Bay_of_Matanzashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Bahiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador,_Bahiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indische_Compagniehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indische_Compagniehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Willekenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Willekenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot_Desseynhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastic_unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Netherlandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Netherlandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%2527_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_(1661)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maurice_of_Nassauhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maurice_of_Nassauhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa,_Para%C3%ADbahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot_Desseyn


2/5

2 3 NIEUW-HOLLAND UNDER JOHAN MAURITS VAN NASSAU-SIEGEN

Recifeor Mauritsstad Capital of the Nieuw Holland inBrazil

Palcio de Friburgo(1642),residence of John Maurice of Nas-

sau.

2 Nieuw-Holland

In the summer of 1629, the Dutch coveted a new-

found interest in obtainingPernambuco, a Brazilian state

(captaincy) famous for itssugarcane. The Dutch fleet was

led by Hendrick Corneliszoon Loncq; the WIC gained

controlof Olinda by February 16, 1630, andRecife(the

capital of Pernambuco) and Antnio Vaz by March 3.

Matias de Albuquerque, the Portuguese governor, led a

strong Portuguese resistance which hindered the Dutch

from developing their forts on the lands which they hadcaptured. By 1631, the Dutch left Olinda and tried to

gain control of the Fort of Cabedello on Paraba, the Rio

Grande, Rio Formoso, and Cabo de Santo Agostinho.

These attempts were also unsuccessful, however.

Still in control of Antnio Vaz and Recife, the Dutch later

gained a foothold at Cabo Santo Agostinho. However,

after the Portuguese regained Porto Calvo, the WIC gave

control of Nieuw Holland toJohan Maurits van Nassau-

Siegen due to the great advantage the Portuguese had over

the Dutch by controlling Porto Calvo. By 1634 the Dutch

controlled the coastline from the Rio Grande do Norte to

Pernambucos Cabo de Santo Agostinho. They still main-tained control of the seas as well. By 1635 many Por-

tuguese settlers were choosing Dutch-occupied land over

Portuguese-controlled land. The Dutch offered freedom

of worship and security of property. In 1635 the Dutch

conquered three strongholds of the Portuguese: the towns

of Porto Calvo, Arraial do Bom Jesus, and Fort Nazar

on Cabo de Santo Agostinho. These strongholds gave the

Dutch increased sugar lands which led to an increase in

profit.

In 1643 in Dutch Brazil Johan Maurits van Nassau-

Siegen equipped the expedition ofHendrik Brouwerthat

attempted to establish an outpostin southern Chile.[2][3]

3 Nieuw-Holland under Johan

Maurits van Nassau-Siegen

3.1 Government

The Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue in Mauritsstad (Recife) is the

oldest synagogue in the Americas. Jews made 50% of white pop-

ulation during Dutch Brazil[4]

Maurits claimed to have always loved Brazil due to its

beauty and its people. He organized a form of repre-

sentative local government by creating municipal councils

and rural councils. Through these he began to modern-

ize the country with streets, bridges, and roads inRecife.

On the island of Antnio Vaz, he founded the town ofMauritsstad(also known as Mauricia) where he created

an astronomic observatory and a meteorological station,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritsstadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kahal_Zur_Israel_Synagoguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_occupation_of_Valdiviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Brouwerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Maurits_van_Nassau-Siegenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Maurits_van_Nassau-Siegenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matias_de_Albuquerquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Recife_(1630)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Recife_(1630)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick_Lonckhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambucohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1642https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_de_Friburgohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife


3/5

3

which were the first created by Europeans in the Ameri-

cas.

Under Maurits, protection for Brazilian Jews who had

been formerly ostracized was increased. He allowed for-

mer Jews who had been forced to convert to Christianity

to return to their former faith.

3.2 Dutch-Brazilians

3.2.1 Dienaren

The Dutch settlers were divided into two separate groups,

the first of which was known as Dienaren (servants).

Dienaren were soldiers, bureaucrats, and Calvinist min-

isters employed by the WIC.

3.2.2 Vrijburghers/Vrijluiden

Vrijburghers (freemen) or Vrijluiden were the second

group of Dutch settlers who were all the other Dutch set-

tlers that did not fit into the category of Dienaaren. The

Vrijburghers were mostly ex-soldiers formerly employed

by the WIC but who then began to settle down. Others

included Dutch who left the Netherlands to find a new life

in Nieuw Holland. This group was the most economically

important in Nieuw Holland since most trade was under

their control.

4 The end of Dutch Brazil

4.1 WIC loses control

After Maurits was summoned back from Nieuw-Holland

by the WIC board in 1643, the WIC lost control over the

colony. Portuguese planters under control when Mau-

rits was gouvernor-general organized a revolt against

the Dutch. The Portuguese gainedVrzea, Serinham,

Pontal de Nazar, the Fort ofPorto Calvo, andFort Mau-

ritsin 1645.On December 13, 1647, the Dutch leftItamaracand on

January 28, 1654, the WIC lost control ofRecife, leaving

to the Portuguese their colony of Brazil and putting an end

to Nieuw Holland.[6]

4.2 Peace treaty

Seven years after the surrender ofRecife, a peace treaty

was organized between the Dutch Republic and Portugal.

TheTreaty of The Hague (1661)was signed on August 6,

1661,[7] and it demanded that the Portuguese would pay4 millionrisover the span of 16 years in order to help

the Dutch recover from the loss of Brazil.

After returning from Brazil, John Maurice of Nassau became

known as The Brazilian in Netherlands. [5]

5 See also

Colonial Brazil

Dutch West India Company

Dutch Brazilian

17th century Dutch Brazil:

Dutch presence in Brazil

Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue

Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen

Georg Marcgrave

Willem Piso

Caspar Barlaeus

Frans Post

Albert Eckhout

Isaac Aboab da Fonseca

Historia Naturalis Brasiliae(1648)

Battle of Tabocas(1645)

First(1648) andSecond Battle of Guararapes

(1649)

Recife and Pernambuco:

Pernambuco

Ricardo Brennand Institute

Others:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Brennand_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambucohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Guararapeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tabocashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Naturalis_Brasiliaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Aboab_da_Fonsecahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Eckhouthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Posthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Barlaeushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Pisohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Marcgravehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Maurits_van_Nassau-Siegenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahal_Zur_Israel_Synagoguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Brazilian#Dutch_presence_in_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Brazilianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_realhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_(1661)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itamarac%C3%A1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Mauritshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Mauritshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Calvohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontal_de_Nazar%C3%A9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serinha%C3%A9mhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea


4/5

4 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

Barbadian Jews

France Antarctique

Equinoctial France

History of Suriname

6 Notes

[1] Facsimile of manuscript regarding the ending of hos-

tilities:Tractaet van Bestand ende ophoudinge van alle

acten van vyandtschap als oock van traffijq commercien

ende secours ghemaecht ghearresteert ende beslooten in

sGraven-Hage den twaelf den Junij 1641 ...;

[2] Robbert KockThe Dutch in Chiliat coloniavoyage.com

[3] Kris E. LanePillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Ameri-cas, 1500-1750, 1998, pages 88-92

[4] http:books.google.com.br/books?id=

mHwQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA117&dq=%22judeus%

22+%2250%25%22+%22recife%22&hl=pt-BR&

sa=X&ei=RCOKVOXvHMW3PPDRgfgI&ved=

0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22judeus%22%

20%2250%25%22%20%22recife%22&f=false

[5] http://guiadoestudante.abril.com.br/aventuras-historia/

mauricio-nassau-brasileiro-433685.shtml

[6] Facsimile of manuscript regarding the surrender of Dutch

Brazil:Cort, Bondigh ende Waerachtigh Verhael Wan't

schandelyck over-geven ende verlaten vande voorname

Conquesten van Brasil...;

[7] Facsimile of the treaty:Articulen van vrede en Confoeder-

arie, Gheslooten Tusschen den Doorluchtighsten Comingh

van Portugael ter eenre, ende de Hoogh Mogende Heeren

Staten General ...;

7 References

Pita, Sebastio da Rocha,Histria da Amrica Por-

tuguesa, Ed. Itatiaia, 1976

Boxer, C.R., The Dutch in Brazil, 16241654, The

Clarendon press, Oxford, 1957. ISBN 0-208-

01338-5

Schmidt, Benjamin, Innocence Abroad: The Dutch

Imagination and the New World, 1570-1670, Cam-

bridge: University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-521-

80408-0

Van Groesen, Michiel (ed.), The Legacy of DutchBrazil, Cambridge University Press, New York,

2014.ISBN 978-1-107-06117-0

8 External links

Dutch West Indies 1630-1975

Facsimiles of 20 manuscripts from the Dutch West

India CompanyRelating about the events in Brazil

in the 17th century (PT & NL)

Guararapes Birth of the Brazilian Nationality

Brazilian Armed Forces site

The Dutch in Brazil

History of Dutch Brazil and Guiana

The New Holland Foundation

World Statesmen Brazil
http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Brazil.html#Dutchhttp://www.newhollandfoundation.nl/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/Brazil/Dutch/_Topics/history/home.htmlhttp://www.colonialvoyage.com/eng/america/brazil/dutch.htmlhttp://www.exercito.gov.br/01inst/Historia/Guararap/indice.htmhttp://www.exercito.gov.br/01inst/Historia/Guararap/indice.htmhttp://www.s4ulanguages.com/wic.htmlhttp://www.s4ulanguages.com/wic.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQkYtmiQSE4/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107061170https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521804080https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521804080https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0208013385https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0208013385http://www.s4ulanguages.com/21.htmlhttp://www.s4ulanguages.com/21.htmlhttp://www.s4ulanguages.com/21.htmlhttp://guiadoestudante.abril.com.br/aventuras-historia/mauricio-nassau-brasileiro-433685.shtmlhttp://guiadoestudante.abril.com.br/aventuras-historia/mauricio-nassau-brasileiro-433685.shtmlhttp://books.google.com/books?id=893J8RTsKjgChttp://books.google.com/books?id=893J8RTsKjgChttp://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutchchile.htmlhttp://www.s4ulanguages.com/31.htmlhttp://www.s4ulanguages.com/31.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Surinamehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinoctial_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Antarctiquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadian_Jews


5/5

5

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text

Dutch Brazil Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20Brazil?oldid=637708586 Contributors:Domino theory, Rich Farmbrough,Alansohn, Rd232, B1mbo, Joe Decker, Karel Anthonissen, YurikBot, Fang Aili, Cotoco, SmackBot, Rscannix, -Ilhador-, Eivind F yan-gen, Peyre, Filiep, J. McGill, CumbiaDude, Texcarson, Piccolo Modificatore Laborioso, Thijs!bot, Missvain, Dentren, The Anomebot2,

R'n'B, Erik10081989, Olegwiki, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, Omegastar, Magafuzula, WeShoutt, Domaleixo, Fratrep, Dornicke, XPTO, MildBill Hiccup, Crowsnest, Zamias, Luz del Fuego, CapnZapp, Good Olfactory, SelfQ, MatthewVanitas, Addbot, DutchDevil, Ron B. Thom-son, Fentener van Vlissingen, LaaknorBot, CarsracBot, Lightbot, Picture Master, Yobot, Bunnyhop11, Kieran4, Obersachsebot, Xqbot,ArmTheInsane, Hi878, Anonymous from the 21st century, GrouchoBot, Omnipaedista, Eugene-elgato, Joostik, Angenhariaus, Full-dateunlinking bot, Grenzer22, EmausBot, Cricobr, Slightsmile, Mentibot, Frietjes, Helpful Pixie Bot, Lo Ximiendo, Eloybida, Metalello,Khazar2, Sbalfour, Riyadur Rahman, Zockland and Anonymous: 48

9.2 Images

File:Brasil_Holands.PNG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Brasil_Holand%C3%AAs.PNG License:Public domain Contributors:? Original artist:?

File:Cidade_mauricia.jpgSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Cidade_mauricia.jpgLicense:Public domainContributors: Rerum in Brasilia et alibi gestarumby Caspar BarleausOriginal artist:Peter Schenk the Elder

File:Commons-logo.svgSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svgLicense:? Contributors:? Originalartist:?

File:Flag_Portugal_(1578).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Flag_Portugal_%281578%29.svg Li-cense:Public domain Contributors:XVII centuryOriginal artist:Tonyjeff, based on ancient national symbol.

File:Flag_Portugal_(1640).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_Portugal_%281640%29.svg Li-cense:Public domain Contributors:XVII centuryOriginal artist:myself, based on ancient national symbol.

File:Flag_of_Brazil.svgSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svgLicense: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist:?

File:Flag_of_New_Holland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Flag_of_New_Holland.svg License:Public domain Contributors:Own work based on:File:Flag of the Netherlands.svgby Zscout370 (PD)File:Crown of a Marquis of France (variant).svgby Sodacan (Cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0/GFDL)Original artist:Giro720

File:Fribourg_Palace_(Recife)_cropped.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Fribourg_Palace_%28Recife%29_cropped.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: 'FRIBVRGVM' (Recife), gravura de Frans Post..jpg Original artist:'FRIBVRGVM' (Recife), gravura de Frans Post..jpg:Frans Post(artist)

File:Johanmaurits.JPGSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Johanmaurits.JPGLicense:Public domainCon-tributors:originally uploaded on en.wikipedia byen:User:DO'Neilat 07:07, 17 March 2005. Filename wasJohanmaurits.JPG. Originalartist:?

File:Kahal_Zur_Israel_(exterior_1).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Kahal_Zur_Israel_%28exterior_1%29.jpgLicense:CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors:Own work Original artist:User:Dantadd

File:Nederlands-Brazilli.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Nederlands-Brazilli%C3%AB.jpg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Groote Historische Schoolatlas ten gebruike bij het onderwijs in de vaderlandsche en algemenegeschiedenis Original artist:H. Hettema jr. (ed.)

File:Sdamerika1650.png Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/S%C3%BCdamerika1650.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Originally fromde.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist:Original uploader was Tzzzpfffatde.wikipedia

9.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/http://de.wikipedia.org/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Tzzzpfffhttp://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image%253AS%25C3%25BCdamerika1650.pnghttp://de.wikipedia.org/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/S%25C3%25BCdamerika1650.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Nederlands-Brazilli%25C3%25AB.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Dantaddhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Kahal_Zur_Israel_%2528exterior_1%2529.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Kahal_Zur_Israel_%2528exterior_1%2529.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Johanmaurits.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DO%2527Neilhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Johanmaurits.JPGhttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Post.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%2527FRIBVRGVM%2527_(Recife),_gravura_de_Frans_Post..jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%2527FRIBVRGVM%2527_(Recife),_gravura_de_Frans_Post..jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Fribourg_Palace_%2528Recife%2529_cropped.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Fribourg_Palace_%2528Recife%2529_cropped.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Giro720http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crown_of_a_Marquis_of_France_(variant).svghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Flag_of_New_Holland.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_Portugal_%25281640%2529.svghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tonyjeffhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Flag_Portugal_%25281578%2529.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schenk_the_Elder.pdfhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Cidade_mauricia.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Brasil_Holand%25C3%25AAs.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%2520Brazil?oldid=637708586

Documents

Dutch Brazil