Dyka техническое описание

7/23/2019 Dyka техническое описание

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dyka- 1/74

"$&' () *+-./13(4(5("68/**696 :;=

+?*(A+1B6+ 6-(1/*(+



CEGHJLMOQH

1. ;13$-.+*(+................................................................................................................... 5

2. E-(1/*(+ -"6R$B5((

2.1 "#$$ &()*,.)$.................................................................................................... 62.2 /1,.2,315 (3&)67&2*17, ) 8&.13&9: 8,;$*17, .................................................... 7

2.3 <,6>$35 13?"..........................................................................................................8

2.4 A3&;)$ *1,.2,315 29C (3&)67&2*17, 13?" ..........................................................112.5 D$13);$*8,C ) "3)1,.*8,C >$13);$*8,C *)*1$>, )6>$3$.)F .............................11

2.6 G9)., 13?"5......................................................................................................... 11

2.7 H7$1 13?"5 ........................................................................................................... 11

2.8 D,38)3&78, 13?" .................................................................................................12

2.9 ()*,.)$ 1)(&7 *&$2).$.)C................................................................................ 13

3. :"(S+*+*(+ ................................................................................................................ 17

4. =/"/B3+"(13(B/ 3"$& () *+-./13(4(5("68/**696 -./13(B/ 4.1 A)1:$7,C 7&2, ......................................................................................................18

4.2 I*1&F;)7&*1: 8 ,1>&*J$3.5> 7&62$F*17)C>...................................................... 18

4.3 /7&F*17, .$(9,*1)J)K)3&7,..&L& AMO.............................................................18

4.4 <,"&;$$ ) .&>).,9:.&$ 2,79$.)$........................................................................ 194.5 Q$>($3,1?3.5F ?S&2 (,3,>$13&7 ........................................................................ 20

4.6 O,3,81$3)*1)8) (&1&8, ) (&1$3C .,(&3, ............................................................23

4.7 Q$(9&7&$ 3,*U)3$.)$ .......................................................................................... 26

4.8 O)>);$*8,C ?*1&F;)7&*1: ................................................................................... 264.9 M$* 13?"................................................................................................................ 32

4.10 V9$813);$*8)$ S,3,81$3)*1)8) ......................................................................... 32

4.11 X?7*17)1$9:.&*1: 8 .,23$6? .............................................................................. 33

4.12 Y,6&.$(3&.)K,$>&*1: ........................................................................................ 334.13 V9$813&9)1);$*8,C 3$,8K)C .............................................................................. 34

4.14 M&*(9,>$.C$>&*1: .............................................................................................34

4.15 Z"3,6)7.,C *1&F8&*1:........................................................................................ 34

4.16 I2,3.,C (3&;.&*1: ............................................................................................ 35

4.17 \)&1);$*8,C *1&F8&*1: ...................................................................................... 35

5. J/&6A(+ ?/"/B3+"(13(B(

5.1 "#)$ *7$2$.)C ...................................................................................................36

5.2 "*9?])7,.)$, S3,.$.)$ ) 13,.*(&31)3&78, ..................................................... 365.3 ^.J&3>,K)C & (&L3?68$....................................................................................... 39

5.4 ^.J&3>,K)C &" &(,*.5S L3?6,S 29C ($3$7&68) .................................................. 39

6. C6+R(*+*(+

6.1 "#)$ *7$2$.)C ...................................................................................................41

6.2 <$68, ) *.C1)$ J,*&8............................................................................................ 41

6.3 _9$F8, * (&>&#:` 3,*17&3)1$9C ........................................................................ 42

6.4 /&$2).$.)$ * (&>&#:` ?(9&1.)1$9:.&L& 8&9:K,.............................................. 46

6.5 <$6:"&7&$ *&$2).$.)$.......................................................................................... 49

6.6 /$29&&"3,6.&$ *&$2).$.)$.................................................................................. 50

6.7 a9,.K$7&$ *&$2).$.)$ ........................................................................................ 50

7. T(R"/8.(A+1B(V $R/"/CB/AB( R/8.+*(W

7.1 "#)$ *7$2$.)C ...................................................................................................53

8. XB./RB/ 3"$&6-"686R/

8.1 "#)$ *7$2$.)C ...................................................................................................55



8.2 Q$>($3,1?3, ......................................................................................................... 55

8.3 13578, 13,.U$F.................................................................................................55

8.4 b)3)., 13,.U$) .................................................................................................568.5 Y9?")., 13,.U$) – L9?")., 6,*5(8) ..................................................................56

8.6 "*5(8, ............................................................................................................... 56

8.7 c,*5(8, ) 13,>"&78,............................................................................................ 56

8.8 ^*(51,.)C ., (3)L&2.&*1: L3?.1, 29C 13?" )6 dAMO....................................... 57

8.9 G$J&3>,K)C 13?"5 ..............................................................................................598.10 c,3,]$..,C (&;7,...............................................................................................60

8.11 <,2)?* *L)",.)C 13?"5...................................................................................... 61

8.12 \$*13,.U$F.,C ?89,28, ..................................................................................... 61

8.13 I(&3 ) &(&3, ......................................................................................................62

8.14 d,6$>.,C ?*1,.&78, ........................................................................................... 63

8.15 _&>($.*,K)C 1$(9&7&F 2$J&3>,K)) – ?*9&7)C 3,*U)3$.)C ...........................65

8.16 M)"3,K)C ........................................................................................................... 66

8.17 M&62$F*17)$ *&9.$;.&L& *7$1, .......................................................................... 66

8.18 c,#)1, (&*9$ ?89,28)........................................................................................ 66

8.19 ^*(51,.)C 13?"&(3&7&2, .................................................................................. 67

8.20 <$8&>$.2,K)) Z**&K),K)) 7&2.&L& S&6CF*17,................................................. 69

8.21 d&3>5, ?*1,.&79$..5$ >$*1.&F 79,*1:`......................................................... 698.22 Q$S.);$*8&$ &"*9?])7,.)$............................................................................... 69

:"(.6Y+*(W

1. /1,.2,315 8,;$*17,.............................................................................................70

2. Z""3$7),1?35......................................................................................................72

3. <$8&>$.2,K)) Z**&K),K)) 7&2.&L& S&6CF*17, .................................................. 73

"$&')*++ &+-/01+$2'+ '30$"/0+ $'4+570& 0/8'59":0;, 35+4'$&"<=+//>; 2'93"/0+@ Dyka. B+-/01+$2'+ '30$"-/0+ 35+4/"D/"1+/' 4=) 0$3'=ED'<"/0) < 2"1+$&<+ 5>2'<'4$&<" 3' 35'+2&05'<"/0; 0 >$&"/'<2+ &5>F'35'<'4/G-

$0$&+9 9"520 Dyka, " &"27+ $'+40/0&+=E/G- 4+&"=+@ 0 $'3>&$&<>;*+@ 35'4>2:00. H'&5+F0&+=E 4'=7+/ >F+40&E$) < &'9, 3'4-'40& =0 35'4>2:0) 4=) 0$3'=ED'<"/0) < /"9+1+//G- :+=)-, " &"27+ $''&<+&$&<>+& =0 '/" &5+F'<"/0)9

I0I0+/G 0 F+D'3"$/'$&0.

J $&5"&+I0; 2'93"/00 DYKA <-'40& 3'$&')//'+ $'<+5L+/$&<'<"/0+ 35'4>2:00 0 35"<0= M2$3=>"&":00, 3'M&'9> '/" $'-5"/)+& D" $'F'@ 35"<' </'$0&E 0D9+/+/0) < &+-/01+$2'+ '30$"/0+ F+D 35+4<"50&+=E/'I' ><+4'9=+/0).

H'=/'+ 0=0 1"$&01/'+ <'$35'0D<+4+/0+ 4"//'I' &+-/01+$2'I' '30$"/0) D"35+*+/' F+D 35+4<"50&+=E/'I' $'I="-$0) 2'93"/00 Dyka



5

1. "$&'()+-)

O"//'+ &+-/01+$2'+ 0D4"/0+ ' &5>F"- 0D /+3="-$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP, <G3>*+//'+ 2'93"/0+@ Dyka, 35+4/"D/"1+/' 4=) 0/7+/+5'<, '3+5"&'-5'< &5>F'35'<'4'< 0 3'45)4/G- '5I"/0D":0@ 350 35'+2&05'<"/00 0 >$&"/'<2+ /"3'5/G- &5>-F'35'<'4'<. J 2'93"/00 3'="I";&, 1&' 4"//'+ 5>2'<'4$&<' $'4+570& D/"10&+=E/>; &+-/01+-$2>; 0/8'59":0;, 3'4=0//'$&E 2'&'5'@ 3'4&<+574"+&$) 35'<+4+//G90 2'93"/0+@ 0$$=+4'<"/0)90 0 3'=>1+//G90 D/"/0)90. J$) 0/8'59":0) 35+4'$&"<=+/" 4'F5'$'<+$&/' 0 F+D >*+5F" 4=) 2'93"/00 Dyka.+3="$&080:05'<"//G@ 3'=0<0/0=-='504 (PVC-u) >&<+540= $+F) 2"2

/"0F'=++ 35+43'1&0&+=E/G@ 9"&+50"= 350 35'0D<'4$&<+ /"3'5/G- &5>-F'35'<'4'< 0 >$&"/'<'2 <'4'$/"F7+/0).RI' F'=EL'+ 35+09>*+$&<' 3+5+4 &5"40:0'//G90 9"&+50"="90 350<+=' 2 0- 3'$&+3+//'9> <G&+$/+/0; &5>F"90 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP.T'93"/0) Dyka )<=)+&$) <+4>*09 35'0D<'40&+=+9 $0$&+9 3="$&02'<G- &5>F'35'<'4/G- =0/0@ 0 '$/'<'3'='7/02'9 9/'I0- 5"D5"F'&'2 < &+-/'-='I00 35'0D<'4$&<". H'$&')//G@ 35':+$$ 5"D5"F'&'2 /"5)4> $ </+45+/0-+9 /'<+@L0- &+-/'='I0@ 0 'F'5>4'<"/0), I"5"/&05>+& &', 1&' 35'4>2:0)

2'93"/00 Dyka <G3>$2"+&$) < $''&<+&$&<00 $ <G$'-

2090 $&"/4"5&"90 0 '&<+1"+& &5+F'<"/0)9 9/'I0- +<5'3+@$20- '5I"/0D":0@ I"5"/&00 2"1+$&<", <2=;1") U50&"/$20@ 0/$&0&>& $&"/4"5&'< (BSI). V&5'I0@ 2'/-&5'=E 2"1+$&<" /" <$+- $&"40)- 35'0D<'4$&<" 3'4-4+570<"+&$) </>&50 $"9'@ 2'93"/00 Dyka < 2'/&5'-=05>+9'@ U50&"/$209 0/$&0&>&'9 $&"/4"5&'< ="F'-

5"&'500. H5'0D<'4$&<+//G+ 9'*/'$&0 '&<+1";& $&"/4"5&> 2"1+$&<" ISO9002/BS5750 (2).T'93"/0) Dyka 09++& >4'$&'<+5+/0+ D/"2" 2"1+$&<" U50&"/$2'I' 0/$&0-

&>&" $&"/4"5&'< 0 35'10+ >4'$&'<+5+/0), '&/'$)*0+$) 2 35'0D<'4$&<> 9/'I'10$=+//'@ 35'4>2:00. Dyka )<=)+&$) 1"$&E; +<5'3+@$2'@ 35'0D-<'4$&<+//'@ I5>33G, 350/"4=+7"*+@ Limburgse Vinyl Maatschapij NV(LVM), '4/'9> 0D 25>3/+@L0- +<5'3+@$20- 35'0D<'40&+=+@ HJP 3'=09+-5". X&' I"5"/&05>+& 2'93"/00 3'=>1+/0+ $G5E) 3' 2'/2>5+/&/'@ :+/+.LWM 350/"4=+70&, '$/'<"//'@ < U+=EI00, 9/'I'/":0'/"=E/'@ 2'93"/00 Tessenderlo Chemie NV.



6

2. .'-"0+-) '2.4&56--

2.1 .7899 ;=>?AC>9 H="$&02 35+4$&"<=)+& $'F'@ $0/&+&01+$20@ 9"25'9'=+2>=)5/G@ 9"&+50-"=, 2'&'5G@ < 35':+$$+ 3+5+5"F'&20 350'F5+&"+& -"5"2&+5/G+ $<'@$&<".

Z/ 0DI'&"<=0<"+&$) < -'4+ -0901+$20- 35':+$$'<, I4+ /+8&E )<=)+&$) 0$-'4/G9 9"&+50"='9. \"25'9'=+2>=)5/") $&5>2&>5" 3="$&02" 4'$&0I"-+&$) 3>&+9 3'=09+50D":00 '&4+=E/G- 9'=+2>= 0=0 9'/'9+5'< < :+3/G+ 9'=+2>=G, 2'&'5G+ < 1000 0 100000 5"D 25>3/++ &+-, 2'&'5G+ +$&+$&<+/-/G9 'F5"D'9 'F5"D>;&$) < <'4+ 0=0 $'=0. H'4'F/") 9"25'9'=+2>=)5/") $&5>2&>5" 'F5"D>+& 35'$&5"/$&<+//'+ 5+L+&1"&'+ $&5'+/0+ $ 9/'7+$&-<'9 </>&5+//0- -0901+$20- $<)D+@.

H="$&02 9'7/' 5"D4+=0&E /" 4<+ '$/'</G+ I5>33G:

• B+59'3="$&01+$20+ 9"&+50"=G. \"&+50"=G, 2'&'5G+ 3'$=+ /"I5+<",5"D9)I1+/0) 0=0 3="<20 9'I>& FG&E 3'<&'5/' 3'4'I5+&G 0 <04'0D9+/+/G.• B+59'5+"2&0</G+ 9"&+50"=G. \"&+50"=G, 2'&'5G+ 5"D9)I1";&$) 0 3="<)&$) 3'$=+ 35+4<"50&+=E/'I' /"I5+<", /' D"&+9 /+0D9+//' D"$&G<"-;& < $<'+@ '2'/1"&+=E/'@ 8'59+.

H'=0<0/0=-='504 0=0 /+3="$&080:05'<"//G@ HJP )<=)+&$) '4/09 0D /"0F'=++ L05'2' 0$3'=ED>+9G- &+59'3="$&01+$20- 9"&+50"='<, F="I'-4"5) $<'+@ I0F2'$&0 < 0$3'=ED'<"/00 0 2'/2>5+/&/'@ :+/+. Z/ 35'0D<'-

40&$) < /+8&+-0901+$2'@ 35'9GL=+//'$&0, 2'&'5") <G5"F"&G<"+& 40--='504 0D M&"/" 0 -='504", 0 35'<'40& 305'=0D 350 &+93+5"&>5+ <GL+ 400°V 4=) 5"$*+3=+/0) /" <0/0=-='504 0 -='50$&'<'4'5'4/>; 20$='&>.

Z$/'</'@ 3'=09+5 $9+L0<"+&$) $ &"2090 4'F"<2"90, 2"2 25"$0&+=0, /"-3'=/0&+=0, $9"D'1/G+ 9"&+50"=G 0 $&"F0=0D"&'5G < $''&<+&$&<00 $' $-+9'@ 35'0D<'4$&<", >$&"/'<=+//'@ 0$-'4) 0D $<'@$&< 2'/+1/'I' 35'-4>2&". P0901+$2") $9+$E 3'9+*"+&$) < 9"L0/> 4=) =0&E) 3'4 4"<=+/0+9 =0F' < 9"L0/> 4=) D"=0<20 3="$&9"$$G < 8'59> 3'4 4"<=+/0+9 9+&'4'9

<35G$2" 4=) 3'=>1+/0) <3'$=+4$&<00 2'/+1/'I' 35'4>2&".

B5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP, 35'0D<+4+//G+ 2'93"/0+@ Dyka,09+;& <G$'2'+ 2"1+$&<' 0 3'4-'4)& 4=) $0$&+9 /"3'5/'I' &5>F'35'<'4" 4=) -'='4/'I' <'4'$/"F7+/0). Z/0 4'$&>3/G < F50&"/$2'@ 0 9+&501+-$2'@ $0$&+9+ 0D9+5+/0@ 0 35'0D<+4+/G < $''&<+&$&<00 $ /":0'/"=E/G90 0 9+74>/"5'4/G90 $&"/4"5&"90.

B5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP, 35'0D<+4+//G+ 2'93"/0+@ Dyka,3'$&"<=);&$) F+D 5+DEFG /" 2'/:"-, $ 0/&+I5"=E/'@ $<"5/'@ 9>8&'@ 0=0 >3='&/0&+=E/G9 2'=E:'9. V9'&50&+ 5"D4+= 6 ' 45>I0- $'+40/0&+=E/G- 4+&"=)-.



7

2.2 "DACEAFDH =F;>IJ;E?DJA > K;CDF;LM KAN9?DJA

T'93"/0) Dyka 35'0D<'40& &5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP < $'-'&<+&$&<00 $' <$+90 /'59"90 +<5'3+@$20- $&"/4"5&'< 2'/&5'=) 2"1+$&<".

J$+ 35'0D<'4$&<+//G+ 9'*/'$&0 2'93"/00 $=+4>;& $&"/4"5&"9 ISO 90010=0 9002 (EN 29001/2 1987, BS5750 ^"$&0 1 0 2). X&' '35+4+=)+& $0$&+9> 2'/&5'=) 2"1+$&<", < $''&<+&$&<00 $ 2'&'5'@ 35'0D<'4$&<+//G+ '&4+=G 0 '&4+= $/"F7+/0) '$>*+$&<=);& $<'; 4+)&+=E/'$&E. X&' 35+4>$9"&50<"-+& $>*+$&<'<"/0+ <$+'F*+@ $0$&+9G, < 5"92"- 2'&'5'@ 9'7+& '$>*+$&<-=)&E$) 35'0D<'4$&<' &5>F, $'I="$/' '35+4+=+//'@ $3+:0802":00, 2"2 /"-3509+5, BS 3505.

H5'4>2:0) 2'93"/00 Dyka 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP $3+:0"=E/'

$+5&080:05'<"/" $ >1+&'9 &5+F'<"/0@:

WRC J+=02'F50&"/0) KIWA NV _'=="/40) DS O"/0) DVGW _+59"/0) SMG _+59"/0) DIN _+59"/0) SECO `5"/:0)

V9'&50&+ H50='7+/0+ 1 $ 3'=/G9 3+5+1/+9 $&"/4"5&'<, 3509+/)+9G- 4=) /"3'5/G- &5>F 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP, 35'0D<+4+//G- 2'9-3"/0+@ Dyka.

2.2.1 'F;>IJ;E?DJ9CCH9 ?DACEAFDH

J$)2") /"3'5/") &5>F", <G3'=/+//") /" '$/'<+ F50&"/$2'@ 9+&501+$2'@

$0$&+9G, 35'0D<'40&$) < $''&<+&$&<00 $ &5+F'<"/0)90 $3+:0802":00 BS3505 “B5>FG 4=) -'='4/'I' <'4'$/"F7+/0) 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP” 1986 – $ 3'35"<2"90.

T'93"/0) Dyka 09++& 35"<' '&9+1"&E D/"2'9 2"1+$&<" U50&"/$2'I' 0/-$&0&>&" $&"/4"5&'< 35'4>2:0; 3'4 5+I0$&5":0'//G90 /'9+5"90 8017 0 8018.

R$=0 &"2'<'+ 35+4>$9'&5+/', &5>F'35'<'4/") $+&E I'=>F'I' :<+&", <G-3'=/+//") /" '$/'<+ 9+&501+$2'@ $0$&+9G 0D9+5+/0), 35'0D<'40&$) <

2'93"/00 Dyka < $''&<+&$&<00 $ &5+F'<"/0)90 $3+:0802":00 <'4/'I' -'-D)@$&<" WIS 4.31.06.



8

R$=0 /+ 35+4>$9'&5+/' 0/'+, &5>F'35'<'4/") $+&E, <G3'=/+//") /" '$-/'<+ 9+&501+$2'@ $0$&+9G 0D9+5+/0), 35'0D<'40&$) < 2'93"/00 Dyka < $''&<+&$&<00 $ &5+F'<"/0)90 $&"/4"5&" KIWA 49 (3+5+$9'&5 1) <'4/'I' -'D)@$&<" _'=="/400. B5>F'35'<'4G 2'93"/00 Dyka $+5&080:05'<"/G '5I"/0D":0+@ 3' 2'/&5'=; 2"1+$&<" KIWA.

Dyka 9'7+& 35'0D<'40&E 35'4>2:0; < $''&<+&$&<00 $ 5)4'9 R<5'3+@$20- $&"/4"5&'< 0 09++& "&&+$&":0; 2"1+$&<" 35'4>2:00. T'300 <$+- $+5&080-2"&'< 35+4'$&"<=);&$) 3' &5+F'<"/0;.

2.2.2 5;CDF;LM KAN9?DJA

J$) 5"F'&" 3' 2'/&5'=; 2"1+$&<" 35'4>2:00 /" ++ $''&<+&$&<0+ 5"D=01-/G9 $&"/4"5&"9 '$>*+$&<=)+&$) < 9+$&/G- ="F'5"&'50)- 2'93"/00

Dyka. J$) ="F'5"&'5/") 4+)&+=E/'$&E /"-'40&$) 3'4 2'/&5'=+9 U50&"/-$2'I' 0/$&0&>&" $&"/4"5&'<, I'=="/4$2'@ '5I"/0D":00 3' 2'/&5'=; 2"1+-$&<" KIWA 0 45>I090.

2.3 2AIO9FH DFP7

2.3.1 RF>DAC?KAS O9DF>N9?KAS ?>?D9OA >IO9F9C>T, ?=9V>W>KAV>S BS3505

a"D9+5G &5>F 35+4$&"<=+/G < F50&"/$2'@ 9+&501+$2'@ $0$&+9+ 0D9+5+-/0@ < $''&<+&$&<00 $' $3+:0802":0+@ BS3505.

B5>F'35'<'4G 9"520 Dyka 35'L=0 0$3G&"/0) 0 3'=>10=0 "&&+$&":0; V'<+&" 3' 0D>1+/0; <'4/G- 5+$>5$'< (Wrc) 0 J$+905/'@ '5I"/0D":00 D45"<''-5"/+/0)(WHO) /" 0- 0$3'=ED'<"/0+ 4=) 30&E+<'@ <'4G < $''&-<+&$&<00 $ ISO 727.a0$>/'2 1. B"F=0:" $ 5"D9+5"90 &5>F < $''&<+&$&<00 $ BS3505

B'=*0/" $&+/20 '90/"=E/G@ 5"D9+5 4;@9

J/+L/0@ 4'3>$2

40"9+&5" T="$$ V \0//9"2$

T="$$ D\0//9"2$

T="$$ E\0//9"2$

T="$$ 7\0//9"2$

1/2 21.2/21.5 1.7/2.1 3.7/4.33/4 26.6/26.9 1.9/2.5 3.9/4.51 33.4/33.7 2.2/2.7 4.5/5.2

1 1/4 42.1/42.4 2.2/2.7 2.7/3.2 4.8/5.51 1/2 48.1/48.4 2.5/3.0 3.1/3.7 5.1/5.9

2 60.2/60.5 2.5/3.0 3.1/3.7 3.9/4.5 5.5/6.33 88.7/89.1 3.5/4.1 4.6/5.3 5.7/6.64 114.1/114.5 4.5/5.2 6.0/6.9 7.3/8.45 140.0/140.4 5.5/6.4 7.3/8.4 9.0/10.4



9

6 168.0/168.5 6.6/7.6 8.8/10.2 10.8/12.58 218.8/219.4 7.8/9.0 10.3/11.9 12.6/14.5

H'$&"<=);&$) < $&"/4"5&/'9 5"D9+5+ 4=0/'@ 6 9+&5'<, &+9/'-$+5'I' :<+&".

2.3.2 X9DF>N9?KAS ?>?D9OA >IO9F9C>T, ?DACEAFD KIWA BRL 502/02

\+&501+$2") &5>F'35'<'4/") $0$&+9" $+5'I' :<+&" 35'0D<'40&$) 2'93"-/0+@ Dyka < $''&<+&$&<00 $' $&"/4"5&'9 I'=="/4$2'I' <'4/'I' -'D)@$&<" KIWA BRL 502/02. X&'& $&"/4"5& FG= <G<+4+/ 0D $3+:0802":0@, >$&"-/'<=+//G- \+74>/"5'4/'@ '5I"/0D":0+@ 3' $&"/4"5&0D":00 (ISO) - ISO161/1 0 ISO 4065.

H5'0D<'4$&<+//") 9'*/'$&E 2'93"/00 Dyka 4=) &5>F'35'<'4/'@ $0$&+-

9G 5+I0$&505>+&$) I'=="/4$209 <'4/G9 -'D)@$&<'9 0 I'=="/4$209 '5I"-/'9 3' 2'/&5'=; 2"1+$&<" KIWA/NEN.

H50I'4/'$&E &5>F'35'<'4/'@ 35'4>2:00 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 9"520 Dyka 2 0$3'=ED'<"/0; 4=) 30&E+<'@ <'4G >&<+574"+&$) J$+905-/'@ '5I"/0D":0+@ D45"<''-5"/+/0) (WHO).

a0$>/'2 3. B"F=0:" $ 5"D9+5"90 &5>F < $''&<+&$&<00 $ KIWA BRL 502/02

B'=*0/" $&+/20 J/+L-/0@ 40"-9+&5 99

J/+L/0@ 4'3>$2

40"9+&5" 6.3 F"5 7.5 F"5 10 F"5 12.5 F"5 16 F"5

16 16.0/16.2 1.5/1.9 1.5/1.920 20.0/20.2 1.5/1.9 1.5/1.9 1.5/1.925 25.0/25.2 1.5/1.9 1.5/1.9 1.9/2.332 32.0/32.2 1.6/2.0 2.4/2.9 3.0/3.540 40.0/40.2 1.9/2.3 2.4/2.9 3.0/3.550 50.0/50.2 1.6/2.0 2.0/2.4 2.4/2.9 3.0/3.5 3.7/4.363 63.0/63.2 2.0/2.4 2.0/2.4 2.4/2.9 3.0/3.5 3.8/4.4

75 75.0/75.3 2.0/2.4 2.2/2.7 2.9/3.4 3.6/4.2 4.5/5.290 90.0/90.3 2.2/2.7 2.7/3.2 3.5/4.1 4.3/5.0 5.4/6.2110 110.0/110.4 2.7/3.2 3.2/3.8 4.2/4.9 5.3/6.1 6.6/7.5125160200

250315400

125.0/125.4160.0/160.5200.0/200.6

250.0/250.8315.0/316.0400.0/401.0

3.1/3.74.0/4.64.9/5.6

6.2/7.17.7/8.79.8/11.0

3.7/4.34.7/5.45.9/6.7

7.3/8.39.2/10.411.7/13.1

4.8/5.56.2/7.17.7/8.7

9.6/10.812.1/13.615.3/17.1

6.0/6.87.7/8.79.6/10.8

11.9/13.315.0/16.719.1/21.3

7.4/8.49.5/10.711.9/13.3

14.8/16.518.7/20.823.7/26.3



10

500630

500.0/501.0630.0/631.0

12.3/13.815.4/17.2

14.6/16.318.4/20.5

19.1/21.324.1/26.8

23.9/26.5 29.6/32.8

H'$&"<=);&$) < $&"/4"5&/'9 5"D9+5+ 4=0/'@ 5 9+&5'<, $+5'I' :<+&".

2.3.3 X9DF>N9?KAS ?>?D9OA >IO9F9C>T, ?DACEAFD DIN

a"D/''F5"D/G+ &5>FG 9"520 Dyka 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 9'I>& <G3>$2"&E$) < $''&<+&$&<00 $ &5+F'<"/0)90 /+9+:20- $&"/4"5&'< DIN.

a0$>/'2 5 B"F=0:" $ 5"D9+5"90 &5>F < $''&<+&$&<00 $ DINB'=*0/" $&+/20 (99)

O0"9+&5 99 '90/"=E/G@ a"D9+5 (99)

6 F"5 10 F"5 16 F"5

12 10 1.016 12 1.220 16 1.525 20 1.5 1.932 25 1.8 2.440 32 1.8 1.9 3.050 40 1.8 2.4 3.763 50 1.9 3.0 4.775 65 2.2 3.6 5.690 80 2.7 4.3 6.7110125140160180200

225250280315355400450500560

630

100110125150160180

200225250300350400400500500

600

3.23.74.14.75.35.9

6.67.38.29.210.411.713.214.616.4

18.4

5.36.06.77.78.69.6

10.811.913.415.016.919.121.523.926.7

8.29.310.411.913.414.9

16.718.620.823.426.329.7

H'$&"<=);&$) < $&"/4"5&/'9 5"D9+5+ 4=0/'@ 5 9+&5'<, $+5'I' :<+&".



11

2.4 'F;N>9 ?DACEAFDH ELS =F;>IJ;E?DJA DFP7

H' $3+:0"=E/'@ D")<2+ 2'93"/0) Dyka 9'7+& 35'0D<'40&E &5>FG, '&<+-1";*0+ F'=EL0/$&<> +<5'3+@$20- /":0'/"=E/G- $&"/4"5&'<. c" 3'45'F-/'@ 0/8'59":0+@ 'F5"*"@&+$E < &+-/01+$20@ '&4+= 2'93"/00.

T'300 <$+- >3'9)/>&G- $&"/4"5&'< 2"1+$&<" 9'7/' 3'=>10&E 3' &5+F'<"-/0; < 2'93"/00 Dyka.

2.5 X9DF>N9?KAS > 7F>DAC?KAS O9DF>N9?KAS ?>?D9OA >IO9F9C>T

+'F-'409' 'F5"&0&E </09"/0+ /" &', 1&' 9+&501+$2") 0 F50&"/$2") 9+&501+$2") $0$&+9" 35+4$&"<=);& $'F'@ 4<+ "F$'=;&/' 5"D/G+ $0$&+-9G. a"D9+5G &5>F, 35'0D<+4+//G- /" '$/'<+ M&0- $0$&+9, /+$'<9+$&09G,

0 &"20+ &5>FG /+<'D9'7/' $'+40/0&E F+D $3+:0"=E/G- 3+5+-'4/02'<.

T'93"/0) Dyka 35'0D<'40& 0 3'$&"<=)+& $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 3+5+-'4/020 4=) &5>F, 35'0D<+4+//G- /" '$/'<+ 5"D/G- $0$&+9 0D9+5+/0@, 2"2 4=) $'+40/+/0) $ 3'9'*E; 5"$&<'50&+=), &"2 0 2'=E:+<'I' $'+40/+/0).

2.6 4L>CA DFP7H

"3'5/G+ &5>FG, 35'0D<+4+//G+ /" '$/'<+ F50&"/$2'@ 9+&501+$2'@ $0$-&+9G 0D9+5+/0@, 0 &5>FG, <G3>*+//G+ /" '$/'<+ 9+&501+$2'@ $0$&+9G,

< $''&<+&$&<00 $' $&"/4"5&'9 WIS 4.31.06, < $&"/4"5&/'9 <04+ 3'$&"<-=);&$) /'90/"=E/'@ 4=0/'@ 6 9+&5'<. J$+ 35'10+ &5>FG 9+&501+$20- 5"D9+5'< 3'$&"<=);&$) $ /'90/"=E/'@ 4=0/'@ 5 9+&5'<.

'90/"=E/") 4=0/" &5>FG – M&' /+ ++ 5"F'1") 4=0/", 3'$2'=E2> M&' D"-<0$0& '& 0$3'=ED>+9'I' 9+&'4" $'+40/+/0).

B5>FG $3+:0801+$20- 5"D9+5'< 9'I>& FG&E 35'0D<+4+/G 3' '&4+=E/'9> D"2"D> 350 >$='<00, 1&' 0- 2'=01+$&<' )<=)+&$) <GI'4/G9 4=) 35'0D<'4-

$&<". O=) 3'=>1+/0) 4'3'=/0&+=E/'@ 0/8'59":00 $<)70&+$E $ <"L09 40$&50FE;&'5'9 0=0 &+-/01+$209 '&4+='9 Dyka.

2.7 6J9D DFP7H

J$+ /"3'5/G+ &5>FG 9"520 Dyka, 35'0D<+4+//G+ /" '$/'<+ 'F'0- 9+&50-1+$20- $0$&+9, D" 0$2=;1+/0+9 &+-, <G3>*+//G- < $''&<+&$&<00 $' $&"/-4"5&'9 WIS 4.31.06, '25"L+/G < D"<'4$2'@ $+5G@ :<+& ($$G=2" /" :<+& RAL 7011).

B5>F'35'<'4 I'=>F'I' :<+&" $&"/4"5&" WIS 4.31.06 35+4/"D/"1+/ 4=) 30&E+<'@ <'4G ($$G=2" /" :<+& BS4901: 20 E54).



12

B5>FG 9+&501+$20- 5"D9+5'< $&"/4"5&" KIWA 49 9'I>& 3'$&"<=)&E$) < /"&>5"=E/'9 :<+&+ /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP, 25+9'<'9 :<+&+.

B5>FG 45>I0- :<+&'< 9'I>& 35'0D<'40&E$) $ >1+&'9 '$'FG- &5+F'<"/0@ 350 >$='<00, 1&' 0- 2'=01+$&<' )<=)+&$) <GI'4/G9 4=) 35'0D<'4$&<".

O=) 3'=>1+/0) 4'3'=/0&+=E/'@ 0/8'59":00 $<)70&+$E $ <"L09 40$&-50FE;&'5'9 0=0 &+-/01+$209 '&4+='9 Dyka.

2.8 XAFK>F;JKA DFP7

\"5205'<2" &5>F 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 5+I>=05>+&$) 5"D=01-/G90 /":0'/"=E/G90 0 9+74>/"5'4/G90 $&"/4"5&"90. O=) 2'/&5'=) 3'-$&"<=)+9G- &5>F 'FG1/' 35+4'$&"<=)+&$) $=+4>;*") 0/8'59":0):

2.8.1 XAFK>F;JKA DFP7, =F;>IJ9E9CCHZ CA ;?C;J9 7F>DAC?K;T O9DF>-N9?K;T ?>?D9OH

Z30$"/0+ H509+5 H5'0D<'40&+=E: DYKA\"&+50"=: HJP

(PVC-u)U50&"/$20@ $&"/4"5&: BS3505:1986/BS4346

(&5>FG $ 9+-"/01+$209 $'+40/+/0+9)

'90/"=E/'+ 4"<=+/0+: 12 F"5

a"D9+5 0 3"5"9+&5G: 3"x04.699 T'4 35'4>2:00: 2088 5757J)D2'$&E 5"D5>L+/0): 3.75 //992

O=) 5"D=01/'I' 2="$$" &5>F $>*+$&<>;& '&4+=E/G+ /07+>2"D"//G+ 9"5-205'<20 :<+&", 2'&'5G+ I=>F'2' /"/'$)&$) /" $&+/20 &5>FG, 1&'FG 0DF+- 7"&E 0- $=>1"@/'I' $&05"/0).

T="$$ C D E

d<+& ^+5/G@ c+=+/G@ T'501/+<G@

2.8.2 XAFK>F;JKA O9DF>N9?K;T DFP7H

\+&501+$2") &5>F" $&"/4"5&" WIS 4.31.06 (9"5205'<2" F+='I' :<+&")

Z30$"/0+ H509+5

V3+:0802":0) <'4/'I' -'D)@$&<": WIS 4.31.06H5'0D<'40&+=E: DYKA'90/"=E/G@ /"5>7/G@ 40"9+&5: 20099 \"&+50"=: HJP (PVC-u)



13

'90/"=E/'+ 4"<=+/0+: 12.5 F"5 T'4 35'4>2:00: 21 88 23 7 B

H5'10+ 9+&501+$20+ &5>FG (9"5205'<2" 1+5/'I' :<+&")

Z30$"/0+ H509+5

H5'0D<'40&+=E: DYKAV&"/4"5& 35'0D<'4$&<": KIWA'90/"=E/'+ 4"<=+/0+: 1.25 \H" a"D9+5G: 63 x 3.0 99 T'4 35'4>2:00: 21 88 23 7 B

2.9 .=>?AC>9 D>=;J ?;9E>C9C>S

J$+ /"3'5/G+ &5>F'35'<'4/G+ $0$&+9G 9"520 Dyka 0D /+3="$&080:05'-<"//'I' HJP $'F05";&$) $ 3'9'*E; '4/'I' 0D 3 /07+'30$"//G- $3'$'-F'< $'+40/+/0). O=) 3'=>1+/0) F'=++ 3'45'F/'@ 0/8'59":00 ' &03"- $'+40/+/0) 0 >$&"/'<2+ 'F5"&0&+$E 2 5"D4+=> 6 M&'I' 5>2'<'4$&<".

2.9.1 "\9OCH9 ?;9E>C>D9LMCH9 OPWDH

B5>F" $' $5+D"//'@ 25'92'@, F+D 5+DEFG /" 2'/:"- 350$'+40/)+&$) $ 3'-9'*E; 4<'@/G- $e+9/G- 3'4<07/G- 9>8&.V'+40/+/0+ $ 3'9'*E; $e+9/G- $'+40/0&+=E/G- 9>8& 09++& 35+09>-*+$&<', &"2 2"2 /'90/"=E/") 4=0/" 3'$&"<=)+9'@ &5>FG < &'1/'$&0 35+4$&"<=)+& $'F'@ 5"F'1>; 4=0/>. H50 $'+40/+/00 /+ 35'0$-'40& 3'&+-50 4=0/G.Z4/"2', 3'$2'=E2> &5>F" 4'=7/" FG&E 35025+3=+/" 2 2"74'@ 0D $&'5'/ $'+40/0&+=E/'@ 9>8&G, &' /+'F-'409' $4+="&E 4<+ '&4+=E/G+ 9>8&G /"

+40/0:> 4=0/G. X&' ><+=010<"+& D"&5"&G /" 9'/&"7.

T"2 35"<0=', 0$3'=ED'<"/0+ $e+9/G- $'+40/0&+=E/G- 9>8& )<=)+&$) $"9G9 4'5'I'$&')*09 $3'$'F'9 9'/&"7" &5>F, D" 0$2=;1+/0+9 &5>F '1+/E F'=EL0- 40"9+&5'< (400 99 0 <GL+), I4+ M2'/'90) 4=0/G &5>FG 35'3'5:0'/"=E/" 5"$-'4"9 /" $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 9>8&G.



14

2.9.2 "JAFKA ? =;O;8M] FA?DJ;F>D9LS

Z40/ 5"$&5>F/G@ 2'/+: &5>FG $ /+/"5+D"//G90 2'/:"90 09++& '&25G&G@ 2'/+:. X&' 3'D<'=)+& <$&"<0&E 5"$&5>F/G@ 2'/+: &5>FG < 3'$=+4>;*0@ '&5+D'2 &5>FG 4=) 35'0D<+4+/0) $<"5'1/'I' $'+40/+/0) $ 3'9'*E; 5"$-

&<'50&+=) (-0901+$2'@ $<)D20). " +40/0:> 4=0/G 4'=7+/ FG&E $4+="/ =0LE '40/ $&G2 .

a"F'1") 4=0/" '&5+D2" &5>FG >9+/EL"+&$) < 5"D9+5"- D" $1+& 5"$&5>F-/'I' >I=>F=+/0).

B"2'@ $3'$'F $'+40/+/0) &5>F, 2"2 35"<0=', 'F-'40&$) 3' 2'/2>5+/&/'@ :+/+. Z4/"2', < '&=010+ '& $0$&+9G 2'=E:+<'I' >3='&/+/0), 350 &"2'9 $3'$'F+ 9'/&"7" &5+F>+&$) F'=EL+ <5+9+/0.

O=) 3'=>1+/0) 3'45'F/G- >2"D"/0@ 3' 2=+@2+ $ 3'9'*E; 5"$&<'50&+=) $9'&50&+ 5"D4+= 6.

2.9.3 ";9E>C9C>9 ? =;O;8M] K;LMV9J;^; P=L;DC9C>S

Z40/ 5"$&5>F/G@ 2'/+: &5>FG $ /+/"5+D"//G90 2'/:"90 09++& '&25G&G@ 2'/+:, 2'&'5G@ 35+4$&"<=)+& $'F'@ &' 9+$&', 2>4" <$&"<=)+&$) $0/&+&0-1+$2'+ 2">1>2'<'+ >3='&/0&+=E/'+ 2'=E:'. " +40/0:> 4=0/G 4'=7+/

FG&E $4+="/ =0LE '40/ $&G2 .

f3='&/0&+=E/'+ 2'=E:' 9'7+& 350/"4=+7"&E 2 &03> "Forsheda" 4=) &5>F,$4+="//G- /" '$/'<+ 9+&501+$2'@ 0 F50&"/$2'@ 9+&501+$2'@ $0$&+9G 0D9+5+/0@. O=) &5>F /" '$/'<+ 9+&501+$2'@ $0$&+9G &"27+ 9'I>& 0$-3'=ED'<"&E$) &03G "Anger" 0=0 "Bode". J$+ &50 &03" >3='&/0&+=E/G- 2'-=+: L05'2' 0$3'=ED>;&$) 0 '4'F5+/G V'<+&'9 3' 0D>1+/0; <'4/G- 5+-$>5$'<. X&'& 9+&'4 3509+/)+&$) 4=) &5>F, $4+="//G- /" '$/'<+ F50&"/-$2'@ 9+&501+$2'@ $0$&+9G, < $''&<+&$&<00 $' $&"/4"5&'9 BS 4346 ^"$&E

2 0 >3='&/0&+=E/G@ 9"&+50"= '&<+1"+& &5+F'<"/0)9 BS 2494.

a"F'1") 4=0/" '&5+D2" &5>FG >9+/EL"+&$) < 5"D9+5"- D" $1+& 5"$&5>F-/'I' >I=>F=+/0).

\+&'4 $'+40/+/0) &5>F $ 3'9'*E; 2'=E:+<'I' >3='&/+/0) )<=)+&$) $"-9G9 FG$&5G9 $3'$'F'9 9'/&"7" 0 /+$+& 90/09"=E/G+ D"&5"&G /" 9'/-&"7.



15

a0$>/'2 6: _=>F0/" $'+40/+/0) 0 I=>F0/" $:+3=+/0) – \+&501+$2") 0 F50&"/$2") 9+&501+$2") $0$&+9G

Socket depth – I=>F0/" $'+40/+/0) Engagement depth – I=>F0/" $:+3=+/0)

a0$>/'2 6a: _=>F0/" $'+40/+/0) – F50&"/$2") 9+&501+$2") $0$&+9",$&"/4"5& BS 3505

_=>F0/" $'+40/+/0) (99)J/+L/0@ 40"9+&5 (4;@9)

a"$&<'50&+=E 4=) 2=+@-20

f3='&/0&+=E/'+ 2'=E:'

1 351 1/4 401 1/2 45

2 55 126

3 75 1424 90 1555 100 1656 125 1828 220



16

a0$>/'2 7: _=>F0/" $'+40/+/0) 0 I=>F0/" $:+3=+/0).\+&501+$20+ $0$&+9G, $&"/4"5& WIS 4.31.06

J/+L/0@

40"9+&5 (99) _=>F0/" $'+40/+/0)

(99) _=>F0/" $:+3=+/0) (99)

63 130 6590 147 71110 160 75160 187 86200 212 94250 239 106315 256 118

400 285 130450500630

a0$>/'2 8:_=>F0/" $'+40/+/0) – \+&501+$20+ $0$&+9G, $&"/4"5& KIWA 49

_=>F0/" $'+40/+/0) (99)J/+L/0@ 40"9+&5

(99)

12 2516 2520 2525 3532 3240 4450 55 90

63 69 1197590110125160200250315400500630

7787101111135167198243

123129136142155171187214218



17

3. '2-X)+)+-)

"3'5/G+ &5>F'35'<'4/G+ $0$&+9G 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 9"520 Dyka 3'4-'4)& 4=) &5"/$3'5&05'<"/0) 30&E+<'@ <'4G 4=) 35'-9GL=+//'I' 0 FG&'<'I' 0$3'=ED'<"/0). O5>I0+ $8+5G 3509+/+/0)

<2=;1";&:-

V+=E$2'-'D)@$&<+//G@ 3'=0<

H+5+2"10<"/0+ 3+5+5"F'&"//G- 7042'$&+@ < 5"92"- 35+4350)&0)

V&'2 2"/"=0D":0'//G- 0 35'9GL=+//G- <'4

H+5+2"12" "F5"D0</G- 7042'$&+@

H+5+2"12" 20$='&, *+='1+@ 0 35'10- 2'55'D0@/G- -0902"&'< ($9. 5"D4+= 4.8)

H+5+2"12" I5>/&'<G- <'4 4=) D+9+=E/'I' $&5'0&+=E$&<"

V25G&G@ 9"I0$&5"=E/G@ &5>F'35'<'4

B5>F'35'<'4 0=0 2"/"= 4=) 2"F+=+@ 0 -5>320- &5>F'35'<'4/G- $0$&+9

J+/&0=):0'//G+ $0$&+9G

B<+54G+ &5>FG 4=) /"3'5/G- $0$&+9 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 9"520 Dyka /+ 4'=7/G 0$3'=ED'<"&E$), +$=0 </+L/)) 0=0 </>&5+//)) &+93+5"&>5" 7042'$&0 35+<GL"+& 60°C.

c" F'=++ 3'45'F/'@ 0/8'59":0+@ 'F5"*"@&+$E < &+-/01+$20@ '&4+= 2'93"/00 Dyka.



18

4. _0205$)2-"$-50 $2&R -a +)'(0"$-b-6-2.-0++.c. '(0"$-50

4.1 '>DM9JAS J;EA

B5>FG 9"520 Dyka 35'0D<'4)&$) < $''&<+&$&<00 $ &5+F'<"/0)90 BS 6920,BS 3505 0 ISO 727, 0 35+4/"D/"1+/G 4=) -'='4/'I' <'4'$/"F7+/0),<2=;1") 30&E+<>; <'4>. H5'0D<+4+//G+ 2'93"/0+@ Dyka &5>FG, /+ '2 -5"L0<";& 0 /+ 0D9+/);& <2>$ 30&E+<'@ <'4G, 0- F+D'3"$/'+ 3509+/+/0+ >&<+574+/' $=+4>;*090 $&5>2&>5"90:

\0/0$&+5$&<' 3' <'35'$"9 '-5"/G '25>7";*+@ $5+4G – T'90&+& 3' <'-35'$"9 -0901+$20- <+*+$&< 0 $&5'0&+=E/G- 9"&+50"='< 4=) 0$3'=ED'-<"/0) < 2'99>/"=E/'9 <'4'$/"F7+/00 0 3="<"&+=E/G- F"$$+@/"- (DOE -CCM)

V'<+& 3' 0D>1+/0; <'4/G- 5+$>5$'< – 2'/$>=E&":0'//") $=>7F" 3' /'5-9"9 <'4G

KIWA – "&&+$&":0)

J$+905/") '5I"/0D":0) D45"<''-5"/+/0) (WHO)

4.2 &?D;TN>J;?DM K ADO;?W9FCHO J;IE9T?DJ>SO

B5>F'35'<'4 D"*0*+/ '& <5+4/'I' <'D4+@$&<0) $'=/+1/'I' $<+&" $ 3'-9'*E; $3+:0"=E/G- <+*+$&<, 2'&'5G+ <-'4)& < $'$&"< &5>FG. Z4/"2' /+ $=+4>+& -5"/0&E &5>FG < 9+$&"- $ 35)9G9 3'3"4"/0+9 $'=/+1/'I' $<+&" F'=++ 1-2 9+$):+< ($9'&50&+ 5"D4+= 5.2 ZF$=>70<"/0+, -5"/+/0+ 0 &5"/$3'5&05'<2").

O=) 3'=>1+/0) 4'3'=/0&+=E/'@ 0/8'59":00 ' D"*0&+ &5>F'35'<'4" 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP '& 4=0&+=E/'I' -5"/+/0) < 9+$&"- $ 35)-9G9 3'3"4"/0+9 $'=/+1/'I' $<+&" $9'&50&+ 5"D4+=G 9.17 0 9.18.

4.3 "J;T?DJA C9=LA?D>W>V>F;JACC;^; '_

ZF*0+ f4+=E/G@ <+$: 1.4 I/993

T'M880:0+/& /+35'D5"1/'$&0: 9+/++ 1+9 0.2%J'4'3'I='*+/0+: 0.12% D" 24 1"$" 350 23°C\+-"/01+$20+ H5+4+= 35'1/'$&0 350 5"$&)7+/00: 50 /992



19

H5+4+= 35'1/'$&0 350 $7"&00: 66 \H" f4"5/") /"I5>D2" - DIN 53453: 52I $9/$9 \'4>=E >35>I'$&0 /" $I0F+: 3000 \H" B<+54'$&E 3' U50/+==; 350 23O°C: 12 - 15T'M880:0+/& H>"$$'/": 0.35

H5'1/'$&E /" 0DI0F: 70 - 110 \H" f4=0/+/0+ 350 5"D5G<+ 350 23O°C: 80 - 150%J)D2'$&E 5"D5>L+/0): 3.75 //992($ >1+&'9 9+&'4" C.3..1. BS 3505: 1986)

X=+2&501+$20+ ZFe+9/'+ >4+=E/'+ $'35'&0<=+/0+: 1050 Z9/$93"35)7+/0+ 35'F'): 30 2J/99 T'M880:0+/& 9'*/'$&0: 0.02 350 800 _:

O0M=+2&501+$2") 3'$&')//"): 3.4 350 800 _:

B+5901+$20+ B+93+5"&>5/") 'F5"F'&2": 1500 – 1800 CT'M880:0+/& &+5901+$2'I' 5"$L05+/0): 0.06 99/92 f4+=E/") &+3='35'<'4/'$&E: 0.16 J&/92 f4+=E/") &+3='+92'$&E: 10500 CB+93+5"&>5" 5"D9)I1+/0): 800 C(BS 2782 9+&'4 120B)

J'$3="9+/)+9'$&E: V"9'&>L+/0+

4.4 2A7;N99 > C;O>CALMC;9 EAJL9C>9

'90/"=E/'+ 4"<=+/0+ 4=) &5>F 9"520 Dyka 5"$$10&"/' /" /+35+5G<-/>; $=>7F> /" 35'&)7+/00 50 =+&. U'=++ &'I', 35+<'$-'4/") <0F5":0-'//") <G/'$=0<'$&E /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 3'D<'=)+& 3'4$&5"0-<"&E$) 3'4 <0F5":0'//G+ 093>=E$G 4"<=+/0) 3'&'2".

\"2$09"=E/'+ 3'44+570<"+9'+ 5"F'1++ 4"<=+/0+ <'4G 350 &+93+5"&>-5+ 20°C:

JG$'&" 4"<=+/0) <'4G T="$$ U"5 2H" \+&501+-

$2") &'/-/"

`>& `>/&-$0=" /" 2<"4-5"&/G@ 4;@9

U50&"/-$2") 9+&501+-$2") $0$-&+9"

V 9 900 90 300 130

D 12 1200 120 400 173



20

E 15 1500 150 500 217\+&50-1+$2") $0$&+9"

6.3 630 64 211 92

7.5 750 77 251 10910 1000 102 335 145

12.5 1250 128 417 18116 1600 163 535 232

4.5 $9O=9FADPFCHT PZ;E =AFAO9DF;J

P"5"2&+50$&020 4"<=+/0) &5>F 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 9+/);&-$) < D"<0$09'$&0 '& &+93+5"&>5G, 3'M&'9> /+'F-'409' 35')<=)&E 3'<G-L+//>; '$&'5'7/'$&E 350 9'/&"7+ &5>F 9"520 Dyka < >$='<0)-, 2'I4"

</>&5+//)) 0=0 &+93+5"&>5" '25>7";*+@ $5+4G 35+<GL"+& 50°C. B+9-3+5"&>5" <3='&E 4' 60°C 9'7+& 4'3>$2"&E$) < &+- $=>1")-, 2'I4" 2'M8-80:0+/& 3'/07+//'I' 4"<=+/0) 0 $5'2 $=>7FG )<=);&$) 350+9=+9G90.R$=0 &5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 9"520 Dyka 8>/2:0'/05>;& 350 &+93+5"&>5/'9 5+709+ 20°C - 60°C, &' 9"2$09"=E/'+ 5"F'1++ 4"<-=+/0+ 4'=7/' $''&<+&$&<'<"&E, 350<+4+//G9 /" 50$>/2"- 9 0 10, 3'2"D"-&+=)9.

J $=>1")-, 2'I4" 4'3>$2";&$) &+93+5"&>5/G+ 2'=+F"/0), &5>F'35'<'4-

/") 2'/$&5>2:0) 4'=7/" FG&E 350$3'$'F=+/" 2"2 3'4 $/07+//'+ 5"F'1++ 4"<=+/0+, &"2 0 3'4 3'<GL+//G@ /"3'5, <GD<"//G@ $7"&0+9 0=0 5"$L0-5+/0+9 &5>F'35'<'4/'@ =0/00.



21

a0$>/'2 9

JD"09'$<)DE 4"<=+/0+-&+93+5"&>5" J/>&5+//)) &+93+5"&>5" 20°V 350 0D9+/10<'@ &+93+5"&>5+ '25>7";*+@ $5+4G

H')$/+/0) 2 50$>/2> 9.Working pressure in Bars – "$%'(( *"+,(-.( + 0""1 Working pressure in Ft hd. – "$%'(( *"+,(-.( + 346"1 Ambient temperature in °8 – 6(:;("64" %<4=">?(@ B(*D + °8 E,"BB E/16 0", E,"BB D 12.5 0", E,"BB 8 10 0", E,"BB B/6.3 0"



22

a0$>/'2 10

JD"09'$<)DE 4"<=+/0+-&+93+5"&>5" B+93+5"&>5" '25>7";*+@ $5+4G 20°V 350 0D9+/10<'@ </>&5+//+@ &+93+5"&>5+

H')$/+/0) 2 50$>/2> 10.Working pressure in Bars – "$%'(( *"+,(-.( + 0""1 Ft hd. – + 346"1

Internal temperature in °8 – +-46(--FF 6(:;("64" + °8 E,"BB E 16 0", E,"BB E/12.5 0", E,"BB 8 /10 0", E,"BB B/6.3 0"



23

4.6 _AFAKD9F>?D>K> =;D;KA > =;D9FS CA=;FA

J =;F'9 0D &5>F'35'<'4'< >3"4+& 0=0 5"$$++&$) 4"<=+/0+ 7042'$&0 < &'9 $=>1"+, 2'I4" 35'0D'@4>& &5+/0) 0=0 /"5>L+/0) 3'&'2" 7042'$&0 <' </>&5+//+@ $&+/2+ &5>FG.

H'4'F/G+ &5+/0) 0=0 3'&+5) /"3'5" 9'I>& FG&E 2="$$080:05'<"/G 3' 4<>9 /"35"<=+/0)9. ZF*") I'='</") 3'&+5) 9'7+& )<=)&E$) 5+D>=E&"-&'9 ><+=01+/0) 3'4"<"+9'I' 4"<=+/0) 0D-D" &5+/0) 7042'$&0 <' </>&-5+//+@ $&+/2+ &5>FG 0 H'&+50 9'I>& FG&E <GD<"/G 3+5+F')90 < 3="</'9 &+1+/00 7042'$&0 0D-D" $'+40/0&+=E/G- 4+&"=+@ &5>F'35'<'4".

4.6.1 .78AS ^;L;JCAS =;D9FS

_="42'+ '&<+5$&0+ &5>F 9"520 Dyka $<04+&+=E$&<>+& ' &'9, 1&' &5>FG 9'-I>& 0$3'=ED'<"&E$) 350 '1+/E /0D2'9 $'35'&0<=+/00 3'&'2".

T5'9+ &'I', < -'4+ 35'4'=70&+=E/'I' 0$3'=ED'<"/0), </>&50 &5>FG 35"2 -&01+$20 /+ /"F=;4"+&$) <$)2'I' 5'4" /"5'$&'<, &"2 2"2 $&+/20 &5>F 09+-;& 5'</G+ $&+/G 0 3' $<'+@ 3505'4+ )<=);&$) /+57"<+;*090. H'M&'9> M&' 0$2=;1"+& /+'F-'409'$&E ><+=010<"&E 9'*/'$&E /"2"120 3' 35'L+-$&<00 4=0&+=E/'I' <5+9+/0, 2"2 M&'I' &5+F>+&$) 350 0$3'=ED'<"/00 F'-=++ &5"40:0'//G- 9"&+50"='<.

H50/09") <' </09"/0+ <$+ M88+2&0</G+ -"5"2&+50$&020 3'&'2", 9'7/' 4'$&01E M2'/'900 350 3509+/+/00 &5>F 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP,3' $5"</+/0; $ 0$3'=ED'<"/0+9 &5"40:0'//G- 9"&+50"='<, 0$3'=ED>) &5>FG 9+/EL+I' 40"9+&5", 4=) 3'=>1+/0) M2<0<"=+/&/'@ $2'5'$&0 3'&'2" 0, 0$3'=ED>) &5>FG &'I' 7+ 40"9+&5" 4=) 4'$&07+/0) F'=++ F'=EL'@ $2'-5'$&0 3'&'2".

g042'$&E =;F'I' 5'4" <' <5+9) 35'4<07+/0) 3' &5>F+ &+5)+& 1"$&E 4"<-=+/0) 0 $0=G /"3'5", 3'M&'9> M&' 4'=7/' >10&G<"&E$) 350 35'+2&05'<"-

/00 &5>F'35'<'4/G- =0/0@. h$3'=ED>;&$) 4<+ 0D &5+- 3+5+9+//G-:I'='</") 3'&+5), 40"9+&5 &5>FG 0=0 $2'5'$&E 3'&'2", &5+&E; /+0D<+$&-/>; <+=010/> 9'7/' '35+4+=0&E, <'$3'=ED'<"<L0$E 50$>/2'9 11.



24

a0$>/'2 11 a"$1+&/G@ I5"802 I'='</'@ 3'&+50

_045"<=01+$20@ I5"40+/& - _'='</") 3'&+5) (9/29)

H')$/+/0) 2 50$>/2> 11

Internal pipe diameter (metrical, imperial) – </>&5+//0@ 40"9+&5 &5>FG (9+&501+$2") 0 F50&.9+&501+$2") $0$&+9G)

Rate of flow (L/SEC) – $2'5'$&E 3'&'2" (=/$+2 )Velocity (M/SEC) – $2'5'$&E (9/$+2 )



25

c/"1+/0), 350<+4+//G+ /" 50$>/2+ 11, 9'I>& FG&E 3'4$10&"/G 4=) =;FG- 3"5"9+&5'< 3'&'2" 0 </>&5+//+I' 40"9+&5" $ 3'9'*E; /07+350<+4+//'@ 8'59>=G T'>=F5>2"-f"@&":

_4+: Q – $2'5'$&E 3'4"10 7042'$&0.D – </>&5+//0@ 40"9+&5 &5>FG.S – 3E+D'9+&501+$20@ I5"40+/&.K – 2'M880:0+/& L+5'-'<"&'$&0 $&+/20 &5>FG.

H5+43'='709, 1&' &+93+5"&>5" 7042'$&0 $'$&"<=)+& 20°C 0 09++& 3='&-/'$&E 1 I /" $93

. O=) 35'0D<+4+/0) 3'4$1+&" F+5+&$) 2'M880:0+/& L+5'--'<"&'$&0 $&+/20 &5>FG (T) 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP, 2'&'5G@ $'-$&"<=)+& 0.003 99.

4.6.2 ';D9FS CA=;FA

hD9+/+/0) < /"35"<=+/00 0=0 5+D20+ 0D9+/+/0) 40"9+&5" &5>F'35'<'4-/'@ =0/00 9'I>& 350<+$&0 2 'F5"D'<"/0; <'4'<'5'&'< 0=0 350<+$&0 2 5"D5>L0&+=E/G9 0D9+/+/0)9 < $&5>2&>5+ 3'&'2". H'4'F/G+ 0D9+/+/0) 9'I>& 350<+$&0 2 I'='</'@ 3'&+5+, M2<0<"=+/&/'@ <$+@ 4=0/+ /+0D'I/>-&'@ &5>FG.

a0$>/'2 12

H')$/+/0) 2 50$>/2> 12.Equivalent straight length of pipe /m – G<+.+",(-6-"F *,.-" -(.H%I-46%@ 64$D / : Outside pipe diameter D/m – -"4=-D@ *.":(6 64$D / :



26

O=) &'I', 1&'FG >35'$&0&E 35':+4>5> $0$&+9/'I' 35'+2&05'<"/0), /" I5"-802+ /" 50$>/2+ 12 35+4$&"<=+/G M2<0<"=+/&/G+ 5"D9+5G /+0D'I/>&'@ &5>FG 4=) 5"D=01/G- L05'2' 3509+/)+9G- $'+40/0&+=E/G- 4+&"[email protected]$10&"//G@ 5"D9+5 &5>FG, D"&+9 9'7+& FG&E 4'F"<=+/ 2 'F*+9> 5"D-9+5> /+0D'I/>&'@ &5>FG 0 I'='</'@ 3'&+5+, >$&"/'<=+//'@ < 5+D>=E&"&+

'4/'I' 3'4$1+&".

V :+=E; 35'<+4+/0) 3'4$1+&'< 4=) I5"802" /" 50$>/2+ 12 9'I>& 0$3'=E-D'<"&E$) $=+4>;*0+ 35+'F5"D'<"/0) <04" 9+&501+$2") – F50&"/$2") 9+&501+$2") $0$&+9".

O;@9 i 1 1 j 1 i 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12\9 16 32 40 50 63 90 110 140 160 200 215 315

4.7 $9=L;J;9 FA?d>F9C>9

H50 3'<GL+/00 &+93+5"&>5G 9'7+& FG&E $>*+$&<+//'+ 5"$L05+/0+ &5>-FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP. a"$L05+/0+ &5>FG 9"520 Dyka, 2'-&'5'+ /+ D"<0$0& '& 40"9+&5" &5>FG, 9'7/' '35+4+=0&E $ 3'9'*E; 2'-M880:0+/&" =0/+@/'I' &+3='<'I' 5"$L05+/0) 3' $=+4>;*+@ 8'59>=+:

-IO9C9C>9 '9FJ;CANALMCAS EL>CA XAK?>OALMCAS FAIC;?DM EL>CH (OO) = DFP7;=F;J;EA (O) X 0.06 X D9O=9FADPF (K)

4.8 _>O>N9?KAS P?D;TN>J;?DM

B5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 9"520 Dyka 09+;& '$'F' 35'1/>; -0901+$2>; >$&'@10<'$&E 0, 3'M&'9>, 9'I>& 3509+/)&E$) 4=) $"9G- "I-5+$$0</G- 7042'$&+@, <2=;1") 9/'I0+ 0D 20$='&, *+='1+@ 0 '5I"/01+$20- <+*+$&<.

" 50$>/2+ 13 350<+4+/G 3509+5G >$&'@10<'$&0 &5>F 0D /+3="$&080:0-5'<"//'I' HJP 9"520 Dyka 2 /"0F'=++ 5"$35'$&5"/+//G9 -0901+$209 <+*+$&<"9. h/8'59":0) '$/'<"/" /" 3'=>1+//G- 5+D>=E&"&"- 'FL05/G- &+$&'<, 35'<+4+//G- 35'0D<'40&+=)90 &5>F, 0 35'1090 9+74>/"5'4/G90 $3+:0"=0$&"90.

X&" 0/8'59":0) 35+4$&"<=)+& $'F'@ $<'+I' 5'4" 5>2'<'4$&<' 4=) '35+-4+=+/0) 350I'4/'$&0 &5>F 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G- 4+&"=+@ 4=) 0- 0$3'=ED'<"-/0) < 5"D/''F5"D/G- >$='<0)-. +& /02"20- I"5"/&0@, 1&' 8"2&01+$20@ 5+D>=E&"& $'<3"4+& $ 5+D>=E&"&"90 < &"F=0:+.

S = >4'<=+&<'50&+=E/'.



27

U = /+>4'<=+&<'50&+=E/', 0D-D" 5"$*+3=+/0), 5"$&<'5+/0), 5"$L05+/0),3'&+50 3="$&01/'$&0 0 &.4. > &+$&05>+9G- 'F5"D:'<.D = a"D5>L+/0+ 0=0 <30&G<"/0+. \"&+50"= 9'7+& 0$3'=ED'<"&E$) &'=E2' < &+- $=>1")-, 2'I4" "=E&+5/"&0</G+ 9"&+50"=G /+ 3'4-'4)&, 0 4'3>$&09 'I5"/01+//G@ $5'2 $=>7FG. H50 3509+/+/00 /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I'

HJP $ 3'4'F/G90 -0901+$2090 <+*+$&<"90 '$'F+//' <"7/' F5"&E 3'=-/'9"$L&"F/G+ 35'FG.R = Z3"$/'$&E <5+4/'I' <=0)/0) /" '25>7";*>; $5+4>.* = H5'I/'D05>+9G+ 5+D>=E&"&G, 0$3'=ED>;&$) 4"//G+ 'F >$&'@10<'$&0 /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 2 -0901+$209 <+*+$&<"9 $' $-'7+@ $&5>2 -&>5'@.a0$>/'2 13J+*+$&<' T'/:+/&5":0) 20°V 60°V J+*+$&<' T'/:+/&5":0) 20°V 60°V

k:+&"=E4+I04 40% 5"$&<. S U* _045'2$04 "99'/0),$9.5"$&<'5 "99'/0)

100% U U \+&"8'$8"& "99'/0) S S

f2$>$/") 20$='&" 10% 5"$&<. S S 0&5"& "99'/0) S S60% S D Z5&'8'$8"& "99'/0) S* S*

=+4)/") U U Z2$"="& "99'/0) S* S*

f2$>$/G@ "/I04504 ("/I04504 >2$>$/'@ 20$='&G) U U

H+5$>=E8"& "99'/0) V>=E8"& "99'/0) V>=E804 "99'/0)

SSS

SSS

k:+&'/ U U B0':0"/"& "99'/0) S S

k:+&'/0&50= U* d0/2'<G@ -='504 "9-9'/0) S* S*

`+/":+&0/ S* S* k:+&"& "90=" U U

k:+&'8+/'/ U* U* k90='<G@ $305& S* U

k4030/'<") 20$='&" S D P='504 "90=" U U

k=08"&01+$20@ >I-=+<'4'5'4 S S

k/0=0/ _045'-='504 "/0=0/"

UU

UU

k==0='<G@ $305& D U V>=E8"& "/0=0/" U U k==0='<G@ -='504 U U g0<'&/G+ 9"$=" S* S*

k:+&"& "=;90/0) S* S* k/&5"-0/'/ S U

P='504 "=;90/0) S S V>=E8'/'<") 20$='&" "/&5"-0/'/" S U

`&'504 "=;90/0) S* S* P='504 $>5E9G S S*

_045'2$04 "=;90/0) S* S* «d"5$2") <'42"» ** T'/:. U U

0&5"& "=;90/0) S S k5'9"&01+$20@ >I=+-<'4'5'4 U U

Z2$"="& "=;90/0) S* S* \GLE)2'<") 20$='&" 75%Z2$0-='504 "=;90-/0) S S

($05'3''F5"D/")) 0=0 2I/9= S D

T<"$:'<") 9>2" (2<"$:G) S S

V>=E8'/'<") 20$='&" "50=" S U

V>=E8"& "=;90/0) S S T"5F'/"& F"50) S* S*V>-'@ "990"2 S S P='504 F"50) S* S*

I"D''F5"D/G@ U _045'2$04 F"50) S S

70420@ U* V>=E8"& F"50) S* S*

"L"&G5/G@ $305& 35%5"$&<'5 S S V>=E804 F"50) S S

(+420@ "990"2 ) H0<' S

(0.88 I/9=) U+/D"=E4+I04 +F'=EL'+ 2 -<' U U

U02"5F'/"& "99'/0) 100% U U

V9. I045'2"5F'/"& "99'/0)

U+/D'= U+/D'@/") 20$='&"

UD

UU

T"5F'/"& "99'/0) S S P='504 F+/D'0="

P='504 "99'/0) ( 70420@ "99'/0@) S S

g+=+D0$&G@ :0&5"&

"99'/0) S* S*`=>'504 "99'/0) S S

_045'2"5F'/"& "9-9'/0) S* S*



28

J+*+$&<' T'/:+/&5":0) 20°V 60°V J+*+$&<' T'/:+/&5":0) 20°V 60°V U+/D0=":+&"& U U* T"$&'5'<'+ 9"$='mm S S

U+/D0='<G@ $305& 8+/0=2"5F0/'= U* U*

d+&0='<G@ $305&, $9.I+2$"4+2"/'=

T"5F'/"& <0$9>&" S S P='5"=I045"& S S

U>5", $9. 4<>/"&50+-<G@ &+&5"F'5"&

P='5/'<"&") 20$='&" S S*

U'5/") 20$='&" S S P='50/

B508&'504 F'5" S 10% $>-'@ I"D DV'=)/'@ 5"$&<'5 S S P='50/

U5'9 100% S U 100% $>-'@ I"D D UV>-'@ I"D U* U P='50/

70420@ U U 10% 70420@ I"D U U

U5'99+&"/ (9+&0='<G@ F5'904) U* U*

P='50/ B508&'504 -='50/"

J'4/G@ 5"$&<. DU*

U*U*

U>&"40+/ S S P='5>2$>$/") 20$='&" S D

U>&"/ S S P='5F+/D'= U U

U>&"/40'= U U P='5M&"/

U>&"/'= (F>&0='<G@ $305&) S D

(-='50$&G@ M&0=)2- -='5M&'/

U U

U>&0=":+&"& U U (M&0=+/-='5I0450/) U UU>&0=-='504 U* U* P='5'8'59 U U

0D'U>&0= 9+&0= 2+-&'/ (4-9+&0=3+/&"/-2-'40/)

S* S* P='59+&"/ (9+&0=-='504)P='5'$+5/") 20$='&" P5'9'<") 20$='&"

UD

UU

U>&0=8+/'= U U 9+&"==0D05'<. 5"$&<. S S

P5'9'<G+ 2<"$:G S S

V045mm S*

n09'//") 20$='&"mm S S

T"5F'/"& 2"=E:0) S S O0-='504 9+40** S* S*

P='5"& 2"=E:0) S S d0"/04 9+40** S* S*

P='504 2"=E:0) J'4/.5"$&<. S S `=>'504 9+40** S S

U0$>=E80& 2"=E:0) V>=E8"& 9+40** S S

_045'2$04 2"=E:0) S S T5+'D'& U U

_03'-='50& 2"=E:0) S S T5+D'= U U

0&5"& 2"=E:0) S S T5+D0='<") 20$='&" U U*

Z5&'8'$8"& 2"=E-:0)

S* S* T5'&'/"=E4+I04 d02='I+2$"/'=

UU

UU

V>=E8"& 2"=E:0) V>=E804 2"=E:0)

SS

SS

d02='I+2$"/'/ O+2"I045'/"8&"=0/ (4+2"=0/)

U U

fI=+20$='&", I"D''F-5"D/") S S

O+&+5I+/&G ($0/&+&0-1+$20+) 5"DF"<=+//G+ S S*

O0$>=E804 >I=+5'4" U H5')<0&+=0

Z4/''20$E >I=+5'4" S S (8'&'I5"801+$20+) S S

^+&G5+--='50$&G@ >I=+5'4

D U O+2$&50/ O+2$&5'D" 5"$&<.

S

S

S

S

T"D+0/ S* S* O0"90='<G@ M805 U* U*

O09+&0= $>=E8"& O0"D'$'=0 S S

(9+&0= $>=E8"&) S U O0F5'99+&"/

O09+&0="90/ S S (M&0=+/40F5'904) U* U*

O09+&0=2"5F'/'= O0F>&0=8&"="& U* U*

($9. 0D'35'30='<G@ $305&)

O0-='5F+/D'= U* U*

O0'2&0=8&"="& U* U* O0-='5408&'59+&"/ S

O0'2$"/ U* U* O0-='5M&"/

O08+/0='<G@ M805 U U (M&0=+/ 40-='504) U U

O0-='5M&0=+/ U* U*1.2-O0-='535'3"/

(35'30=+/ 40-='504) U U

O0M&0='<G@ M805 U U

O0M&0='<G@ 2+&'/ U* U*O0M&0='<G@ $>=E8"& (M&0= $>=E8"&) U U

O0I'=E (40M&0=+/ I=0-2'=E) S* S*



29

J+*+$&<' T'/:+/&5":0) 20°V 60°V J+*+$&<' T'/:+/&5":0) 20°V 60°V O<>/"&50+<G@ 8'$8"&,$9. 4<>/"&50+<G@ '5-&'8'$8"& <'4'5'4"

S U* P='50$&'<'4'5'4/") 20$='&"

10% <'4. 5"$&<.22% <'4. 5"$&<.T'/:. (36%)

SSS

SSS

O'4+2"/'<") 20$='&" V0/0=E/") 20$='&" 10%<'4. 5"$&<. S S(=">50/'<") 20$='&") S S H="<02'<") 20$='&" 4% <'4. 5"$&< S S

O'4+2"/'= 40% <'4. 5"$&< S U(=">50/'<G@ $305&) S* S* 60% <'4. 5"$&< D U*

J$+ M9>=EI"&'5G S* S* 2'/:+/&5. U* U*X9>=E$00 (8'&'I5.) S S J'4'5'4 S S

X&"/ S* U5'90$&G@ <'4'5'4

X&"/M40'= (M&0=+/ I=02'=E) S S

F+D<'4/G@ P='50$&G@ <'4'5'4

S* S*

X&"/'= F+D<'4/G@ S* S*

(M&0='<G@ $305&) 95-100% S D `&'50$&G@ <'4'5'4 40%<'4/. 5"$&<'5 S D

F+D<'4/G@ S* S*

X&0=+/I=02'=E, $9. H+5+20$E <'4'5'4" M&"/M40'= 3% <'4. 5"$&<. S S

X&0=+/'2$04('2$05"/) U U 12% <'4. 5"$&<. S S

g05/G+ 20$='&G S S 30% <'4. 5"$&<. S S

P='504 7+=+D" S S 90% 0 F'=++ U U

V'=E "D'&/'7+=+D-/") S S V+5'<'4'5'4 _045'-0/'/, $9. -0/'= S S

V>=E8"& 7+=+D" S S _045'2$0= "99'/0) $>=E8"& S S

g+=+D0$&G@ :0&5"& "99'/0)

P='5/'<"&0$&") 20$='-&" D U*

$9. "99'/0) 7+=+D0-$&G@ $>=E8"&

o'4 5"$&<. < @'404+ 2"=0) U U

O0-='504 7+=+D" S* S* hD''2&"/

g+=+D0$&G@ $>=E-8"& S* S*

(2,2,4-&509+&0=F+/&"/) U S

`02$05>;*0@ 5"$-&<'5

hD'8'5'/ U U

(8'&'I5"801+$20@) S S hD'35'3"/'=, $9. 0D'-

`&'5 U U 35'30='<G@ $305& `&'5'25+9/0+<") 20$='&"

40%<'4. 5"$&<.2'/:.

SS

SS

\'='1/") 20$='&" 10%<'4. 5"$&<.100%

SU

SU

`'59"=E4+I04 40%<'4. 5"$&<. S S n"/'=0/ S S\>5"<E0/") 20$='&" 3% <'4. 5"$&<. S S n"&+2$ S S

10%<'4. 5"$&<. S S n">50/'<") 20$='&",25%<'4. 5"$&<.50%<'4. 5"$&<.

SS

DU

$9. 4'4+2"/'<") 20-$='&"

98-100% U U n">50='<G@ $305&, $9.

`5>2&'D" S S 4'4+2"/'<G@ $305&

`5>2&'<G+ $'20 S S k:+&"& $<0/:" S S

B'3=0</") /+8&E S S k5$+/"& $<0/:" S* S*

`>58>5'="=E4+I04 100% U U 0&5"& $<0/:" S* S*`>58>50='<G@ $305& U* U B+&5"M&0=$<0/+:, $9.

_"=='<") 20$='&" &+&5"M&0='<") 20$='&" V9. 3,4,5-&50'2$0- n0/'=+<") 20$='&" S S

F+/D'=E/") 20$='&" nE/)/'+ 9"$=' S S

U+/D0/ V9"D'1/'+ 9"$=' S S

_=;2'D" S S fI=+20$=G@ 9"I/0@ S S

_=0:+50/ S S P='504 9"I/0) S S

_=0:+50/ 9'/'F+/-D0='<G@ M805 U* U*

_045'2$04 9"I/0) 0&5"& 9"I/0)

SS

SS

_=02'=E, $9. M&"/40-'=

\"=+0/'<") 20$='&" 25%<'4. 5"$&<.50%<'4. 5"$&<.

SS

SS

_=02'=+<") 20$='&" 30% $305&. 5. S S 2'/:+/&5. S S

_=;2'D" S S pF='1/") 20$='&" S S

_+3&"/ S U \"I/0) $>=E8"& S* S*

_+2$"4+2"/'= (:+&0-

='<G@ $305&) S* S*

\"5I"50/

O0-='504 5&>&0

S

S

S

S_+2$"/'= (I+2$0='-<G@ $305&) S S

d0"/04 5&>&0 0&5"& 5&>&0

SS

SS

U5'90$&'<'4'5'4-/") 20$='&"

50%<'4. 5"$&<.100%<'4. 5.

SS*

SS*

a&>&E Z2$04 9+D0&0="

SU

SU



30

J+*+$&<' T'/:+/&5":0) 20°V 60°V J+*+$&<' T'/:+/&5":0) 20°V 60°V \+&"==01+$2'+ 9G- H"=E90&0/'<") 20$='-

&" 10%70%

SS

SS

=' (<'4'5"$&<'50-9'+) S* S*

H"5"80/ B<+54G@ 3"5"80/

SS

SS

\+&"/'= (9+&0='<G@ $305&)

100%6%<'4. 5"$&<.

SS

DS*

H+/&"/ P='5/") 20$='&" 10%

S*S D

\+&'2$0F>&"/'= S S* U+/D0/ U U

\+&0=":+&"& U* U* U+/D0=/F+/D'=E/") \+&0=F5'904,$9. F5'99+&"/

$9+$E a"$&<'50&+=E

U U

\+&0= 0D'F>&0= 2+-&'/

(/+8&)/'@ M805)`+/'=

US

UU

$9. 0D'F>&0= 9+&0= 2+&'/

`+/0=2"5F0/'=, $9.U+/D0='<G@ $305& S* S*

\+&0= -='504 `+/0=I045"D0/ U U

$9. -='59+&"/ `+/0=I045"D0/ I045'-

\+&0= M&0= 2+&'/ -='504 U U

$9. M&0= 9+&0= 2+&'/ `'$I+/ I"D S U

\+&0= I=02'=E S S 70420@ U U

_045'9+&0= $>=E8"& 50%<'4. 5"$&<. S S `'$8"&G S* S*

60%<'4. 5"$&<. S S `'$80/ S S

75%<'4. 5"$&<.90%<'4. 5"$&<.

SS

SS

`'$8'5/") 20$='&",$9.'5&'8'$8'5/") 2 -&"

\+&0=9+&"250="& U U `'$8'5/G@ -='504 U U

\+&0=$>=E8"&, (8'$8. '2$0-='504)

$9. 409+&0=$>=E8"& `&"=+<G@ "/I04504 S* S*

O+/"&>5"& S D H0250/'<") 20$='&" 1% <'4. 5"$&<. S S*

\+&0=:02='I+2$"/'/ U U g+=&") 9+4E S S

\+&0=$>=E804/") 20$='&" S D

T"490@ P5'9

SS

SS

\'='2' S* S* \+4E S S

\0/+5"=E/G+ 9"$=" S S c'='&' S S

Z4/''$/'</G+ 20-$='&G** U

h/40@ V<0/+:

SS

SS

H"&'2" S S 02+=E S S

\'/'-='5F+/D'= U* U* a'40@ S ST+5'$0/ S S V+5+F5' S S

"8&"=0/ U U Z='<' S S

P='504 /02+=) S S d0/2 S S

0&5"& /02+=) V>=E8"& /02+=)

SS

SS

H'=0I=02'=E M805G U* U*

02'&0/ S S T0$='&" $>=E8"&" 2"-=0), $9. F0$>=E8"&

02'&0/'<") 20$='&" S S 2"=0)

kD'&/") 20$='&" 5% <'4. 5"$&<.10%<'4. 5"$&<.

SS D

k/&09'/"& 2"=0) S* S*

25%<'4. 5"$&<. S D U02"5F'/"& 2"=0), $9.50%<'4. 5"$&<.70%<'4. 5"$&<.

90%<'4. 5"$&<.

SD

U

UU

U

I045'2"5F'/"& 2"=0) U0-5'9"& 2"=0), $9.

40-5'9"& 2"=0) 0&5'F+/D'= U U U0$>=E8"& 2"=0), $9.

0&5'35'3"/ U U I045'$>=E8"& 2"=0)

kD'&0$&G+ I"DG U'5"& 2"=0) S S

70420+ D U U5'9"& 2"=0) S S

'/"/'= S* S* U5'904 2"=0) S S

Z2&"/ S* U* T"5F'/"& 2"=0) S S

Z2&"/'= ('2&0='<G@ $305&) S*

P='5"& 2"=0) ZD'/

SS

SS

Z2&0=25+D'= P='504 2"=0) S S

\"$=" 0 705G S S P5'9"& 2"=0) S S

Z=+0/'<") 20$='&" S S d035':0"/04 2"=0) S* S*

Z5&'8'$8'5/") 20$='&"

20%<'4. 5"$&<.30%<'4. 5"$&<.

SS

SS

d0"/04 2"=0) O0-5'9"& 2"=0)

SS

SS

50%<'4. 5"$&<. S S (F0-5'9"& 2"=0))

95%<'4. 5"$&<. S S T5"$/") 25'<)/") $'=E S S

r"<+=+<") 20$='&" S S `+55':0"/04 2"=0) S S

T0$='5'4 S S `&'50$&G@ 2"=0@ S S



31

J+*+$&<' T'/:+/&5":0) 20°V 60°V J+*+$&<' T'/:+/&5":0) 20°V 60°V _045'2"5F'/"& 2"=0) P='5"& /"&50) S S

(F02"5F'/"& 2"=0)) S S P='504 /"&50) S S

_045'$>=E8"& 2"=0) d0"/04 /"&50) S* S*

(20$='&" $>=E8"&" 2"=0)) S S

`+550:0"/04 /"&50) `+55':0"/04 /"&50)

SS

SS

_045'$>=E80& 2"=0) `&'504 /"&50) S S

(F0$>=E80& 2"=0))

_045'2$04 2"=0) 1% <'4. 5"$&<.10%<'4. 5"$&<.

S

SS

S

SS

_045'2"5F'/"& /"&50),

F02"5F'/"& /"&50) O0/"&50) I045''5&'-

S S

2'/:. 5"$&<. S S 8'$8"& S* S*

_03'-='50& 2"=0) 0&5"& 2"=0)

S*S

S*S

_045'$>=E8"& /"&50),F0$>=E8"& /"&50) S S

Z5&'8'$8"& 2"=0) S* S* _045'$>=E80& /"&50),

H+5F'5"& 2"=0) S S F0$>=E80& /"&50) S S

H+5-='5"& 2"=0) 10% 5"$&<'5 S S _045'2$04 /"&50) 1% <'4. 5"$&<. S S

H+59"/I"/"& 2"=0) H+5$>=E8"& 2"=0)

20% 5"$&<'5 5% 5"$&<'5

SS

SS

10% <'4. 5"$&<.40%<'4. 5"$&<.

SS

SS

V>=E8"& 2"=0) S S 2'/:. 5"$&<'5 S S

V>=E804 2"=0) S* S* _03'-='50& /"&50) 15%"2&-I' -='5" S S

B0'$>=E8"& 2"=0) S* S* _03'$>=E80& /"&50)

H5'3"/ S S $9. &0'$>=E8"& /"&50)

H5'3"/ -1,2-40'= \+&"8'$8"& /"&50) S* S*(35'30=+/ I=02'=E) S* S* 0&5"& /"&50) S S*

0&50& /"&50) S SH5'3"=I0='<G@ $305& S S B50/"&50) '5&'8'$8"& S* S*

H5'30'/'<") 20$='-&"

50%<'4. 5"$&<.100%<'4.5"$&<

S*S*

S*U*

H+5F'5"& /"&50) H+5'2$04 /"&50)

S*S*

S*S*

hD'35'30='<G@ $305& (0D'35'3"/'=) S S

V0=02"& /"&50) V>=E8"& /"&50)

S*S

S*S

H5'30=+/ 40-='504,$9.1,2-40-='535'3"/

V>=E804 /"&50) O0/"&50) &+&5"F'5"&

J'4/. 5"$&<'5 S S

H5'30=+/ '2$04 H05040/

U*U

U*U

(F'5"2$)B0'$>=E8"& /"&50)

S

P0/'= (I045'-0/'/) S* S* (I03'$>=E80& /"&50) ) S* S*

J0$2'D/") '$"40-

&+=E/") <"//" S* S*H'=>7042'+ 9G='

B+&5"-='504 '='<" S*S

S*S

V"-"5'D"mm S* S* O0-='504 '='<" S S

V"=0:0='<") 20$='-&" S S

T5"-9"= V&+"50/'<") 20$='&"

SS

SS

\'5$2") <'4" S S V"-"5'D" S* S*

V+=+/'<") 20$='&" U U V+5"

g05 S S 2'=='04/") S S

V0=02'/'<G+ 9"$=" O0'2$04 $+5G

T5+9/0+<") 20$='&" k:+&"& $+5+F5"

SS*

SS*

$>-'@ $G5'@

SS

SU

d0"/04 $+5+F5" S S 7042'@ D U

0&5"& $+5+F5" S S V+5/") 20$='&" 10% <'4. 5"$&<. S S

\G=E/G+ 5"$&<'5G S S 20% <'4. 5"$&<. S S"&50) ":+&"& S S 30% <'4. 5"$&<. S S

T0$='&" $>=E8"&" /"&50), $9. I045'-$>=E8"& /"&50)

40% <'4. 5"$&<.50% <'4. 5"$&<.55% <'4. 5"$&<.

SSS

SSS

k=;90/"& /"&50) S* S* 60% <'4. 5"$&<. S S

k/&09'/"& /"&50) S* S* 70% <'4. 5"$&<. S S

U+/D'"& /"&50) S D 80% <'4. 5"$&<. S S

U02"5F'/"& /"&50),$9. I045'2"5F'/"& /"&50)

90% <'4. 5"$&<.95% <'4. 5"$&<.98% <'4. 5"$&<.

DDU

DUU

U0$>=E8"& /"&50),$9. I045'$>=E8"& /"&50)

4G9)*") U* U*

U0$>=E80& /"&50),

$9.

I045'$>=E80&

/"&50)

B50'2$04 $+5G

V+5'$'4+57"*")

20-

$='&" 10%

<'4.5"$&<

.30% <'4. 5"$&<.

SSS

SSS

U'5"& /"&50), $9.&+&5"F'5"& 40/"&50)

H'<+5-/'$&/'-"2&0</G+ <+*+$&<" S* S*

U5'904 /"&50) S S B<+54G@ 705 S* S*

T"5F'/"& /"&50) S S O>F0=E/") 20$='&" S S



32

J+*+$&<' T'/:+/&5":0) 20°V 60°V J+*+$&<' T'/:+/&5":0) 20°V 60°V O>F0=E/G+ M2$&5"2 -&G S S*

B50&'=0=8'$8"& (&5025+D0=8'$8"&) U* U*

J0//") 20$='&"mm S S V20304"5 S S

B+&5"M&0=$<0/+: S \'1+<0/" S S

B+&5"I045'8>5"/ U U \'1" S S

B+&5"I045'/"8&"=0/ U U J"/0=E/G@ M2$&5"2& S* S*

B0'/0=-='504 U U a"$&0&+=E/G+ 9"$=" S S

B+&5"-='504 &0&"/" U U f2$>$ S SB'=>'= U U J0/0=":+&"& U U

B5"/$8'59"&'5/'+ J'4" S S

9"$=' S* S* f<="7/);*0+ <+*+$&-B50F>&0=8'$8"& U U <" S* S*

VG<'5'&2" S* S*B50-='5>2$>$/") 20$='&" S* S*

J0/" 0 $305&/G+ /"-30&20 S S

B50-='5F+/D'= U* U* T$0='= U* U*

B50-='5M&"/ U* U* T$0=+/'= U* U*E

B50-='5M&0=+/ U U O5'770 S S

B5025+D0=8'$8"&,$9. &50&'=0=8'$8"&

P='504 :0/2 -"99'/0),$9. "99'/0)-:0/2 -='-504

B50M&"/'="90/ S U T"5F'/"& :0/2" S* S*

P='504 :0/2" S SB50I'=E (&50M&0-=+/I=02'=E) S* S* Z2$04 :0/2" S S

3,4,5- &50I045'2$0-F+/D'=E/") 20$='&"

V>=E8"& :0/2" S S

(I"=='<") 20$='&") S* S*

B509+&0="90/ S U*

B509+&0='=35'3"/ (2-M&0=-2-I045'2$0-9+&0=35'3"/M40'=) S U

B50/"&50)8'$8"&,$9. '5&'8'$8"& /"-&50)

4.9 9? DFP7

0D20@ >4+=E/G@ <+$ &5>F 9"520 Dyka 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP $<04+&+=E$&<>+& ' &'9, 1&' '/0 /"9/'I' =+I1+ /"3'5/G- &5>F, 35'0D<+-4+//G- 0D &5"40:0'//G- 9"&+50"='<. V=+4'<"&+=E/', &"20+ &5>FG =+I20 < 'F5"*+/00 0 /+ &5+F>;& $3+:0"=E/'@ &+-/020 4=) '$>*+$&<=+/0) 9'/-

&"7" /" F'=EL0- >1"$&2"-. X&' 350<'40& 2 $/07+/0; D"&5"& /" &5"/$3'5-&05'<2> 0 9'/&"7. O'3'=/0&+=E/>; 0/8'59":0; ' <+$+ &5>F 9'7/' 3'-=>10&E < &+-/01+$2'9 '&4+=+ 2'93"/00 Dyka.

4.10 eL9KDF>N9?K>9 ZAFAKD9F>?D>K>

HaROfHaRgORhR - ckcR\nRhR. B5>FG 9"520 Dyka 0D /+3="$&080-:05'<"//'I' HJP /+ )<=);&$) 35'<'4/02"90 M=+2&501+$&<" 0 /+ 0$3'=E-D>;&$) $ :+=E; D"D+9=+/0) 0=0 5"$$+0<"/0) M=+2&5'$&"&01+$20- D"5)-

4'<. H50 35'<+4+/00 D"9+/G $>*+$&<>;*0- &5>F, 2'&'5G+ 0$3'=ED'<"-=0$E $ :+=E; D"D+9=+/0), /" &5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP, /+-'F-'409' 0D<+$&0&E 'F M&'9 35+4350)&0+ M=+2&5'$/"F7+/0).



33

H50 /+'F-'409'$&0 'F+$3+1+/0) <'D9'7/'$&0 4=) F>4>*+I' 'F/"5>7+-/0) &5>F'35'<'4" $ 3'9'*E; M=+2&501+$20- >$&5'@$&<, < &5>F'35'<'4-/G@ 5'< /+'F-'409' 3'9+$&0&E 35'<'4/02'<G+ 2"F+=).

H' $3+:0"=E/'9> D"2"D> 350 35'0D<'4$&<+ 2'93"/0) Dyka 9'7+& <$&"<0&E

35'<'4/020 < $&+/20 &5>F 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP.

4.11 fPJ?DJ>D9LMC;?DM K CAEF9IP

B5>FG 9"520 Dyka 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 15+D<G1"@/' >$&'@10-<G 350 /'59"=E/'9 0$3'=ED'<"/00, '4/"2' '/0 1><$&<0&+=E/G 2 :"5"30-/"9 0 /"45+D"9 350 'F5"*+/00 0 9'/&"7+, 1&' 9'7+& 350<+$&0 2 $+5E+D-/'9> $/07+/0; 0- 35'1/'$&/G- -"5"2&+50$&02 . Z&5+D20 &5>F $ /"=010+9

D/"10&+=E/G- 3'<5+74+/0@ 4'=7/G FG&E '&F5"2'<"/G.

Z&5+D"&E 3'<5+74+//G+ >1"$&20 &5>F 9'7/' &'=E2' < &+- $=>1")-, +$=0 '/0 FG=0 $3+:0"=E/' 5"D5"F'&"/G $ >1+&'9 3'$=+4>;*+@ 3'&+50 35'1-/'$&0. \"&+50"=G, 0$3'=ED>+9G+ 4=) D"*0&G 0 'FL0<20 M&0- &5>F'35'-<'4/G- $0$&+9, 9'7/' 350'F5+$&0 < &+-/01+$2'9 '&4+=+ 2'93"/00 Dyka.

R$=0 &"2'<'+ 35+4$&"<=)+&$) <'D9'7/G9, &' &5>FG $ 5+DEF'@ 0D 5"D/G- 9"&+50"='< 9'I>& FG&E $'+40/+/G 45>I $ 45>I'9 $ 3'9'*E; $''&<+&$&-<>;*0- 5+DEF'<G- $'+40/0&+=E/G- 4+&"=+@.

Z$'F>; '$&'5'7/'$&E /+'F-'409' $'F=;4"&E < &+- $=>1")-, 2'I4" &5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP $'+40/);&$) $ >7+ $>*+$&<>;*090 &5>-F"90 0=0 0$3'=ED>+&$) $3'$'F F+$&5"/L+@/'@ >2="420.

J 3'4'F/G- $=>1")- 3' D"<+5L+/0; >2="420 &5>F'35'<'4/'@ =0/00 /+-'F-'409' 35'<+$&0 &*"&+=E/G@ "/"=0D < $''&<+&$&<00 $ 9+&'4'9, '30-$"//G9 < 5"D4+=+ 9.19.

O=) &'I', 1&'FG 90/090D05'<"&E <'D9'7/'$&E 3'<5+74+/0) &5>F, $<)D"/-/G+ $ /"45+D"90, <$) &5>F'35'<'4/") $0$&+9" 9"520 Dyka 35'-'40& 0$-3G&"/0+ /" <)D2'$&E 5"D5>L+/0) < $''&<+&$&<00 $ BS 3505 : 1986 ($ 3'-35"<2"90) 0 WIS 4.31.06 : 1990. J$+ &5>FG, 35'0D<+4+//G+ 2'93"/0+@,4";& 5+D>=E&"& F'=++ 4/99.

4.12 cAI;C9=F;C>VA9O;?DM

B5>FG 9"520 Dyka 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP I"D'/+35'/0:"+9G,

3'M&'9> &5>FG $ 30&E+<'@ <'4'@ 9'I>& FG&E 5"$3'='7+/G < /+3'$5+4$&-<+//'@ F=0D'$&0 $ I"D'<G90 &5>F"90, F+D '3"$+/0) <D"09/'I' D"I5)D/+-/0).



34

4.13 eL9KDF;L>D>N9?KAS F9AKV>S

H'$2'=E2> /+3="$&080:05'<"//G@ HJP /+ )<=)+&$) 35'<'4/02'9 M=+2 -&501+$&<", &' '/ /+ 3'4<+57+/ M=+2&5'=0&01+$2'@ 2'55'D00 0 /+ <GDG<"-+& ++ 350 2'/&"2&+ $ 9+&"==01+$2090 &5>F"90 0 <+/&0=)90.

+'F-'409' $'F=;4"&E '$&'5'7/'$&E 350 0$3'=ED'<"/00 $'+40/0&+=E-/G- 4+&"=+@ 3'25G&G- "=;90/0+9 $ :+=E; 0DF+7"/0) 2'/&"2&" 5"D/'-5'4/G- 9+&"=='<.

J '$'F+//'$&0, 9+4/G+ $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0 /+ 4'=7/G /"35)9>; $'-+40/)&E$) $ 4+&"=)90, 3'25G&G90 "=;90/0+9.

4.14 ;?=LAO9CS9O;?DM

+3="$&080:05'<"//G@ HJP /+ 3'44+570<"+& <'DI'5"/0+ 0 3'$=+ &'I',2"2 >4"=)+&$) 0$&'1/02 <'DI'5"/0), /+ <'$3="9+/)+&$).

_="</G+ $'9/+/0) $<)D"/G $ 3'<+4+/0+9 &5>F'35'<'4/'@ $0$&+9G 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 350 /"=0100 </>&5+//+I' <'DI'5"/0), " 09+//' $>*+$&<>+& =0 <'D9'7/'$&E <'DI'5"/0) 3'$=+4>;*+I' '&5+D2" $&5>2&>5G 3'$=+ <GI'5"/0) '4/'I'. X&'& <'35'$ FG= 0D>1+/ ">1/'-0$$=+4'<"&+=E$2'@ $&"/:0+@ 3' 0D>1+/0; 3'7"5'<. Z&1+& ' $3+:0"=E/'9

5"$$=+4'<"/00 D"5+I0$&505'<"/ 3'4 /'9+5'9 9116. J -'4+ 35'<+4+//G- 'I/+<G- 0$3G&"/0@ /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP < $&5'+/0)- FG=' >$&"-/'<=+/', 1&' &5>FG 0D M&'I' 9"&+50"=" 5"D9)I1";&$) 0 D"9G2";& 8'590-5'<"/0+ 'F>I=+//'@ 9"$$G.

J 2"1+$&<+ 4'3'=/0&+=E/G- 9+5 35+4'$&'5'7/'$&0, 2'93"/0) Dyka 5+2'-9+/4>+& >$&"/'<0&E 5"$L05);*0+$) >3='&/0&+=0 < 9+$&"- 'I/+<'@ 35+-I5"4G. H50 4'=7/'9 </09"/00 2 >$&"/'<2+ </>&5+//0- $0$&+9 0D /+3="-$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP, 0- 0$3'=ED'<"/0+ /+ 3'$3'$'F$&<>+& 5"$35'-

$&5"/+/0; 3'7"5" < F'=EL+@ $&+3+/0, /+7+=0 3509+/+/0+ &5"40:0'//'@ /+<'$3="9+/);*+@$) $0$&+9G.

H5'<+4+//G+ 0$$=+4'<"/0) 3'2"D"=0, 1&' 0$3"5+/0), <'D/02";*0+ < 35':+$$+ I'5+/0) HJP, /+ '2"DG<";& 3"I>F/'I' <'D4+@$&<0) /" $&5>2&>5-/>; 8'59>, 25'9+ /+D/"10&+=E/G- '&='7+/0@ -='504".

4.15 07FAI>JCAS ?D;TK;?DM

hD-D" 15+D<G1"@/' /0D2'I' 2'M880:0+/&" &5+/0) &5>F 0D /+3="$&080:0-5'<"//'I' HJP 9"520 Dyka '/0 3'=/'$&E; 3'4-'4)& 4=) "F5"D0</G- $>$-3+/D0@. J' <$+9 905+ &5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP >$3+L/'



35

3509+/);&$) /" 2"9+//G- 2"5E+5"-, 3+$1"/G- &+550&'50)- 0 '&25G&G- L"-&"-. UG=' >$&"/'<=+/', 1&' 350 &"20- >$='<0)- M2$3=>"&":00 $5'2 $=>7FG &5>F 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP < 2-3 5"D" 35+<'$-'40& $5'2 M2$3=>"&":00 $&"=E/'I' &5>F'35'<'4".

4.16 &EAFCAS =F;NC;?DM

H50 '1+/E /0D20- &+93+5"&>5"- (/"3509+5, 0°C) >4"5/") 35'1/'$&E /+-3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP >9+/EL"+&$). R$=0 9'/&"7 &5>F'35'<'4/G- =0/0@ 35'<'40&$) 350 '1+/E /0D20- &+93+5"&>5"-, &' /+'F-'409' $'F=;-4"&E 3'<GL+//>; '$&'5'7/'$&E 350 'F5"*+/00 0 D"$G32+.

J$+ &5>F'35'<'4G, 35'0D<+4+//G+ 2'93"/0+@ Dyka, &*"&+=E/' 0$3G&G-<";&$) /" >4"5/>; 35'1/'$&E < $''&<+&$&<00 $ 5"D=01/G90 /":0'/"=E-

/G90 $&"/4"5&"90, <2=;1") BS 3505 0 KIWA 49.

4.17 R>;D>N9?KAS P?D;TN>J;?DM

a+D>=E&"&G 0$$=+4'<"/0@, 35'<+4+//G- < f/0<+5$0&+&+ T+@5', 3'2"D"=0,1&' &5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP /+ 3'4<+5I";&$) 5"De+4";-*+9> 0=0 F0'&01+$2'9> <'D4+@$&<0;.



36

5. 2A7;N>9 ZAFAKD9F>?D>K>

5.1 .78>9 ?J9E9C>S

U50&"/$20@ $&"/4"5& 35"<0= M2$3=>"&":00 CP312 «H5"<0=" M2$3=>"&":00

3="$&02'<G- &5>F (B+59'3="$&01+$20@ 9"&+50"=)» 3' F'=EL+@ 1"$&0 D"-&5"I0<"+& <'35'$G 'F5"*+/0), 9'/&"7" 0 $'+40/+/0). O"//G@ $&"/4"5& 35+4$&"<=)+& $'F'@ $<'4 /"0F'=++ <"7/G- "$3+2&'< M&'I' 'F'5>4'<"/0).T'93"/0) Dyka 5+2'9+/4>+& 4"//G@ 4'2>9+/& < 2"1+$&<+ $35"<'1/'I' 9"&+50"=".

5.2 .7?LPg>JAC>9, ZFAC9C>9 > DFAC?=;FD>F;JKA

B5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0 9'I>& 3'<5+40&E$) 350 &5"/$3'5&05'<2+, 'F$=>70<"/00 0 -5"/+/00.HRaRO \ZBkgZ\ RZUPZOh\Z fUROhBsVp J BZ\, ^BZ R h\R-RBVp hTkPhP HZJaRgORho. h$3'=ED'<"/0+ 3'<5+74+//G- &5>F 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G- 4+&"=+@ 9'7+& '2"D"&E /+F="I'350)&/'+ <'D4+@$&<0+ /" 5"F'&> &5>F'35'<'4".

5.2.1 .7?LPg>JAC>9

B5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP =+I20 < 'F$=>70<"/00 0 /+ &5+F>-;& 3'<GL+//G- >$0=0@. Z$'F+//' <"7/G9 9'9+/&'9 )<=)+&$) D"*0&" 2'/:'< &5>FG. +=ED) 4'3>$2"&E >4"5'< ' D+9=; &5>F 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G- 4+&"=+@. B5"/$3'5&/") 5"DI5>D2" 9'7+& 35'<'40&E$) =0F' <5>1/>;, =0F' $ 3'9'*E; I5>D'3'4e+9/'I' 2"/"&" 0 I5>D'3'4e+9/'I' 'F'5>4'<"/0).

5.2.2 _FAC9C>9

B5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 3'4 /"I5>D2'@ 4+8'5905>;&$).

Z$'F+//' M&' D"9+&/' 350 3'<GL+//'@ 0=0 /+>$&'@10<'@ &+93+5"&>5+.+$9'&5) /" &', 1&' 3'4'F/") 4+8'59":0) /+ <=0)+& /" 5"F'&> &5>F'-35'<'4", '/" 9'7+& >$='7/0&E 35':+$$ $'+40/+/0). H50 4=0&+=E/'9 -5"/+/00 L&"F+=) &5>F 4'=7/G FG&E D"*0*+/G '& 35)9'I' 3'3"4"/0) $'=/+1/G- =>1+@ 0 0$&'1/02'< &+3=".

Z3'5G 4=) 4=0&+=E/'I' -5"/+/0) 4'=7/G $''&<+&$&<'<"&E <$+@ 4=0/+ &5>FG. Z4/"2' +$=0 M&' /+ 35+4$&"<=)+&$) <'D9'7/G9, &' 3'4 &5>F"90 /+'F-'409' >$&"/'<0&E F"=20 L050/'@ 7599 (90/) 1+5+D 2"74G@ 9+&5 (9"2$). R$=0 &5+F>+&$) F'2'<") '3'5", &' '/" >$&"/"<=0<"+&$) <G$'&'@ 4' 2 9+&5'<. JG$'&" '3'5 /+ 4'=7/" 35+<GL"&E 1 9+&5".



37

B"27+ &5>FG <5+9+//' 9'7/' -5"/0&E /" 5'</'@ 3'<+5-/'$&0, 2'&'5") /+ 09++& &5+*0/'<"&G- 2"9/+@ 0 35'10- '$&5G- <G$&>3'<.

R$=0 &5>FG 5"D/G- 5"D9+5'< 0 2="$$'< -5"/)&$) /" '4/'@ '3'5+, &' $"-9G+ &)7+=G+ &5>FG /+'F-'409' 3'9+$&0&E </0D. B"9, I4+ &5>FG <='7+/G

'4/" < 45>I>;, <G$'&" L&"F+=) 4'=7/" FG&E >9+/EL+/" 3' '&/'L+/0; 2 4'F"<=+//'@ 9"$$+.

f3"2'<"//G+ &5>FG 4'=7/G '$&"<"&E$) < >3"2'<2+ 4' 9'9+/&" 0- 0$3'=E-

D'<"/0). H'=/G+ D"2="420 9'I>& -5"/0&E$) /" 5'</'@ 3'<+5-/'$&0, 2'&'-5") /+ 09++& &5+*0/'<"&G- 2"9/+@ 0 35'10- '$&5G- <G$&>3'<. H'=/G+ D"2="420 9'I>& FG&E >='7+/G 45>I /" 45>I", 350 M&'9 'F*") <G$'&" L&"-F+=) /+ 4'=7/" 35+<GL"&E 3 9+&5'<.

Support battens – ;%**(=.+">?.( $"6(-BD ;1m spacing – "BB6%F-.( 1 : ;

3m maximum – :"<B.:",J-"F +DB%6" 3 : ;Ground level – 4%+(-J H(:,.



38

5.2.3 $FAC?=;FD

B5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 9"520 Dyka 4'=7/G 3+5+<'D0&E$) &'=E2' /" &5"/$3'5&/G- $5+4$&<"- $ F+DF'5&'<'@ 3="&8'59'@, 2'&'5") 'F+$3+10<"+& 4'$&"&'1/>; D"*0&> 3' <$+ 4=0/+ &5>FG. H="&8'59"

&5"/$3'5&/'I' $5+4$&<" 4'=7/" FG&E &*"&+=E/' 35'<+5+/" 3+5+4 3'I5>D-2'@ /" /"=010+ 4+8+2&'<, 2'&'5G+ 9'I>& 3'<5+40&E &5>FG. R$=0 &5+F>;&-$) F'2'<G+ '3'5G, &' '/0 4'=7/G FG&E I="42090 0 5"$3'="I"&E$) /" 5"$-$&')/00 /+ F'=++ 1.5 9 45>I '& 45>I". V<'F'4/G@ /"<+$ < D"4/+@ 1"$&0 &5"/$3'5&/'I' $5+4$&<" /+ 4'=7+/ 35+<GL"&E 1 9. H'I5>D2> /+'F-'409' /"10/"&E $ $"9G- &)7+=G- &5>F.

B5>FG, 350FG<L0+ /" $&5'0&+=E/>; 3='*"42> 3'<5+74+//G90, /+ 4'=7-/G 0$3'=ED'<"&E$), " 'F 0/:04+/&+ /+D"9+4=0&+=E/' /+'F-'409' $''F-

*0&E < 2'93"/0; Dyka.

5.2.4 .7FA89C>9 > ZFAC9C>9 – F9K;O9CEAV>> =9F?;CALP.

c"35+*+/':

V/09"&E D"*0&/>; >3"2'<2> 0 5+9/0 $ &5>F D"4'=I' 4' 0$3'=ED'<"/0).

O<0I"&E $ 9+$&" 5>='/G 0=0 $<)D20 &5>F.

U5'$"&E 0=0 $F5"$G<"&E &5>FG $ &5"/$3'5&/G- $5+4$&< 4'$&"<20.

H50 5"DI5>D2+ 3'=ED'<"&E$) 25;2"90, :+3)90 0 9+&"==01+$2090 $&5'3"-

90.

O=0&+=E/'+ <5+9) -5"/0&E &5>FG 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0 <F=0D0 0$-

&'1/02'< 3'<GL+//'I' &+3=".

H50 D"2="42+ <G$'&" /+ 4'=7/" 35+<GL"&E 3 9+&5'<.

a"D5+L+/':

c"*0*"&E &5>FG 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0 '& 3'3"4"/0) 35)9G- $'=/+1-

/G- =>1+@ /" 35'&)7+/00 4=0&+=E/'I' <5+9+/0.

P5"/0&E &5>FG /" 3'4-'4)*+@ 3'<+5-/'$&0 F+D &5+*0/'<"&G- 2"9/+@ 0

35'10- '$&5G- <G$&>3'<.

ZF+D'3"$0&E &5>FG 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0 '& 2'/&"2&" $ "I5+$$0</G90

-0901+$2090 <+*+$&<"90 ($9. 50$>/'2 13), < '$'F+//'$&0 5"$&<'50&+=)-

90.

H50 5"DI5>D2+ 3'=ED'<"&E$) L05'2'@ &2"/E; 0=0 /+@='/'<G90 5+9/)90.

V'F=;4"&E '$'F>; '$&'5'7/'$&E 350 'F5"*+/00 $' $2'=ED2090 &5>F"90

< 9'5'D/G- 0 <="7/G- >$='<0)-.

ZF+$3+10&E $''&<+&$&<>;*>; 3'44+572> 350 5"DI5>D2+ 4=0//G- &5>F.



39

5.3 -CW;FOAV>S ; =;^FPIK9

B5>F" 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 09++& <G$'20@ <+$'<'@ 2'M880-:0+/&. H50 5"$1+&+ 9'5$2'I' 0 <'D4>L/'I' 2'M880:0+/&" /" '$/'<+ 'Fe-+9" < F'=EL0/$&<+ $=>1"+< 3509+/)+&$) 2>F01+$2") $&+3+/E.

a"$&<'50&+=0 4=) 2=+@20 L<'< 0 10$&)*0+ $5+4$&<" 9"520 Dyka 2="$$0-80:05>;&$) 2"2 '3"$/G+ 4=) 3+5+<'D20. H50 3+5+<'D2+ M&" 35'4>2:0) 4'=7/" FG&E >3"2'<"/" < 4+5+<)//G+ 2'5'F20 < $''&<+&$&<00 $ /'59"90 \+735"<0&+=E$&<+//'@ 9'5$2'@ 2'/$>=E&":0'//'@ '5I"/0D":00 (IMCO) 0 '&I5>7+/" /" 3"=>F> 3' >$9'&5+/0; I="</'I' =0:".

5.4 -CW;FOAV>S ;7 ;=A?CHZ ^FPIAZ ELS =9F9J;IK>

5.4.1 2A?DJ;F>D9LM ELS KL9TK> dJ;J – ?DACEAFDC;9 =F>O9C9C>9 –

hD>K9DK> g9LD;^; VJ9DA P0901+$20+ 2'93'/+/&G: - B+&5"I045'8>5"/

- \+&0=M&0=2+&'/ - H'=0<0/0=-='504

IMCO T="$$ 3.2f/080:05'<"//G@ /'9+5 1133 ADR 2'4 3.5V IATA – DGR 3.3

B+93+5"&>5" <'$3="9+/+/0) - 16° V

h/$&5>2:00 3' 35+4'&<5"*+/0; >&+1+2 : 3'I5>D0&E <+*+$&<' < 3+$'2 0=0 0/+5&/G@ "F$'5F+/&, D"&+9 3'9+$&0&E < 0D'=05'<"//G+ 2'/&+@/+5G 4=) F+D'3"$/'I' -5"/+/0).

\"5205'<'1/G+ D/"20: ZI/+'3"$/'+ <+*+$&<' < $''&<+&$&<00 $ /'59"90 I.M.C.O.

5.4.2 2A?DJ;F>D9LM ELS KL9TK> dJ;J – DF;=>N9?K;9 =F>O9C9C>9 - K;-F>NC9JH9 hD>K9DK>

P0901+$20+ 2'93'/+/&G: - B+&5"I045'8>5"/ - d02='I+2$"/'/ - H'=0<0/0=-='504

IMCO T="$$ 3.2f/080:05'<"//G@ /'9+5 1133

ADR 2'4 3.5V IATA – DGR 3.3B+93+5"&>5" <'$3="9+/+/0) - 10° V



40


\"5205'<'1/G+ D/"20: ZI/+'3"$/'+ <+*+$&<' < $''&<+&$&<00 $ /'59"90

I.M.C.O.

5.4.3 f>?DS8>9 ?F9E?DJA

P0901+$20+ 2'93'/+/&G: - B+&5"I045'8>5"/ - \+&0=M&0=2+&'/

IMCO T="$$ 3.2f/080:05'<"//G@ /'9+5 1133 ADR 2'4 3.5V IATA – DGR 3.3B+93+5"&>5" <'$3="9+/+/0) - 7° V

^0$&)*++ $5+4$&<' – M&' 'F+D7050<";*0@ 5+"I+/&. +'F-'409' 0DF+I"&E 3'3"4"/0) /" 2'7> 0 $=0D0$&>; 'F'='12> I="D. H50 3'3"4"/00 /" $=0D0-$&>; 'F'='12> I="D /+D"9+4=0&+=E/' 'F5"&0&E$) D" 9+40:0/$2'@ 3'9'-

*E;.


\"5205'<'1/G+ D/"20: ZI/+'3"$/'+ <+*+$&<' < $''&<+&$&<00 $ /'59"90 I.M.C.O.

H50 &5"/$3'5&05'<2+, 'F5"*+/00 0 5"F'&+ $ 5"$&<'50&+=)90 4=) 2=+@20 L<'< =0F' 10$&)*090 $5+4$&<"90 /+'F-'409' >F+40&E$) < &'9, 1&' <$+ 4+@$&<0) <G3'=/);&$) < $''&<+&$&<00 $ COSHH (f1+& '3"$/G- 4=) D4'-5'<E) 1+='<+2" <+*+$&<).



41

6. ";9E>C9C>9

6.1 .78>9 ?J9E9C>S

Z4/09 0D 35+09>*+$&< &5>F 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 9"520 Dyka

)<=)+&$) <'D9'7/'$&E 0$3'=ED'<"/0) 4=) $'+40/+/0) '4/'I' 0D &5+- 350<+4+//G- /07+ 9+&'4'<. U="I'4"5) M&'9>, $>*+$&<>+& I0F2'$&E < <G-F'5+ 9+&'4" < D"<0$09'$&0 '& >$='<0@ 35'<+4+/0) 9'/&"7/G- 5"F'&, " &"27+ /"<G2'< $3+:0"=0$&'< 0 0$3'=ED>+9'I' 'F'5>4'<"/0).

1. T=+@2" $ 3'9'*E; 5"$&<'50&+=) 2. T'=E:+<'+ >3='&/+/0+ 3. a+DEF'<G+ $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0 $9. 5"D4+= 7.3 ' -"5"2&+50$&02+ $'+40/0&+=E/G- 4+&"=)-

H+5+4 &+9, 2"2 350$&>30&E 2 $'+40/+/0;, /+'F-'409' &*"&+=E/' '$9'&-5+&E &5>FG 3' <$+@ 4=0/+, 1&'FG >F+40&E$) < '&$>&$&<00 3'<5+74+/0@,2'&'5G+ 9'I=0 <'D/02/>&E 350 3+5+<'D2+. H'<5+74+//") 35'4>2:0) 4'=7/" FG&E D"F5"2'<"/".

6.2 29IKA > ?CSD>9 WA?;K

a+D"&E &5>F> $=+4>+& $ 3'9'*E; 9+=2'D>F1"&'@ 30=G. V=+4>+& '&9+&0&E,

1&' 5"D5+D 4'=7+/ FG&E 35)9G9, 4=) M&0- :+=+@ 5+2'9+/4>+&$) 0$3'=E-D'<"&E >I'=E/02 0=0 $-'70+ >$&5'@$&<". J 35'&0</'9 $=>1"+, 35)9'@ 5"D-5+D 9'7/' $4+="&E $ 3'9'*E; F>9"I0, 'F+5/>< +; &5>F>, 2"2 M&' 3'2"D"-/' /" 50$>/2+ 14.

a0$>/'2 14: H5)9'@ 5"D5+D $ 3'9'*E; F>9"I0

ZF9'&"@&+ &5>F> 35)9'>I'=E/G9 =0$&'9 F>9"I0.fF+40<L0$E, 1&' F>9"I" 3='&/' 350=+I"+&, 35'0D<+40&+ 35)9'@ 5"D5+D 3' 25"; F>9"-I0.

J/+L/)) 25'92" 2'/:" &5>FG 4'=7/" FG&E D"25>I=+/" 3'4 >I='9 350F=0-D0&+=E/' 15t &"209 'F5"D'9, 1&'FG, 3' 25"@/+@ 9+5+, 50% &'=*0/G $&+-/'2 FG=' $/)&' $ 3+5+4/+@ 25'920. O=) 3'4'F/G- 8"$'2 9'I>& 3509+-



42

/)&E$) 2"2 5"$&<'50&+=0 4=) 2=+@20, &"2 0 5+D0/'<G+ 2'=E:+<G+ >3='&-/0&+=0. O=) <G3'=/+/0) M&0- 4+@$&<0@ 9'7/' 0$3'=ED'<"&E 5"L30=E 0=0 /"30=E/02 .

6.3 5L9TKA ? =;O;8M] FA?DJ;F>D9LS

O=) $25+3=+/0) &5>F 9"520 Dyka 5+2'9+/4>+&$) 0$3'=ED'<"&E 5"$&<'50-&+=0 4=) 2=+@20 &5>F 0 10$&)*0+ $5+4$&<" 9"520 Dyka. H50 35'<+4+/00 $25+3=+/0) &5>F 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP $ 3'9'*E; 5"$&<'50&+-=) FG=' FG 3'=+D/G9 3'=>10&E &+'5+&01+$20+ D/"/0) ' -0902"&"- 0 $"-9'9 35':+$$+ 2=+@20.

H+5+4 &+9, 2"2 350$&>30&E 2 $'+40/+/0;, /+'F-'409' &*"&+=E/' '$9'&-5+&E &5>FG 3' <$+@ 4=0/+ 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 1"$&0, 1&'FG >F+40&E$) < '&-

$>&$&<00 3'<5+74+/0@, 2'&'5G+ 9'I=0 <'D/02/>&E 350 3+5+<'D2+.

6.3.1 'F;V9?? KL9TK> ? =;O;8M] FA?DJ;F>D9LS

• ^0$&)*0@ 5+"I+/& 9"520 Dyka /+ &'=E2' '10*"+& 0 'F+D7050<"+& &5>FG 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0, /' &"27+ 35'30&G<"+& 3'<+5-/'$&E /+-3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP, <GDG<") ++ /"F>-"/0+, $'D4"<") &+9 $"9G9 F="I'350)&/G+ >$='<0) 4=) 3'$=+4>;*+I' $25+3=+/0).

• T=+@2'+ <+*+$&<' 35'/02"+& </>&5E 3'<+5-/'$&+@, 35+4/"D/"1+/-

/G- 4=) 3'$=+4>;*+I' $2=+0<"/0). H5':+$$ 35'/02/'<+/0) >=>1L"+&$) < &+- $=>1")-, 2'I4" 3'<+5-/'$&E 35+4<"50&+=E/' 'F5"F"&G<"+&$) 10$-&)*09 $5+4$&<'9. J -'='4/>; 3'I'4> 35'/02/'<+/0+ D"/09"+& F'=EL+ <5+9+/0, 1+9 < &+3=>; 3'I'4>.

• T=+@20+ <+*+$&<" $3+:0"=E/' 5"D5"F'&"/G 4=) 2"74'I' 0D &03'< /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP. +'F-'409' 0$3'=ED'<"&E $''&<+&$&<>;-*0+ '35+4+=+//'9> &03> 2=+@20+ <+*+$&<". J"7/' 35'<+5)&E, 1&'FG 0$-3'=ED>+9'+ 2=+@2'+ <+*+$&<' /"-'40='$E < -'5'L+9 $'$&')/00. +=ED)

0$3'=ED'<"&E 5"$&<'5 $ 2'92"90 =0F' 'F5"D'<"<L+@$) 3'<+5-/'$&/'@ 3=+/2'@. 0 350 2"20- >$='<0)- /+ 0$3'=ED'<"&E 9';*++ $5+4$&<' < 2"-1+$&<+ 5"DF"<=);*+I' $5+4$&<".

• J$+I4" 0$3'=ED>@&+ 4'$&"&'1/'+ 2'=01+$&<' 2=+)*+I' <+*+$&<",1&'FG 7042'$&E >4+570<"="$E < &5>F+. R$=0 9+74> $'35)7+//G90 3'-<+5-/'$&)90 &5+F>+&$) 3'='70&E /+$2'=E2' $='+< 2=+@2'I' <+*+$&<", &' /+=ED) 4'3>$2"&E <G$G-"/0) <+5-/+I' $=') 3+5+4 &+9, 2"2 /"='70&E $=+-4>;*0@ $='@.

• O<+ 3'<+5-/'$&0 4'=7/G FG&E '4/'<5+9+//' $'35)7+/G 45>I $ 45>-I'9, 3'2" 2=+)*++ <+*+$&<' <$+ +*+ 7042'+ 0 HJP <$+ +*+ 3="$&01+/.



43

• hD-D" $9)I1";*+I' 4+@$&<0) 2=+)*+I' <+*+$&<" 3'$=+ $'+40/+/0) <$+ 0D=0L20 4'=7/G FG&E /+9+4=+//' >F5"/G.

• V'35)7+//G+ 3'<+5-/'$&0 /+'F-'409' '$&"<0&E /" 24 1"$", 1&'FG

4"&E 09 <'D9'7/'$&E $25+30&E$).

6.3.2 'F;V9EPFA ?;9E>C9C>S

O=) &'I' 1&'FG 'F+$3+10&E /"4+7/'+ $'+40/+/0+, /+'F-'409' 3504+570-<"&E$) $=+4>;*0- 4+@$&<0@, 3'=ED>@&+$E &"27+ 0==;$&5":0)90 /" 50$>/-2+ 15.

• H5'<+5E&+, 1&' 2'/+: &5>FG 09++& 35)9'@ 5"D5+D, D"25>I=0&+ </+L-

/;; 25'92>, '10$&0&+ 5"$&5>F/G+ 2'/:G.

• c"I5)D/+/0) /" $'+40/0&+=E/G- 4+&"=)- /+'F-'409' >F5"&E $ 3'-9'*E; 10$&)*+I' $5+4$&<" 9"520 Dyka.

• V 3'9'*E; 2"5"/4"L" 0=0 8='9"$&+5" 3'$&"<E&+ 9+&20 /" 5"$&5>-F+ /" 5"$$&')/00 5"</'9 I=>F0/+ $'+40/+/0) ($9. a0$>/20 6-8 $ 3'2"D"-&+=)90 I=>F0/G $'+40/+/0) &5>F). + 4+="@&+ D"5>F20 /" &5>F+ =0F' 9+&20 $ 3'9'*E; 30=G.

• J$&"<E&+ &5>F> < 9>8&> – HZVkOTk V kBp_Z\ 35'0D<'40&$) 3' /"9+1+//'@ 2"5"/4"L'9 9+&2+.

• JG/E&+ I="420@ 2'/+: &5>FG 0D 9>8&G 0 '&L=08>@&+ 'F+ $'35)7+/-/G+ 3'<+5-/'$&0 /"74"1/'@ F>9"I'@ 0=0 5"L30=+9 3' 40"9+&5>, 35+<G-L";*09 4”/110 99. ZF+D705E&+ 'F+ 3'<+5-/'$&0 $ 3'9'*E; 10$&)*+I' $5+4$&<" 9"520 Dyka. "/+$0&+ 5'</G@ $='@ $''&<+&$&<>;*+I' 5"$&<'-5);*+I' 2=+) 9"520 Dyka ($9. a0$>/'2 16) /" </>&5+//;; 3'<+5-/'$&E 9>8&G 0 F'=++ &'=$&G@ $='@ /" 3'9+1+//G@ 2'/+: &5>FG. R$=0 2=+)*++

<+*+$&<' <G$G-"+& 35+74+<5+9+//' 4' '2'/1"/0) 5"F'& (350 F'=EL'9 40"9+&5+ &5>F 0=0 < 7"520- 0 <+&5+/G- >$='<0)-) /"/+$0&+ <&'5'@ $='@ /" I="420@ 2'/+: &5>FG.

• J$&"<E&+ &5>F> /"D"4 < 9>8&> 0 350790&+ < &+1+/0+ 30 $+2>/4.

• T"2 9'7/' FG$&5++ >4"=0&+ <$+ 0D=0L20 2=+)*+I' <+*+$&<", 1&'FG 35+4'&<5"&0&E /+7+="&+=E/'+ -0901+$2'+ <'D4+@$&<0+ /" '&25G&G@ $&G2 .

• \+$&' $&G2" /+ $=+4>+& &5'I"&E < &+1+/0+ 5 90/>& 3'$=+ $'+40/+-/0). h$3G&"/0) 3'4 4"<=+/0+9 35'<'4)&$) /+ 5"/++, 1+9 1+5+D 24 1"$".



44

a0$>/'2 15. V'+40/+/0+ $ 3'9'*E; 2=+)*+I' <+*+$&<"

1. V4+="@&+ 35)9'@ 5"D5+D &5>FG, D"25>I=0&+ </+L/;; 25'92> 3'4 >I='9 3509+5/' 15°, '10$&0&+ 0 '&L=08>@&+ 3'<+5-/'$&E.

2. Z10$&0&+ </+L/;; 3'<+5-/'$&E I="42'I' 2'/:" &5>FG 0 </>&-5+//;; 1"$&E 9>8&G $ 3'9'*E; 10$&)*+I' $5+4$&<" 9"520 Dyka.

3. +'F-'409' >4+=0&E </09"/0+ /" &', 1&'FG 'F+ $'35)7+//G+ 3'<+5-/'$&0 FG=0 10$&G90.

4. V 3'9'*E; &"F=0:G /" 50$>/2+ 16 '35+4+=0&+ $''&<+&$&<>;-*++ 2=+)*++ $5+4$&<' 9"520 Dyka. J 35'4'=E/'9 /"35"<=+/00 /"/+$0&+ 2=+@ /" 3'<+5-/'$&E &5>FG.

5. V '4/'I' D"709" $'+40/0&+ &5>FG, 0$3'=ED>) 350 /+'F-'409'-$&0 5G1"I.



45

a0$>/'2 16. J04G 2=+) 0 3509+/+/0+

'90/"=E/G@ 5"D9+5 &5>FG (99)

16 20 25 32 40 50 63 90 110 140 160 200

'90/"=E/G@ 5"D9+5

&5>FG (F50&"/$2") 9+&501+-$2") $0$&+9") 3 u 8" 1 u 2" 3 u 4" 1" 11 u 4" 11 u 2" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 8"

V5+4/++ 10$=' $'+40/+-/0@ /" =0&5

600 350 260 190 140 75 70 60 40 30 25 17

J04 2=+) X&02+&2" f3"2'<2" H509+/+/0+ T=+@ HJP 4=) /"3'5/G- $0$&+9 $ /"5>7/G9 40"9+&5'9 <3='&E 4' 9099/3"

g+=&'I' :<+&" g+$&)/G+ F"/20,1 = ;B;F020 125 I5.;g+$&)/G+ F"/20 1 u 4 =

"3'5/G+ $0$&+9G $ /+-F'=EL09 40"-9+&5'9 &5>FG

T=+@ HJP 4=) /"3'5/G- $0$&+9 $ /"5>7/G9 40"9+&5'9 4" 0 <GL+

T'501/+<'I' :<+&" (<G$'2'"2&0</'+ $5+4$&-<')

g+$&)/G+ F"/20,1 = ;g+$&)/G+ F"/20 1 u 4 =

"3'5/G+ $0$&+9G $ F'=EL09 40"-9+&5'9 &5>FG

^0$&)*++ $5+4$&<' HJP V+5'I' :<+&" g+$&)/G+ F"/20,1 = ;g+$&)/G+ F"/20 1 u 4 =

ZF+D7050<"-/0+ 3'<+5-/'-$&+@ 3+5+4 $'+40/+/0+9

6.3.3 'F9E9LMCH9 P?L;J>S

P'='4 – H50 15+D<G1"@/' -'='4/G- >$='<0)- /+'F-'409' 3'D"F'&0&E$) ' &'9, 1&'FG /+ 4'3>$&0&E 15+D9+5/'I' 3'3"4"/0) 5"$&<'5);*+I' 2=+) < &5>F'35'<'4, &"2 2"2 M&' 9'7+& 350<+$&0 2 'F5"D'<"/0; &5+*0/.

g"5" – J 7"52>; 3'I'4>, '$'F+//' 350 $2=+0<"/00 &5>F F'=EL'@ 4=0/G,/+'F-'409' 'F+$3+10&E -'5'L>; <+/&0=):0; &5>F. J /+2'&'5G- $=>1")- /+'F-'409" 0$2>$$&<+//") <+/&0=):0).

6.3.4 X9FH =F9E;?D;F;gC;?D>

ZF+$3+1E&+ 4'$&"&'1/>; <+/&0=):0; <' <5+9) 35':+$$" 2=+@20.

H50 35'I="&G<"/00 /+ <GDG<"@&+ &'L/'&> 0 'F5"&0&+$E 2 <5"1>.

H50 3'3"4"/00 /" =0:' 0 I="D" 35'9'@&+ F'=EL09 2'=01+$&<'9 10$&'@ <'4G 0 'F5"&0&+$E 2 <5"1>.

V9'&50&+ H50='7+/0+ 5 3' &+-/02+ F+D'3"$/'$&0.



46

T=+@2'+ <+*+$&<' 0 10$&)*++ $5+4$&<' )<=);&$) '3"$/G90 -0902"&"90.fF+40&+$E < &'9, 1&' 3>$&") >3"2'<2", 5"F'1") '4+74" 0 F>9"I" /+ '$&"-=0$E < &5"/L++ 4=) &5>F'35'<'4" 0 FG=0 35"<0=E/' 5"$35+4+=+/G.

6.3.5 ;IO;gCH9 C9E;?DADK> =F> ?;9E>C9C>> DFP7 >I +'_

• T'/+: &5>FG /+ 09++& 35)9'I' 5"D5+D" • T'/+: &5>FG /+ '&L=08'<"/ 0 /+ D"25>I=+/ • J="I" 0 I5)DE /" $2=+0<"+9'@ 3'<+5-/'$&0 • H='-' '10*+//") 0 <G$>L+//") 3'<+5-/'$&E • r+&2" 35'30&"/" $5+4$&<'9 4=) 10$&20 • T=+@2'+ <+*+$&<' /+5"</'9+5/' 5"$35+4+=+/' • T=+@2'+ <+*+$&<' /+ /"/+$+/' < 35'4'=E/'9 /"35"<=+/00 • T=+@2'+ <+*+$&<' /"/+$+/' =0LE /" '4/> 0D 4<>- 3'<+5-/'$&+@

• +$<'+<5+9+//' <G3'=/+/' $'+40/+/0+ &5>F • B5>F" /+ D"L=" D" 25'92> • JGF'5 /+<+5/'I' 2=+@2'I' <+*+$&<". T=+)*++ $5+4$&<' /+ 3'4-'40&

4=) 0$3'=ED'<"/0) • V=0L2'9 F'=EL'@ D"D'5 4=) 3'=/'I' D"3'=/+/0) 2=+)*09 $5+4$&<'9,

/"=010+ /+D"3'=/+//G- '&<+5$&0@ • J' <5+9) $F'520 &5>F 0 <$3'9'I"&+=E/'I' 'F'5>4'<"/0) 3+5+3>&"/G

/+2'&'5G+ $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0 • a+I>=05'<2" &5>F 3'$=+ $'+40/+/0) FG=" 35'<+4+/" $=0L2'9 3'D4/',

< 5+D>=E&"&+ 1+I' 35'0D'L+= 5"D5G< 3' 9+$&> $2=+@20 • + $'F=;4+/' <5+9) <G$G-"/0) • + 'F5"*+/' 4'=7/'I' </09"/0) /" 350$>&$&<0+ <'4G =0F' <="7/G+

>$='<0) (2'/4+/$":0))• V=0L2'9 0/&+/$0</") <+/&0=):0), 2'&'5") <G$>L0<"+& 2=+@ <' <5+9)

0$3'=ED'<"/0) ('F5"D'<"/0+ /" 3'<+5-/'$&0 3=+/20)• T=+)*++ <+*+$&<' 35+4$&"<=)+& $'F'@ /+'4/'5'4/>; 9"$$> 0D-D" &'-

I', 1&' >3"2'<2" 4+57"="$E '&25G&'@ /" 35'&)7+/00 4'=I'I' <5+9+/0 • h$3'=ED'<"/0+ /+<+5/'I' 10$&)*+I' 5+"I+/&" • " $'+40/)+9G+ 3'<+5-/'$&0 3'3"=' 9"$=' 0=0 9"$='$'4+57"*0+

<+*+$&<", 1&' <GD<"=' 5"D5G< $'+40/+/0) • V'+40/+/0+ &5>F 35'<'40='$E 350 />=+<'@ &+93+5"&>5+ F+D 350/)&0)

/+'F-'409G- 9+5 35+4'$&'5'7/'$&0

6.4 ";9E>C9C>9 ? =;O;8M] P=L;DC>D9LMC;^; K;LMVA

07+ '30$"/ 35':+$$ 9+-"/01+$2'@ $F'520 &5>F'35'<'4/'@ $0$&+9G 9"520 Dyka, &"27+ $9'&50&+ 50$>/'2 17 – V'+40/+/0+ $ 3'9'*E; >3='&-/0&+=E/'I' 2'=E:".



47

H+5+4 &+9, 2"2 350$&>30&E 2 $'+40/+/0;, /+'F-'409' &*"&+=E/' '$9'&-5+&E &5>FG 3' <$+@ 4=0/+, 1&'FG >F+40&E$) < '&$>&$&<00 3'<5+74+/0@,2'&'5G+ 9'I=0 <'D/02/>&E 350 3+5+<'D2+.

6.4.1 'F;V9?? ?;9E>C9C>S

• Z&L=08>@&+ 0 <G5'</)@&+ 2'/+: &5>FG, $4+="@&+ D"25>I=+/0+, $ 3'-9'*E; 2"5"/4"L" 0=0 8='9"$&+5" '&9+&E&+ I=>F0/> =0/00 <-'4".($9'&50&+ 50$>/20 6-8 $ 3'2"D"&+=)90 I=>F0/G $'+40/+/0) &5>F).

• Z10$&0&+ 2'=E:' 0 9>8&>, '$'F+//' </>&5+//;; ++ 1"$&E.• H5'<+5E&+, 1&'FG 2'=E:' FG=' <$&"<=+/' 0 3'$"7+/' 35"<0=E/'. +-

35"<0=E/' 3'$"7+/G+ 2'=E:" 9'7/' $4<0/>&E $ 9+$&" $ 3'9'*E; I'-5)1+@ <'4G 350 3'3"4"/00 /" >3='&/0&+=E/'+ 0 802$05>;*++ 2'=E:' (0$3'=ED>+&$) &'=E2' 4=) >3='&/0&+=E/G- 2'=+: «Forsheda»).

• fF+40&+$E, 1&' &5>FG 35"<0=E/' >='7+/G < 'F+0- 3='$2'$&)-. Z^Rs JkgZ: /+ 3G&"@&+$E <$&"<0&E 2'/+: &5>FG 3'4 >I='9.• "/+$0&+ 5'</G9 $='+9 $9"D2> /" 3'='<0/> 4=0/G 2'/:" &5>FG (/+ /"

$'+40/0&+=E/'+ 2'=E:'). V9'&50&+ 50$>/'2 18 4=) 35"<0=E/'I' /"/+-$+/0) $9"D'1/'I' <+*+$&<" /" 5+D0/'<'+ $'+40/0&+=E/'+ 2'=E:'.O<0I"@&+ 2'/+: &5>FG &"209 'F5"D'9, 1&'FG 3+5+4/0@ 25"@ $'+40/0=-$) $ '&<+5$&0+9 9>8&G 3+5+4 <$&"<2'@.

• _0F2'$&E &5>F $ 5"D9+5"90 4" 0 /07+ 9'7+& 35+3)&$&<'<"&E 35"<0=E-/'9> <G5"</0<"/0; <' <5+9) $F'520. V0=", /+'F-'409") 4=) 35'0D-<+4+/0) $'+40/+/0), 4'=7/" 5"$35+4+=)&E$) 2"2 9'7/' F=07+ 2 5"$-

&5>F/'9> 2'/:> &5>FG, >4+570<") /" 9+$&+ 9>8&>. V25>10<";*++ 4+@-$&<0+ 'F=+I10& 35':+$$ <$&"<20.

• J$&"<E&+ 5"$&5>F /" '&9+1+//>; I=>F0/>. X&' /+'F-'409' $4+="&E $&5+90&+=E/G9 4<07+/0+9, 3' 0/+5:00 4<07>*+I'$) &+=".

Jh\khR – +$=0 &5>F" /+ <-'40& < 9>8&> F+D 3509+/+/0) 15+D9+5/'@ $0=G, &' /+'F-'409' <G/>&E &5>F>; 0 35'<+50&E $'+40/0&+=E/'+ 2'=E:'.ZVZUZR Jh\khR VnROfRB fORnhBs HZVkOTR TZnsdk h dR-BaZJTR BafU.

H50 >$&"/'<2+ &5>F'35'<'4/'@ $0$&+9G F'=EL0- 40"9+&5'< 9'7+& 3'/"-4'F0&E$) 5G1"I, 1&'FG $4+="&E $'+40/+/0+ 3'$5+4$&<'9 4<07>*+@ $0=G.+ 5+2'9+/4>+&$) 0$3'=ED'<"&E 9+-"/01+$20@ M2$2"<"&'5 4=) &'I', 1&'-FG 3'$&"<0&E 5"$&5>F /" 9+$&', 3'$2'=E2> M&' 9'7+& 350<+$&0 2 15+D9+5-/'9> <<'4> 0 3'<5+40&E &5>F'35'<'4.



48

a0$>/'2 17.

1. fF+40&+$E < &'9, 1&' 2'=E:+<'@ >3='&/0&+=E >$&"/'<=+/ 35"<0=E/'. O=) &'I' 1&'FG 3+5+$&"<0&E >3='&/0&+=E/'+

2'=E:', 0$3'=ED>@&+ 350 /+'F-'409'$&0 I'5)1>; <'4> 4=) +I' $9)I1+/0).

2. H5'<+5E&+, 1&'FG &5>F" 09+=" 35)9'@ 5"D5+D, D"25>I-=+//>; </+L/;; 25'92> 3'4 >I='9 15°. "/+$0&+ $9"-D'1/G@ 9"&+50"= 9"520 Dyka 4=) >3='&/0&+=E/G- 2'=+: &'=E2' /" 5"$&5>F/G@ 2'/+: &5>FG.

3. Z4/09 4<07+/0+9 $'+40/0&+ 3'<+5-/'$&0.

.

a0$>/'2 18. '59G $9"D'1/'I' 9"&+50"=" 4=) 5+D0/'<G- >3='&/0&+=E/G- 2'=+:

'90/"=E/G@ 40"9+&5 &5>FG (99)

63 90 110 140 160 200

'90/"=E/G@ 40"9+&5 &5>FG (F50&"/$2") 9+&501+$2") $0$&+9")

2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 8"

V5+4/++ 10$=' $'+40/+/0@ /" F"2 800 9I 220 190 120 90 80 50

a0$>/'2 19. H'3+5+1/'+ $+1+/0+ 4+&"=0 4=) $'+40/+/0) $ 3'9'*E; >3='&/0&+=E/'I' 2'=E:"

07+ 350<+4+/ 50$>/'2 , I4+ < 3'3+5+1/'9 $+1+/00 0D'F5"7+/G 9>8&" &5>FG 0 $3+-:0"=E/G@ 3"D 4=) >3='&/0&+=E/'I' 2'=E:".



49

\"/7+&/'+ >3='&/+/0+ «Forsheda» 4=) &5>F'35'<'4/G- $0$&+9 Dyka, 35'0D<+4+//G- < $''&-<+&$&<00 $ F50&"/$2'@ 9+&501+$2'@ $0$&+9'@

K%FB-(-.F 12 to 25 mm – %6 12 *% 25 :: ;Depth of entry mark – %6:(6<" I,4$.-D B%(*.-(-.F ;Chamfer of 15° - B<%B ;%* 4I,%: 15°

• \+&2" /" &5>F+ 4'=7/" FG&E $4+="/" (/+ 30='@) &"209 'F5"D'9, 1&'FG 2'/+: &5>FG D"-'40= < 9>8&> /" 12-25 99 '& /07/+I' 25") 5"$&5>F" (a"D9+5 A, 50$>/'2 19. H'3+5+1/'+ $+1+/0+ 4+&"=0 4=) $'+40/+/0) $ 3'9'*E; >3='&/0&+=E/'I' 2'=E:").

• H50 /"D+9/'9 $'+40/+/00 35'<+5E&+ I=>F0/> $'+40/+/0) 3'$=+ >$&"-/'<20.

• H50 $'+40/+/00 &5>F '1+/E <"7/' $'F=;4"&E 10$&'&>. B5>FG, '$'F+/-

/' 5"$&5>F/G+ 2'/:G &5>F, 4'=7/G 3'44+570<"&E$) 10$&G90, /+=ED) 4'3>$2"&E 3'3"4"/0) D+9=0 /" $9"D'1/G@ 9"&+50"=. a"D9+*+/0+ &5>F /" 3=0&G &"27+ $'25"*"+& 2'=01+$&<' 2'=+F"/0@ 0 'F=+I1"+& 35':+$$ >2="420. RZUPZOh\Z fUakBs JVR HnhBv HRaRO ck-VvHTZo.

• H'$=+ &'I', 2"2 FG=0 >='7+/G 3+5<G+ 300-400 9+&5'< &5>F'35'<'4",/+'F-'409' 35'<+$&0 0$3G&"/0) 3'4 4"<=+/0+9. H'$=+4>;*0+ 0$3G-&"/0) 9'I>& 35'<'40&E$) 1+5+D >4'F/G+ 35'9+7>&20, 7+="&+=E/' /+ 35+<GL";*0+ 1 20='9+&5".

6.5 29IM7;J;9 ?;9E>C9C>9

a+2'9+/4":00 3' 5+DEF'<'9> $'+40/+/0; &5>F 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'-I' HJP 9"520 Dyka $ &5>F"90 45>I'I' &03":

• H50 <'D9'7/'$&0 <G3'=/0&+ $'+40/+/0+ &"209 'F5"D'9, 1&'FG &5>F" 0- HJP D"-'40=" < 45>I>; &5>F>.

• h$3'=ED>@&+ &'=E2' HB`X >3='&/0&+=E.

• H50790&+ >3='&/0&+=E, 0$3'=ED>) &'=E2' $&G2'<'1/G+ <0/&G – /+ 0$-3'=ED>@&+ <0/&G $ &5+>I'=E/G9 9+=2'D>F1"&G9 $'+40/+/0+9.



50

J /"=0100 09++&$) 5)4 3+5+-'4/02'< 4=) $'+40/+/0) &5>F 0D HJP $ &5>F"90 0D 45>I0- 9"&+50"='<. V<)70&+$E $ &+-/01+$209 '&4+='9 2'93"-/00 Dyka.

6.6 "9EL;;7FAIC;9 ?;9E>C9C>9

T'93"/0) Dyka 35+4="I"+& 3'=/G@ "$$'5&09+/& 4+&"=+@ 4=) $+4=''F-5"D/'I' $'+40/+/0), 0$3'=ED>+9G- 4=) &5>F 5"D/''F5"D/G- 5"D9+5'<.V2'FG $ '4/09 '&<+&<=+/0+9 35+4$&"<=+/G < <04+ D"709'< 0 2=0/'<,9'4+=0 D"709'< $ 4<'@/G9 5"D<+&<=+/0+9 35+4$&"<=+/G < <04+ D"70-9'<, 3'4-'4)*0- 4=) &5>F 40"9+&5'9 <3='&E 4' 250 99.

6.7 bLACV9J;9 ?;9E>C9C>9

^&'FG $'+40/0&E &5>F'35'<'4/G+ =0/00 0D HJP 9"520 Dyka $ &5>F'-35'<'4"90, 2="3"/"90 0 F"2"90 0D 45>I0- 9"&+50"='<, 09+;&$) 8="/:+-<G+ 3+5+-'4/020 HJP. Z4/"2' $=+4>+& $'F=;4"&E '$&'5'7/'$&E 350 0- 0$3'=ED'<"/00.

+'F-'409' 350/09"&E <' </09"/0+ 5"D=01/G+ $3'$'FG 0D9+5+/0) &5>F,2'&'5G+ 3509+/);&$) 4=) &5>F 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 0, /"-3509+5, 1>I>//G- &5>F. "3509+5, 5"D9+5 HJP &5>FG 0D9+5)+&$) < $'-'&<+&$&<00 $ ++ /"5>7/G9 40"9+&5'9, " 5"D9+5 1>I>//'@ &5>FG – 3' </>&-5+//+9> 40"9+&5> '&<+5$&0). H'909' <$+I' 35'1+I', /+'40/"2'<") &'=-

*0/" $&+/'2 &5>F, $4+="//G- 0D M&0- 9"&+50"='<, $&"/'<0&$) 35010/'@ /+$'<9+$&09'$&0 </>&5+//+I' 0 </+L/+I' 40"9+&5'<.

^&'FG <$+I' M&'I' 0DF+7"&E, 2'93"/0) Dyka 35+4="I"+& 5)4 3+5+-'4/02'< 0 35+'F5"D'<"&+=+@ 4=) 'F+$3+1+/0) /"4+7/'I' $'+40/+/0).

6.7.1 "DACEAFDCHT =ADFP7;K > K;LMV9JAS =;EKLAEKA

X&' 3'D<'=)+& $ =+I2'$&E; 3'4$'+40/0&E &5>F> 0D HJP 2 &5>F'35'<'4-

/G9 =0/0)9 0D 45>I0- 9"&+50"='< 0 'F+$3+10&E </>&5+//0@ 40"9+&5 &5>-FG, M2<0<"=+/&/G@ 40"9+&5> &5>FG 0D HJP. Z4/"2' M&' 9'7+& 'D/"1"&E,1&' </>&5+//0@ 40"9+&5 &5>FG 0D 45>I'I' 9"&+50"=" >9+/EL0=$) 4' 5"D-9+5" 40"9+&5" &5>FG 0D HJP.



51

6.7.2 "DACEAFDCHT =ADFP7;K > ?;9E>C>D9LMC;9 K;LMV;

X&' 3'D<'=)+& $'+40/0&E &5>FG $' $-'7090 </>&5+//090 40"9+&5"90 F+D /"5>L+/0) 3'&'2" 7042'$&0, '4/"2' $>*+$&<>+& 90/09"=E/G@ 50$2 D"2>-

3'50<"/0).

6.7.3 bLACV9JH9 =9F9Z;EC>K>, ?KF9=LS9OH9 7;LDAO>

T'93"/0) Dyka 5+2'9+/4>+& 5>2'<'4$&<'<"&E$) $=+4>;*090 0/$&5>2 -:0)90 350 $'+40/+/00 &5>F $ 3'9'*E; 8="/:+<G- 3+5+-'4/02'<.

• fF+40&+$E, 1&' $'35)I"+9G+ 3'<+5-/'$&0 10$&G+ 0 /+ 3'<5+74+/G.• h$3'=ED>@&+ '4/'5"D'<>; 5+D0/'<>; 35'2="42> />7/'I' 5"D9+5".• + $=+4>+& 0$3'=ED'<"&E 4'3'=/0&+=E/G- $'+40/0&+=E/G- M=+9+/&'<.• J 3+5<>; '1+5+4E $'F+50&+ 8="/:+<G+ $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0.• V'35)I"+9G+ 3'<+5-/'$&0 4' F'=&'<'I' $'+40/+/0) 4'=7/G /"-'40&E$)

/" 5"$$&')/00 5 99.• h$3'=ED>@&+ &'=E2' /+3'<5+74+//G+ 0 />7/'I' 5"D9+5" F'=&G, I"@20 0 35'2="420.• O' F'=&'<'I' $'+40/+/0) >F+40&+$E, 1&' 35'2="42" 3='&/' 350=+I"+&.• H'$=+ &'I', 2"2 <$+ F'=&G 0 I"@20 FG=0 D"<+5/>&G '& 5>20, /+'F-'409' $4+="&E $=+4>;*++:h$3'=ED>) &"505'<"//G@ 2=;1, 4+@$&<>@&+ $=+4>;*09 'F5"D'9.c"790&+ <$+ F'=&G 4' 5% '& 2'/+1/'I' c"790&+ <$+ F'=&G 4' 75% '& 2'/+1/'I' D"25>10<"/0).D"25>10<"/0).c"790&+ <$+ F'=&G 4' 20% '& 2'/+1/'I' c"790&+ <$+ F'=&G 4' 2'/+1/'I' D"25>10<"/0).

D"25>10<"/0).c"790&+ <$+ F'=&G 4' 50% '& 2'/+1/'I' D"25>10<"/0).



52

• V &5>F'@ 40"9+&5'9 $<GL+ 180 99 4'=7/G 5"F'&"&E 4<'+ $3+:0"=0-$&'<.• V3>$&) 1"$ 35'<+5E&+ <$+ F'=&G 3'$=+ 2'/+1/'I' D"25>10<"/0).• H'9/0&+, 1&' 5"</'9+5/") 3'$=+4'<"&+=E/'$&E D"&)720 &"27+ <"7/",2"2 0 /"$&5'@2" 25>&)*+I' 9'9+/&".

d&>).,9:.5F .,3?]-

.5F 2),>$13 x M.?1-

3$..)F 2),>$13 (>>)

_3?1C#)F >&>$.1

(d>)

d&>).,9:.5F .,3?]-

.5F 2),>$13 x M.?1-

3$..)F 2),>$13 (>>)

_3?1C#)F >&>$.1

(d>)

63 x 50 35±5 315 x 300 120±10

90 x 80 35±5 355 x 350 150±10

125 x 80 35±5 400 x 400 200±25

180 x 150 60±5 450 x 450 250±25

225 x 200 80±5 500 x 500 300±25

250 x 250 100±10



53

7. c>EFAJL>N9?K>T PEAF / "KANK> EAJL9C>S

7.1 .78>9 ?J9E9C>S

O<07>*0@$) $&'=F <'4G 09++& 4<07>*>; $0=> 35'3'5:0'/"=E/>; 9"$$+

0 $2'5'$&0. T'I4" M&'& 3'&'2 <45>I '$&"/"<=0<"+&$), 0/+5:0'//") $0=" 35+<5"*"+&$) < >4"5/>; /"I5>D2> 0=0 350<'40& 2 5+D2'9> 3'<GL+/0; 4"<=+/0), 0D<+$&/'9> 2"2 «_045"<=01+$20@ >4"5». ^+9 F'=EL+ 2'=01+$&-<' 7042'$&0 0 $2'5'$&E 3'&'2" 7042'$&0, &+9 <GL+ >4"5/'+ /"I5>7+/0+.

B5>FG 9"520 Dyka 0D HJP 'F="4";& <+=02'=+3/'@ <0F5":0'//'@ <G-/'$=0<'$&E;, 0 'FG1/' /+& /+'F-'409'$&0 3'=>1+/0) 4'3>$2" 2 0$3'=E-D'<"/0; 0- 350 2'=+F"/0)- 0 $2"12"- 4"<=+/0), /"3509+5, ><+=01+/00 =0F' $/07+/00 5"F'1+I' 4"<=+/0).

Z4/"2' 0DFG&'1/'+ 3>=E$05>;*++ 4"<=+/0+ 9'7+& 350<+$&0 2 3'='92+ &5>F'35'<'4/'@ $0$&+9G. +'F-'409' 350/)&E <' </09"/0+ $=+4>;*0+ 9+5G 35+4'$&'5'7/'$&0:

• hDF+I"&E 0$3'=ED'<"/0) '&25G<";*0- 0 D"25G<";*0- 2="3"/'<.• H5+4>$9'&5+&E <'D9'7/'$&E $/07+/0) 4"<=+/0) < &+- 9+$&"-, I4+ $2"1-20 4"<=+/0) 9'I>& <'D/02/>&E 3' 45>I09 35010/"9, /"3509+5, 0D-D" 3'-='920 /"$'$".

• V"9G@ F'=EL'@ $2"1'2 4"<=+/0) 9'7+& 35'0D'@&0 0D-D" D"25G&0) 2="-3"/" 2'I4":

J5+9) D"25G&0) 2="3"/" Z 2La

_4+: L = EL>CA DFP7H (O)a = ?K;F;?DM J;LCH (O /?9K) (?O. F>?PC;K 20)

• f<+=01+/0+ 4"<=+/0) 0D-D" $2"12" 4"<=+/0) 9'7+& FG&E <G$10&"/' 3' 8'59>=+:

H = a DVg

_4+: H = _045"<=01+$20@ >4"5, ><+=01+/0+ 4"<=+/0) (F"5).a = $2'5'$&E <'=/G ($9. 50$>/'2 qq)g = $0=" &)7+$&0 fV = 0D9+/+/0+ $2'5'$&0



54

a0$>/'2 20. H'2"D"&+=0 $2'5'$&0 <'=/G 4=) 35'+2&/G- :+=+@

\"&+50"= &5>FG V2'5'$&E <'=/G HJP ^>I>/

k$F+$&'<G@ :+9+/&

300 9/$+2 1200 9/$+2

900 9/$+2



55

8. &KLAEKA DFP7;=F;J;EA

8.1 .78>9 ?J9E9C>S

H5'$&'&" 35':+4>5G >2="420 &5>F 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 9"520

Dyka 4"+& <+$'9'+ 35+09>*+$&<' < '&/'L+/00 <5+9+/0, 1&' 350<'40& 2 $/07+/0; D"&5"&.

V=+4>;*") 0/8'59":0) 2"$"+&$) '30$"/0) &+-/020 >2="420 &5>F < 'F-*0- 1+5&"-. O=) 3'=>1+/0) F'=++ 3'45'F/'@ 0/8'59":00 /+'F-'409' 'F5"&0&E$) 2 $=+4>;*09 0$&'1/02"9:

CP312 «H5"<0=" M2$3=>"&":00 3="$&02'<G- &5>F» 0 H50='7+/0+ 6 «a+-2'9+/4":00 "$$':0":00 <'4/'I' -'D)@$&<"».

B5>F" 9"520 Dyka 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP )<=)+&$) 3'=>7+$&2'@ 0 9'7+& 4'$&"&'1/' $0=E/' 35'I0F"&E$) F+D <$)20- 3'<5+74+/0@.

^><$&<0&+=E/'$&E 2 4"<=+/0; I5>/&" /+ 'F>$='<=+/" 35'1/'$&E; &5>FG," $2'5++ 'F>$='<=+/" <D"09'4+@$&<0+9 9+74> 3'1<'@ 0 &5>F'@. Z1+/E <"7/', 1&'FG <$+ "$3+2&G >2="420 &5>F'35'<'4" FG=0 >1&+/G.

8.2 $9O=9FADPFA

Z$'F>; '$&'5'7/'$&E $=+4>+& $'F=;4"&E < &+- $=>1")-, 2'I4" >2="42" &5>F'35'<'4" 35'<'40&$) 350 &+93+5"&>5+ /07+ 10°C. f2="42" &5>F'-35'<'4" /+ 4'=7/" 35'<'40&E$) 350 &+93+5"&>5+ /07+ 0°C.

8.3 .DFHJKA DFACd9T

T"2 35"<0=', '&5G<2" &5"/L+0 35'0D<'40&$) /+ $=0L2'9 4"=+2' '& 9+$&" >2="420, &"2 2"2 &5"/L+) 9'7+& 'F<"=0&E$).

J' <5+9) '&5G<20 0 >2="420 &5>F'35'<'4" /" '1+/E F'=EL'@ I=>F0/+,$&+/20 &5"/L+0 4'=7/G 3'44+570<"&E$) $ 3'9'*E; $''&<+&$&<>;*+@ $0$&+9G, 1&'FG 'F+D'3"$0&E 3+5$'/"= '& 'F<"=" &5"/L+0.

JG/>&G@ I5>/& /+ $=+4>+& '$&"<=)&E <F=0D0 25"+< &5"/L+0. +'F-'409' >F5"&E <$+ &5+*0/'<"&G+ 2"9/0.



56

8.4 i>F>CA DFACd9T

^+9 >7+ &5"/L+) 4=) >2="4G<"+9'I' &5>F'35'<'4" 0D HJP, &+9 9+/E-L+ F>4+& /"I5>D2". w050/" &5"/L+0 4'=7/" FG&E 90/09"=E/'@, '4/"2' 4'$&"&'1/'@ 4=) &'I', 1&'FG >='70&E >3='&/0&+=E/G@ 9"&+50"= < 2"74'9

$+2&'5+ &5>F'35'<'4". O=) M&'I' 5+2'9+/4>+&$), 1&'FG > '$/'<"/0) &5>-FG L050/" &5"/L+0 FG=" /" 300 99 (+50 99) L05+ 40"9+&5" &5>FG. JG-L+ '$/'<"/0) &5"/L+) 9'7+& FG&E =;F'@ >4'F/'@ L050/G.

8.5 cLP7>CA DFACd9> – ^LP7>CA IA?H=K>

B5>FG 9"520 Dyka 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 9'I>& >2="4G<"&E$) $ &'@ 7+ 90/09"=E/'@ I=>F0/'@ D"$G320, 1&' 0 &5>F'35'<'4G 0D 45>I0- 9"-&+50"='<. Z$'F'+ </09"/0+ $=+4>+& >4+=0&E, 2'I4" &5>F'35'<'4/") =0-

/0) 35'-'40& 3'4 35'+D7+@ 1"$&E; 0=0 35'1090 /"I5>D'1/G90 2'/$&5>2 -:0)90. " 50$>/2+ 21 350<'4)&$) 5+2'9+/4>+9G+ 90/09"=E/G+ D/"1+/0) I=>F0/G D"$G320 &5>F'35'<'4" < &0301/G- $0&>":0)-.

a0$>/'2 21. a+2'9+/4>+9") 90/09"=E/") I=>F0/" D"$G320

a"D9+*+/0+ _=>F0/" D"$G320 O'5'I0 0 >=0:G (350 9"2$09"=E/'@ D"I5>7+//'$&0) 1000 99

H5'+D70+ 1"$&0 750 99 H+L+-'4/G+ 4'5'720 0 3"520 500 99

Z&25G&") 9+$&/'$&E 1000 99

8.6 .7?H=KA

_=>F0/" &5"/L+0 4'=7/" FG&E M2<0<"=+/&/'@ /'90/"=E/'9> 40"9+&5> &5>FG =0F' 9"2$09>9 100 99. 07/0@ $='@ $=+4>+& >2="4G<"&E 9"&+-50"='9, 2'&'5G@ '&<+1"+& &5+F'<"/0)9 WIS 4-08-01 0=0 $''&<+&$&<>+& &5+F'<"/0)9 35+$$'<20, 350<+4+//G9 < 5"D4+=+ 9.8.

+'F-'409' 3'D"F'&0&E$) ' &'9, 1&'FG /+35+5G</") '3'5" FG=" 3' <$+@ 4=0/+ &5>FG, " /+ &'=E2' /" 9+$&+ $'+40/0&+=E/G- 4+&"=+@. ZF$G32" 4'=7/" 0D<=+2"&E$) 4=) 5+I>=05'<20 >D='< 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G- 4+&"[email protected]' <$+- $=>1")- /07/0@ $='@ 4'=7+/ FG&E >='7+/ 3'4 35"<0=E/G9 >I-='9.

8.7 aA?H=KA > DFAO7;JKA

J &5"/L++ 9"$$" <GL+=+7"*+I' $=') 3'1<G 4"<0& /" <+5-/;; 1"$&E

&5>FG, /' 4=) &'I', 1&'FG 35'0D'L=' 0$250<=+/0+ &5>FG, ++ F'2'<G+ 1"$&0 4'=7/G <G4<0/>&E$) /" '35+4+=+//'+ 5"$$&')/0+.



57

Z4/"2' F'2'<G+ $&+/20 &5>FG 9'I>& <G4<0/>&E$) &'=E2' < &+- $=>1")-,+$=0 /"$G3/'@ 9"&+50"= <'25>I &5>FG /+ 350=+I"+& 35'1/'. ^+9 3='&/++ /"$G3/'@ 9"&+50"=, &+9 F'=EL+ &5+F>+&$) $0=G, 1&'FG 0- $4<0/>&E 0,$''&<+&$&<+//', &+9 F'=EL+ </+L/)) /"I5>D2", 2'&'5>; 9'7+& <G4+5- 7"&E &5>F'35'<'4. H'M&'9> '1+/E <"7/', 1&'FG /"$G3/'@ 9"&+50"= 0

35':+$$ &5"9F'<20 >4'<=+&<'5)=0 &5+F'<"/0)9 $3+:0802":00.

H'$=+ >2="420 &5>F'35'<'4" /" 3'4I'&'<=+//'+ '$/'<"/0+, /+'F-'409' 35'0D<+$&0 F'2'<>; 'F$G32> 0 >3='&/0&E ++ 4' 80% '& '3&09"=E/'@ 3='&/'$&0. ZF$G32> <G3'=/)&E $=')90 3' 75 99 4' 40"9+&5" &5>FG 0=0 9"2$09>9 4' 100 99 <GL+ /"4 <+5-'9 &5>FG. +'F-'409' $'F=;4"&E '$-&'5'7/'$&E, 1&'FG /+ 4'3>$&0&E $9+*+/0) 0 3'<5+74+/0) &5>F'35'<'4"," &"27+ >F+40&E$), 1&' 9+74> 4<>9) $"9G90 /0D2090 $=')90 /+& /+D"-3'=/+//G- 3'='$&+@.

O=) D"*0&G &5>F'35'<'4" $5"D> 3'$=+ >2="420 4'=7/" FG&E 35'0D<+4+/" F"D'<") D"$G32" &5"/L+0.

O5>I") 1"$&E D"$G320 9'7+& <G3'=/0&E$) $ 3'9'*E; 'FG1/'I' I5>/&",-'5'L' >&5"9F'<"//G90 $=')90, /+ 35+<GL";*090 300 99. + 0$3'=E-D>@&+ &)7+=>; 9+-"/01+$2>; &5"9F'<2> 4' &+- 3'5, 3'2" 3'<+5-/'$&E &5>FG /+ F>4+& D"$G3"/" /" F'=++ 1+9 300 99.

H')$/+/0) ($$G="&E$) /" 50$. 21)

Pipe - &5>F'35'<'4 Fill material to conform to WIS 4-08-01 – D"3'=/);*0@ 9"&+-50"= 4'=7+/ '&<+1"&E &5+F'<"/0)9 WIS 4-08-01 Compact in 300mm layers – &5"9F'<2" $=') /" <G$'&+ 30099 300mm minimum initial backfill. Do not use heavy compactionequipment – U"D'<") D"$G32" <G$'&'@ 90/09>9 300 99. + 0$3'=ED>@&+ 'F'5>4'<"/0+ 4=) &)7+='@ &5"9F'<20.100mm minimum cover above pipe crown - 90/09"=E/") <G-$'&" D"$G320 /"4 <+5-'9 &5>FG 100 99 100mm bedding – F"D'<G@ $='@ D"$G320 100 99

8.8 -?=HDAC>S CA =F>^;EC;?DM ^FPCDA ELS DFP7 >I +'_

H50I'4/'$&E F"D'<'I' 0 D"3'=/);*+I' 9"&+50"=" 9'7+& FG&E >$&"/'<-=+/" '4/09 0D 4<>- $3'$'F'<. X&' 9'7/' $4+="&E =0F' '35+4+=0< 350-F=0D0&+=E/G@ 5"D9+5 1"$&0:, =0F' <G$10&"< $3'$'F/'$&E 1"$&0: 9"&+-

50"=" 2 &5"9F'<2+. O=) 2"74'I' 0D 4<>- $3'$'F'< 3'/"4'F0&$) $4+="&E 5+35+D+/&"&0</>; <GF'52> 9"&+50"=". O=) M&'I' F+5+&$) '2'=' 50 2I 9"-&+50"=", 2'&'5G@ <G2="4G<"+&$) /" 10$&>; 3'<+5-/'$&E < <04+ 2>1G. T>-



58

1" < 5"</G- 4'=)- 4+=0&$) /" 1+&G5+ 1"$&0, D"&+9 <GF05";&$) 4<+ 35'-&0<'3'='7/G+ 45>I 2 45>I> 1"$&0, " '$&"<L0+$) >F05";&$). JGF5"//G+ 1"$&0 3+5+9+L0<";& 0 $'D4";& /'<>; 2>1>. X&'& 35':+$$ 35'4+=G<"+&$) 4' &+- 3'5, 3'2" /+ 3'=>10&$) 'F5"D+: />7/G- 5"D9+5'<.

"=;?;7 j1 2AIO9F NA?D>V

\"2$09"=E/G@ 5"D9+5 1"$&0: /+ 4'=7+/ 35+<GL"&E 20 99, /' 4'3>$2"-+&$) /+F'=EL'@ 35':+/& $'4+57"/0) 1"$&0: 5"D9+5"90 20-40 99. H50 /"=0100 1"$&0: 5"D9+5'9 F'=++ 40 99 9"&+50"= $10&"+&$) /+350I'4/G9 2 0$3'=ED'<"/0;. J $3'5/G- $0&>":0)- $=+4>+& 35'$+)&E 5+35+D+/&"&0<-/>; <GF'52> 9"&+50"=" 9"$$'@ '2'=' 2 2I < $''&<+&$&<00 $ >&<+574+/-/G9 F50&"/$209 $&"/4"5&'9 I5"/>='9+&501+$209 "/"=0D'9 $ 5"D9+5'9 $0&" 20 99 0 40 99 (BS 410 «V0&'<G@ "/"=0D»).

J' <5+9) 35'$+0<"/0) 2'920 9"&+50"=", 2'&'5G+ 5"D5>L";&$) 350 =+I-2'9 /"7"&00 3"=E:+9, 9'I>& FG&E 35'3>*+/G 1+5+D $0&', /' /+ $=+4>+& 3509+/)&E $0=> 4=) &'I', 1&'FG 35'3>$&0&E 1+5+D $+&2> 2'920 15+D9+5/' F'=EL0- 5"D9+5'<. \"&+50"= $10&"+&$) /+350I'4/G9 2 0$3'=ED'<"/0; +$=0:

a) /" 40 99 $0&+ '$&";&$) 2"20+-=0F' 1"$&0:G;b) F'=++ 1+9 5% '& 9"$$G '$&"+&$) /" 20 99 $0&+.

O=) '$&5'2'/+1/'I', &<+54'I' 9"&+50"=" 'I5"/01+/0) /" 5"D9+5 1"$&0: >9+/EL+/G /"3'='<0/> (&.+. 9"2$09"=E/G@ 5"D9+5 $'$&"<=)+& 10 99 0 20 99).

B"9, I4+ 5"D9G< '$/'<"/0) &5>F'35'<'4" 9'7+& 35'0D'@&0 0D-D" /+F="-I'350)&/'I' <'D4+@$&<0) I5>/&'<G- <'4, 5"D9+5 1"$&0: F"D'<'I' 9"&+-50"=" 4'=7+/ FG&E 9+/++ 10 99, 1&'FG 35+4'&<5"&0&E <'D9'7/'$&E 3'-&+50 '3'5G 4=) &5>F'35'<'4".

"=;?;7 j2 (9^K;?DM DFAO7;JK>

1. H'$&"<E&+ &5>F> 4=0/'@ 250 99 0 /"5>7/G9 40"9+&5'9 160 99 /" 10$-&>; 3'<+5-/'$&E.2. V<'F'4/' D"3'=/0&+ &5>F> 3' <$+@ 4=0/+ 5+35+D+/&"&0</'@ <GF'52'@ 35+4="I"+9'I' 9"&+50"=" 0 <G5'</)@&+ 4' >5'</) <+5-/+@ 1"$&0 &5>FG.3. O'$&"/E&+ &5>F> 0D 5"$$9"&50<"+9'I' 9"&+50"=" 0 3'9+$&0&+ /" 10$-&>; 3'<+5-/'$&E.4. H'9+$&0&+ < &5>F> '2'=' 1+&<+5&0 5"$$9"&50<"+9'I' 9"&+50"=" 0

$35+$$>@&+ +I' $ 3'9'*E; &5"9F>;*+I' >$&5'@$&<" 9"$$'@ 350F=0D0-&+=E/' 1 2I. H'<&'5)@&+ M&0 4+@$&<0) 4' &+- 3'5, 3'2" <+$E 5"$$9"&50-<"+9G@ 9"&+50"= /+ F>4+& 3'9+*+/ < &5>F>. hD9+5E&+ 5"$$&')/0+, /"



59

2'&'5'+ $35+$$'<"=$) 5+35+D+/&"&0</G@ 9"&+50"= (X) 0 $9'&50&+ 50$>-/'2 22 4=) &'I', 1&'FG '35+4+=0&E 350I'4/'$&E 9"&+50"=".

a0$>/'2 22. h$3G&"/0+ $&+3+/0 >3='&/+/0) – 350I'4/'$&E 9"&+50"="

2A??D;SC>9 X &=L;DC9C>9 'F>^;EC;?DM OAD9F>ALA

+ 55 99 0.20 H50I'4/G@

50 – 75 99 0.20 - 0.30 +350I'4/G@ < &+- $=>1")-, +$=0 3'$=+ >2="420 35'-0D'L=' /"$G*+/0+ 3'1<G <'4'@

> 75 99 > 0.30 +350I'4/G@

O0"I5"99G 1-4. h$3G&"/0+ $&+3+/0 >3='&/+/0)

8.9 49W;FOAV>S DFP7H

R$=0 35'I0F <+5-/+@ 1"$&0 I0F2'@ &5>FG /+0D9+//' ><+=010<"+&$), &'

/"$&>30& &"2'@ 9'9+/&, 2'I4" '/" 3'&+5)+& $<'; F'2'<>; '3'5> 0 $='9"-+&$). a"D='9 35'0$-'40& < &+- $=>1")-, 2'I4" 35'I0F 4'$&0I"+& 20% '& 40"9+&5" &5>FG. T"2 35"<0=', 9"2$09"=E/' 4'3>$2"+9G@ 35'I0F $'$&"<-=)+& 5% '& 40"9+&5" &5>FG 0 09++& 2'M880:0+/& 35'1/'$&0 5"</G@ 4.\"2$09"=E/G@ 35'I0F < 5% 3'D<'=)+& $ =+I2'$&E; <G3'=/)&E /'<G+ 3'4-2=;1+/0) 2 &5>F'35'<'4/'@ $0$&+9+.

ZF5"&0&+$E 2 50$>/2> 21, I4+ 35+4$&"<=+/" 5+2'9+/4>+9") 4=0/" $'+40-/+/0), 1&'FG >F+40&E$) < &'9, 1&' 4+8'59":0) &5>FG /"-'40&$) < 35+-

4+="- 4'3>$&09G- D/"1+/0@.

R$=0 &5+F>+&$), 1&'FG &5>F'35'<'4 FG= D"F+&'/05'<"/ 3' 2'/$&5>2&0<-/'9> &5+F'<"/0; 0=0 0D-D" 15+D9+5/'@ /"I5>D20, &' +I' /+'F-'409' 'F-9'&"&E /+35'/0:"+9'@ 3=+/'1/'@ I045'0D'=):0+@, /"3509+5 3'=0M&0=+-/'<'@ 3=+/2'@, 1&'FG 9"I/0&/") 35'/0:"+9'$&E $'$&"<=)=" 250, < $''&-<+&$&<00 $ 50$>/2'9 23. X="$&01/G+ >3='&/0&+=E/G+ 2'=E:" 4'=7/G 09+&E <'D9'7/'$&E ><+=010<"&E$) 3'$=+ F+&'/05'<"/0), $9'&50&+ 23.



60

a0$>/'2 23. d+=+$''F5"D/G@ $3'$'F F+&'/05'<"/0) &5>FG.

V&"/4"5& C10P

d+9+/& – 150 99

B'=*0/" 9'7+& 8'5905'<"&E$) 3' 5"40>-$> 0=0 I'50D'/&"=E/'@ 3'<+5-/'$&0

H')$/+/0) Flexible pipe joint – M="$&01/'+ >3='&/0&+=E/'+ 2'=E:' V709";*") 3="/2" &'=*0/'@ 12 99 0=0 I+59+&02 4=) D"3'=/+/0) 4=) 'F+$3+1+/0) 3'=/'$&E; D"3'=-/+//'I' F+&'//'I' '$/'<"/0) 0 25"+<.

8.10 aAFAg9CCAS =;NJA

B5>FG 9"520 Dyka 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 'F="4";& >$&'@10<'-$&E; 2' 9/'I09 D"I5)D/);*09 <+*+$&<"9. Z4/"2' 5+2'9+/4>+&$) 35'<'-40&E &*"&+=E/G@ "/"=0D 3'1<G. H50I'4/'$&E 0$3'=ED'<"/0) HJP 9'7-/' '35+4+=0&E $ 3'9'*E; 4"//G-, 350<+4+//G- < &"F=0:+ «P0901+$2") >$&'@10<'$&E» 5"D4+=" 4.8

J 9+$&"- D"5"7+/0) 3'1<G &5>FG 9'7/' D"*0&0&E, $4+="< 'F'='12> 0D 10$&'I' 3+$2". O'3'=/0&+=E/>; D"*0&> 9'7/' 'F+$3+10&E $ 3'9'*E; HJP 3=+/20, $9'&50&+ 50$>/'2 24.

a0$>/'2 24. J04 &5"/L+0 < >$='<0)- D"5"7+//'@ 9+$&/'$&0.

H')$/+/0) Polyethylene membrane – 3'=0M&0=+/'<") 3=+/2";Sand envelope – 'F'='12" 0D 3+$2";

Pipe – &5>F";Contaminated ground – D"5"7+//") 3'1<"



61

8.11 2AE>P? ?^>7AC>S DFP7H

B5>FG 0D HJP 9"520 Dyka )<=);&$) 3'=>7+$&2090 0 350 >2="42+ 9'I>& 9+/)&E /"35"<=+/0+. \0/09"=E/G@ 5"40>$ 0DI0F" $'$&"<=)+& 150-; 1"$&E '& /'90/"=E/'I' 40"9+&5" &5>FG. H50 9+-"/01+$2'9 $'+40/+/00

5"40>$ 9"2$09"=E/'I' 35'I0F" 5"<+/ 3°.

+'F-'409' 0DF+I"&E >$&"/'<20 $'+40/0&+=E/G- 4+&"=+@ /" &5>FG, 2'&'-5G+ F>4>& $I0F"&E$), 3'4I'&'<=+//G+ D"I0FG 0 >I='<G+ 3"&5>F20 $/07"-;& 4+8'5905>;*>; $0=>.

O=) 3'=>1+/0) F'=++ 3'45'F/'@ 0/8'59":00 'F5"*"@&+$E < &+-/01+-$20@ '&4+= 2'93"/00 Dyka.

8.12 R9?DFACd9TCAS PKLAEKA

U+$&5"/L+@/") >2="42" HJP &5>F 35'<'40="$E 9/'I' 5"D 0 FG=" >$-3+L/' '35'F'<"/" <3='&E 4' 40"9+&5" 9099/3", &'=E2' &5>FG, $'+40/+/-/G+ 5"$&<'50&+=+9.

B5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 3'4-'4)& 4=) F'5'D4/'@ 0 2'&='-<"//'@ >2="420. +'F-'409' 3'D"F'&0&E$) ' &'9, 1&'FG 90/090D05'<"&E 0/4>:05'<"//'+ 4"<=+/0+ /" &5>F>.

O=0/" &5>FG 350 &"2'9 $3'$'F+ >2="420 4'=7/" $'$&"<=)&E /+ F'=++ 3009+&5'<. J5+9) <G4+5720 4=) $2=++//G- $&G2'< $'$&"<=)+& 24 1"$" 4' /"1"=" >2="420. H'$=+4>;*") >2="42" 35'0D<'40&$) $ >1+&'9 &'I', 1&' &+93+5"&>5" &5>FG 4'$&0I=" &+93+5"&>5G D+9=0.

H50 3'4"1+ </0D &5>F" /+ 4'=7/" FG&E 0D'I/>&" F'=EL+, 1+9 $=+4>;*0@ 5"40>$:

'90/"=E/G@ 40"9+&5 \0/09"=E/G@ 5"40>$ 0DI0F"

100 99 100 x x 80 99 80 x x 65 99 0 9+/++ 65 x x

U+$&5"/L+@/G@ $3'$'F >2="420 3509+/)+&$) &'=E2' < &+- $=>1")-, 2'I4" >$&"/'<=+/" 350I'4/'$&E 2 0$3'=ED'<"/0; 3'1<G 0 '1+<04/', 1&' '/" /+ 3'<5+40& &5>F'35'<'4.



62

8.13 &=;F > ;=;FA

f3'5 (50$>/'2 25) /+'F-'409 < &+- $=>1")-, 2'I4" &5+F>+&$) 0D9+/0&E /"-35"<=+/0+ 0=0 5"D9+5 &5>F'35'<'4", 2'I4" '/ D"2"/10<"+&$) 0=0 09++& $'<9+*+//G@ &5'@/02 0=0 2="3"/. H'4'F/G+ >3'5G $=>7"& 4=) 35+4>-

35+74+/0) 35'I0F'< 0 5"$L05+/0) &5>F'35'<'4" 3'4 4+@$&<0+9 </>&-5+//+I' 4"<=+/0) 7042'$&0, " &"27+ 4=) 3+5+/'$" 5"</'4+@$&<>;*+@ $0=G 4=) 5"$35+4+=+/0) /"I5>D20 /" '25>7";*>; 3'<+5-/'$&E &5>FG.V=+4>;*0+ 50$>/20 35+4$&"<=);& $'F'@ 5>2'<'4$&<' 3' 35'+2&05'<"/0; 0 5"$3'='7+/0; "/2+5/G- '3'5.

H50 F+&'/05'<"/00 &5>F'35'<'4" 0D HJP $=+4>+& 0DF+I"&E 3'=/'I' D"-25G&0) &5>FG a0$>/'2 25

f3'5 350 0DI0F+ 90°

H')$/+/0) Insulating protective membrane – 0D'=05'<"//") D"*0&/") 'F'='12" Trench – 6"-M(F Poured in situ concrete block – D"F+&'/05'<"//G@ >3'5

Ring seal jointed bend – >3='&/0&+=E/'+ 2'=E:' 4=) 0DI0F" Dyka ring seal joint – >3='&/0&+=E/'+ 2'=E:' Dyka

f3'5 350 0DI0F+ 45° f$&"/'<2" &5'@/02"

H')$/+/0) H')$/+/0) Trench wall – $&+/2" &5"/L+0 Protective membrane - D"*0&/") 'F'='12" Flanged tee – 8="/:+<G@ &5'@/02

Trench wall – $&+/2" &5"/L+0 Protective membrane - D"*0&/") 'F'='12" In situ poured concrete – >='7+//G@ < F+&'/



63

hD-D" $="F'@ I0F2'$&0 HJP 9'7+& <'D/02/>&E 3>=E$":0) 0D-D" 2'=+F"-/0@ 4"<=+/0), 2'&'5G+ 9'I>& $4<0/>&E &5>F> $ 3'<+5-/'$&0 9+74> "/2+5-/'@ '3'5'@ 0 D"3'=/0&+=+9. a+2'9+/4>+&$) 9+74> F+&'/'9 0 HJP &5>F'@ 0$3'=ED'<"&E &'/2>; 3=+/2>, /"3509+5 F0&>9/") 3=+/2", &'=E 0=0 3'=0-M&0=+/'<>; 3=+/2> $ 9"I/0&/'@ 35'/0:"+9'$&E; 5"</'@ 250 92 .

k/2+5/") '3'5" 350 0DI0F+ /" <+5&02"=E/'@ 3='$2'$&0 "2'/+1/02 >3'5"

($&+/2" &5"/L+0)

V&)7/G+ =+/&G $ D"*0&/'@ 'F'='12'@ (D"*0&/") 'F'='12")

f3'5 < 3'3+5+1/'9 $+1+/00

($&+/2" &5"/L+0)

(D"*0&/") 'F'='12")

8.14 +AI9OCAS P?DAC;JKA

f$&"/'<2" /" D+9=)/'@ /"$G30

c+9=)/") /"$G3E 4+="+&$) 4=) >2="420 &5>F'35'<'4" <GL+ $>*+$&<>;-*+I' >5'</) D+9=0. H+5<'/"1"=E/' /"$G3E 4+="+&$) <G$'&'@ 4' 1000 99 /"4 >5'</+9 <+5-/+@ 1"$&0 &5>FG, " D"&+9 &5"9F>+&$). c"&+9 <G2"3G<"-

+&$) &5"/L+), 0 &5>F'35'<'4 35'2="4G<"+&$) 'FG1/G9 $3'$'F'9.

Z&25G&") >$&"/'<2"

B5>FG 9"520 Dyka 0D HJP 35'0D<'4)&$) 4'$&"&'1/' I0F2090, M&' 'D/"-1"+&, 1&' 350 0$3'=ED'<"/00 0- < >$='<0)- <=0)/0) </+L/+@ $5+4G /+'F--'409' 'F+$3+10&E $''&<+&$&<>;*>; D"*0&>.

H50 >$&"/'<2+ &+93+5"&>5" &5>F'35'<'4" 4'=7/" FG&E 9"2$09"=E/'

350F=07+/" 2 5"F'1+@ &+93+5"&>5+. J$+ 25+3+7/G+ 0 '3'5/G+ 4+&"=0 4'=7/G 25+30&E$) 2 &5>F+, 2'I4" '/" /"-'40&$) < 5"$L05+//'9 $'$&')-/00. X&' /+ 4'3>$&0& <$)2'I' 5'4" $>7+/0), 2'I4" &5>F" '$&G<"+&, /' 1&'



64

F'=++ <"7/', 350 /'59"=E/'@ 5"F'1+@ &+93+5"&>5+ /" &5>F'35'<'4+ /+ F>4+& $=+4'< 35'I0F"/0). J &"F=0:+ 26 350<+4+/G 5+2'9+/4>+9G+ 5"$-$&')/0) 4=) >$&"/'<20 '3'5 4=) I'50D'/&"=E/G- &5>F'35'<'4/G- =0/0@,4=) <+5&02"=E/G- &5>F'35'<'4'< 5"$$&')/0) 9'I>& FG&E >4<'+/G.

B"F=0:" 26. a+2'9+/4>+9G+ 5"$$&')/0) 4=) >$&"/'<20 '3'5 4=) I'50D'/&"=E/G- &5>-F'35'<'4/G- =0/0@ (4=) <+5&02"=E/G- &5>F'35'<'4'< 5"$$&')/0) 9'I>& FG&E >4<'+-/G)

4>AO9DF 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1003 u 8"16 99 75 60

1 u 2"20 99 85 70 503 u 4"25 99 90 75 55

1" 32 99 100 85 65 50

11 u 4"40 99 110 100 80 60

11 u 2"50 99 125 115 95 70

2"63 99 140 130 110 85 552 "75 99 150 140 120 95 60

3"90 99 165 155 135 105 70

4"110 99 185 175 155 120 80

5"140 99 215 205 185 160 110

6"160 99 225 215 200 170 1308"200 99 250 240 225 200 160

O'3'=/0&+=E/") '3'5" /+'F-'409" 4=) 5+I>=05'<"/0) 9"$$G &)7+=G- $'+40/0&+=E/G- 4+&"=+@ 0 D"*0&G &5>F'35'<'4" '& <5"*";*+@ $0=G

350 5"F'&+ 2="3"/'< 0 <'4'5"DF'5/G- &5'@/02'<.

Z3'5G 4=) &5>F 4'=7/G 09+&E 3='$2>; 3'<+5-/'$&E 0 $'$&"<=)&E 3'='-<0/> 40"9+&5" &5>FG 0=0 FG&E L050/'@ 90/09>9 100 99, " &"27+ /+ 4'=7/G 3'<5+40&E &5>F'35'<'4 350 =;F'9 3+5+9+*+/00.

B5>FG 9"520 Dyka 0D HJP )<=);&$) -'5'L090 0D'=)&'5"90 $'4+5709'-I' &5>FG, 1&' 3'9'I"+& 35+4'&<5"&0&E D"9+5D"/0+. _0F2'$&E HJP &5>F 3'D<'=)+& 09 5"$L050&E$), 1&'FG <9+$&0&E ><+=010<L0@$) 'Fe+9 D"-

9+5DL+@ 7042'$&0. Z4/"2' < 4+@$&<00, 2"2 35"<0=', HJP D"*0*"+& &5>F'35'<'4, 90/090D05>) 50$2 D"9+5D"/0) $'4+5709'I'. +'F-'409' 3'D"F'&0&E$) ' &'9, 1&'FG 0D'=):0) FG=" <'4'/+35'/0:"+9'@ 0=0 FG=" D"*0*+/" <'4'>3'5/G9 3'25G&0+9.

+=ED) 4'3>$2"&E >&+120 <'4G /" >1"$&2"- &5>F'35'<'4" $' $3>$2/G90 <+/&0=)90. _'50D'/&"=E/G@ &5>F'35'<'4 4'=7+/ $/07"&E /"3'5, 1&'FG 3'$3'$'F$&<'<"&E $&'2>.

B5>F'35'<'4/G+ =0/00 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 4'=7/G FG&E 0D'=05'<"/G '& 9+$&/G- 0$&'1/02'< 3'<GL+//'I' &+3=", &"20- 2"2 3"5'-<G+ 2'&=G 0 3"5'35'<'4G, &"2 2"2 M&' 9'7+& <GD<"&E &+3='<>; 4+8'59"-:0; &5>FG.



65

J4'F"<'2 2' <$+9> '&25G&G+ &5>F'35'<'4/G+ =0/00 4'=7/G FG&E D"*0-*+/G '& 3'&+/:0"=E/'I' 3'<5+74+/0) 350 >4"5/'@ /"I5>D2+.

8.15 5;O=9C?AV>S D9=L;J;T E9W;FOAV>> – P?L;J>S FA?d>F9C>S

8.15.1 ';E I9OL9T

H50 8="/:+<'9, 5+DEF'<'9 0=0 2=++<'9 $'+40/+/00 &+93+5"&>5" 4' 2'-/+1/'I' $'+40/+/0) 4'=7/" $''&<+&$&<'<"&E &+93+5"&>5+ /'59"=E/G- >$='<0@ M2$3=>"&":00. B5>F", $'F5"//") 9+-"/01+$209 3>&+9, 2'93+/$0-5>+& &+3='<>; 4+8'59":0;. H50 2'=+F"/0)- 5"F'1+@ &+93+5"&>5G $9'&-50&+ 5"D4+= 4.7.

8.15.2 +AE I9OL9T

"D+9/G+ &5>F'35'<'4/G+ $0$&+9G 4'=7/G 09+&E 2'93+/$"&'5G &+3='-<'I' 5"$L05+/0). T'93+/$"&'5G &+3='<'I' 5"$L05+/0) 4'=7/G FG&E 3='&/' D"25+3=+/G, 35'10+ '3'5/G+ >$&5'@$&<" /+ 4'=7/G 35+3)&$&<'-<"&E 3="</'9> 3+5+9+*+/0; &5>FG.J $=>1")-, 2'I4" 4'3>$2"+&$) 15+D9+5/'+ 5"$L05+/0+, 35'4"<+: 4'=7+/ 'F5"&0&E$) D" 3'=>1+/0+9 4"=E/+@L0- 5+2'9+/4":0@.

H50 9+-"/01+$2'@ /"D+9/'@ >2="42+ &5>F'35'<'4" >$&"/'<2" 4'=7/"

35'0D<'40&E$) &"209 'F5"D'9, 1&'FG 2"74") 9>8&" 3='&/' 350=+I"=", " I="420+ 2'/:G &5>FG $<'F'4/' 4<0I"=0$E. J"7/' >F+40&E$) < &'9, 1&' 9>8&" /+ 4<0I"+&$) 2"2 < 35'4'=E/'9 /"35"<=+/00, &"2 0 3' $&'5'/"9.

" 50$>/2+ 27 35+4$&"<=+/ 35+43'1&0&+=E/G@ $3'$'F 25+3=+/0) /"D+9-/'I' &5>F'35'<'4". a+2'9+/4>+9G@ $3'$'F 9'7+& 0$3'=ED'<"&E$) 350 =;F'@ <'D9'7/'$&0. J"7/' &', 1&' 350 &"2'9 $'+40/+/00 0 >$&"/'<2+ '&-$>&$&<>+& F'2'<'+ 4<07+/0+.

a0$>/'2 27. H5+43'1&0&+=E/G@ /"D+9/G@ $3'$'F 25+3=+/0)

+35+43'1&0&+=E/G@ $3'$'F

+& 'I5"/01+/0@ 4<07+/0)

H5+43'1&0&+=E/G@ $3'$'F

+& 'I5"/01+/0@ 4<07+/0)



66

8.16 >7FAV>S

J0F5":0) – /+'F-'409' 0DF+I"&E /+35+5G</'@ <0F5":00, '$'F+//' 350 0$3'=ED'<"/00 5+DEF'<'I' $'+40/+/0) (/"3509+5, $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 9>8-&G 2 <'4/G9 /"$'$"9). H' <'D9'7/'$&0 $=+4>+& 0$3'=ED'<"&E I0F2'+ $'-

+40/+/0+, 2'&'5'+ 90/090D05>+& <0F5":0'//G+ 2'=+F"/0).

8.17 ;IE9T?DJ>9 ?;LC9NC;^; ?J9DA

B5>F'35'<'4 0D HJP, 2'&'5G@ 3'4<+5I"+&$) 35)9'9> <'D4+@$&<0; $'=-/+1/'I' $<+&" 0 M2$3=>"&05>+&$) < 7"520- >$='<0)-, &+5)+& :<+& 1+5+D L+$&E 9+$):+< 0 F'=++. V'35'&0<=)+9'$&E 5"D5>L+/0; 350 >4"5+ $/0- 7"+&$), '4/"2' 35'1/'$&E /" 5"$&)7+/0+ (3'2"D"&+=E /'90/"=E/'I' 4"<-=+/0)) '$&"+&$) /+0D9+//G9. h$3G&"/0) 3'2"D"=0, 1&' 3'&+5) :<+&" 'I-

5"/010<"+&$) I=>F0/'@ 0.15 99 350F=0D0&+=E/' 3'$=+ I'4" M2$3=>"&":00 350 35)9'9 <'D4+@$&<00 $'=/+1/'I' $<+&".

V'=/+1/G@ $<+& <GDG<"+& >=E&5"80'=+&'<'+ 5"D5>L+/0+ 5+D0/'<G- >3-='&/0&+=E/G- 2'=+:. H'M&'9> <$+ 4+&"=0 $ 5+D0/'<G90 >3='&/0&+=E/G-90 2'=E:"90 4'=7/G FG&E $35)&"/G '& 35)9'I' 3'3"4"/0) $'=/+1/'I' $<+&" 0 3' <'D9'7/'$&0 -5"/0&E$) < 3+5<01/'@ >3"2'<2+ 4' 9'9+/&" 0$-3'=ED'<"/0).

8.18 aA8>DA =;?L9 PKLAEK>

B5>F'35'<'4, >$&"/'<=+//G@ < D4"/00 0=0 3'4 D+9=+@, /+ &5+F>+& 4"=E-/+@L+@ D"*0&G, '4/"2' +$=0 '/ 3'4<+5I"+&$) <'D4+@$&<0; $'=/+1/'I' $<+&", &' +9> /+'F-'409' 'F+$3+10&E D"*0*+//'+ '& $<+&" 9+$&'.d<+& &5>FG 0I5"+& <"7/>; 5'=E < '35+4+=+/00 &+93+5"&>5G 3'<+5-/'$&0 &5>FG. ^+9 &+9/++ :<+& &5>FG, &+9 <GL+ &+93+5"&>5", 3'=>1+//") '& $'=/+1/'I' 0D=>1+/0).

"3509+5, <' <5+9) 0$3G&"/0@ 350 &+93+5"&>5+ '25>7";*+@ $5+4G 47°C

HJP &5>F'35'<'4 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0 &+9/'-$+5'I' :<+&" 4'$&0I-=0 &+93+5"&>5G 3'<+5-/'$&0 60°C, 3'=>10< 13°C '& $'=/+1/'I' 0D=>1+-/0). B5>F" 25+9'<'I' :<+&" 35"2&01+$20 $'-5"/0=" &+93+5"&>5> '25>- 7";*+@ $5+4G. H50 <="7/G- 0 /+9/'I' <+&5+/G- >$='<0)- &5>F'35'<'4 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 9'7+& 09+&E &+93+5"&>5>, 2'&'5") FG&E /+$2'=E2' /07+ &+93+5"&>5G '25>7";*+@ $5+4G.

J"7/'$&E :<+&" $<04+&+=E$&<>+& ' &'9, 1&' /"0F'=++ <GI'4/' < >$='<0)- 3'$&')//'@ /+D"*0*+//'$&0 0$3'=ED'<"&E &5>F'35'<'4 25+9'<'I' :<+&"

(0=0 4"7+ :<+&" "=;90/0)). R$=0 < /"=0100 /+ 09++&$) &5>F 0 $'+40/0-&+=E/G- 4+&"=+@ 25+9'<'I' :<+&", &' $"9G9 35'$&G9 $3'$'F'9 D"*0&G )<=)+&$) 0- '25"L0<"/0+. T5"$2" '1+/E -'5'L' $"40&$) /" 3'<+5-/'$&E



67

&5>F 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 0 'FG1/' 4'$&"&'1/' 3'25"$0&E =0LE <+5-/;; 1"$&E &5>FG. O=) 9"2$09"=E/'@ $&'@2'$&0 :<+&" $=+4>+& /"/+$&0 4<" $=') 25"$20 /" 3'<+5-/'$&E &5>FG. O=) 3'25"$20 3'4-'4)& <$+ "=204/G+ 25"$20. \+&"==01+$2") I5>/&'<2" (-5'9'<'20$=G@ :0/2 ) )<-=)+&$) -'5'L09 $='+9 '$/'<"/0) 3'4 25"$2>.

Z&4+=E/G+ 35'0D<'40&+=0 25"$'2 5"$-'4)&$) < 0- $3+:0802":00, 5+2'-9+/4>+9G+ $3+:0802":00 35+4$&"<=+/G < H50='7+/00 7.

8.19 -?=HDAC>S DFP7;=F;J;EA

T'93"/0) Dyka 5+2'9+/4>+& $=+4'<"&E $=+4>;*09 5+2'9+/4":0)9 3' 0$3G&"/0; &5>F'35'<'4". Z4/"2' 35'+2& 0=0 5>2'<'40&+=E $&5'0&+=E/G- 5"F'&, =0F' ='2"=E/G+ >$='<0) 9'I>& 3'&5+F'<"&E "=E&+5/"&0</G+ $3'-

$'FG 0$3G&"/0@.

H+5+4 /"1"='9 35'<+4+/0) 0$3G&"/0@ /+'F-'409' 'F5"&0&E </09"/0+ /" $=+4>;*0+ 9'9+/&G.

• + 35'<'40&+ 0$3G&"/0+ <G$'209 4"<=+/0+9 <'D4>-".• H5'<'40&+ 0$3G&"/0) $3>$&) 24 1"$" 3'$=+ $'+40/+/0).• H+5+4 0$3G&"/0+9 D"='70&+ 0 'I5"/01E&+ &5>F'35'<'4.• V'+40/0&+=E/G+ 1"$&0 '$&"<E&+ '&25G&G90.• h$3G&"/0) 35'<'4)&$) 350 '&25G&G- 2="3"/"-.• h$3G&"&+=E/") 1"$&E /+ 4'=7/" 35+<GL"&E 1 20='9+&5".

+'F-'409G+ 4+@$&<0) 350 35'<+4+/00 0$3G&"/0):

1. c"I=>L0&+ 2'/:G &5>FG 0 3'4+570&+ 0- 3'4 4"<=+/0+9.2. J$&"<E&+ 2="3"/G '&F'5" <'D4>-" /" $"9G- <G$'20- &'12"- 3' <$+@ 4=0/+ &5>F'35'<'4".3. J$&"<E&+ 9"/'9+&5, $3'$'F/G@ '35+4+=0&E 0D9+/+/0) 4"<=+/0) < 2'-

=01+$&<+ 1% '& 0$3G&"&+=E/'I' 4"<=+/0) < $"9'9 /0D2'@ &'12+ &5>F'-35'<'4".4. \+4=+//' /"3'=/0&+ &5>F'35'<'4 <'4'@, 3'D"F'&E&+$E ' &'9, 1&'FG 0DF+7"&E 50$2" 3'<5+74+/0) &5>F'35'<'4" 0D-D" I045"<=01+$2'I' >4"5".5. fF+40&+$E < &'9, 1&' <$+ 2="3"/G '&F'5" <'D4>-" '&25G&G 0 0$35"</' 5"F'&";&.6. H'$&+3+//' 3'4/09"@&+ 4"<=+/0+ F+D >4"5/'I' /"I5>7+/0). " 50$>/-2+ 29 >2"D"/' 2'=01+$&<' /+'F-'409'@ <'4G 4=) 35'<+4+/0) 0$3G&"/0@ 3'4 4"<=+/0+9.

7. H+5+4 &+9, 2"2 350$&>30&E 2 0$3G&"/0; 3'4 4"<=+/0+9, 0$3G&"&+=E/") 1"$&E &5>F'35'<'4" 4'=7/" '$&"<"&E$) /+&5'/>&'@ /" 35'&)7+/00 3'=>-1"$", 1&'FG 4"&E <'D9'7/'$&E >5"</)&E &+93+5"&>5G.



68

a0$>/'2 29. T'=01+$&<' <'4G, /+'F-'409'+ 4=) D"3'=/+/0) 1 29 &5>F'35'<'4", 4=) 35'<+4+/0) 0$3G&"/0@ 3'4 4"<=+/0+9.

J/>&5+//0@ 40"9+&5 &5>FG (99)

H')$/+/0) Litres per kilometer – 2'=01+$&<' =0&5'< /" 20='9+&5



69

a>2'<'40&+=E 35'+2&" 4"+& D"2=;10&+=E/'+ 3'4&<+574+/0+ /" 35'0D<+-4+/0+ >2="420. " 50$>/2+ 30 35+4$&"<=+/ 5+2'9+/4>+9G@ 3'5)4'2 4+@-$&<0@.

a0$>/'2 30. a+2'9+/4>+9G+ 250&+500 35'<+4+/0) 0$3G&"/0@ 4"<=+/0+9

H5'$&'+ 0$3G&"/0+ 4"<=+-/0+9

V&"/4"5&/'+ 0$3G&"/0+ 4"<=+-/0+9

`"D" 1 `"D" 2h$3G&"/0+ 4"<=+/0+9 (x 5"F'1++ 4"<=+/0+)

H5'4'=70&+=E/'$&E 0$-3G&"/0)

B+$&'<G@ 2'/&5'=E

f10&G<"&E 3'&+5; 4"<-=+/0) 4':

1.5

2 1"$"

1 1"$ F+D 4'3'=/0&+=E/'@ D"2"120

0.5 F"5/1

1.5 1.3

4 1"$" 4=) 3 1"$" 4=) /"5>7-35)9G- '&5+D2'< /'I' 40"9+&5" 4' 12 1"$'< 4=) &5>F'- 160 99 35'<'4" $ '&<'4'9 6 1"$'< 4=) 160 99

0 <GL+

T"74G+ 2 1"$" $ T"74G@ 1"$ F+D 4'3'=/0&+=E/'@ 4'3'=/0&+=E/'@ D"2"12'@ D"2"120

0.5 F"5/1 4' 0.1 F"5/1

8.20 29K;O9CEAV>> 0??;V>AV>> J;EC;^; Z;IST?DJA

H5'+2&05'<*020 0 >2="41020 <'4'35'<'4/G- =0/0@ 4'=7/G 4+@$&<'<"&E

< $''&<+&$&<00 $ 5+2'9+/4":0)90 3' 5"$35+4+=0&+=E/G9 $0$&+9"9, 5"D-5"F'&"//G+ k$$':0":0+@ <'4/'I' -'D)@$&<". a+2'9+/4":00 35+4$&"<=+-/G < 350='7+/00 6.

8.21 +;FOH, P?DAC;JL9CCH9 O9?DC;T JLA?DM]

f2="42" 0 0$3G&"/0) HJP &5>F'35'<'4/G- =0/0@ 9"520 Dyka 4'=7/G 35'<'40&E$) < $''&<+&$&<00 $ >$&"</G90 /'59"90 9+$&/G- '5I"/'< <="-$&0 0 >$&"/'<=+//G90 /'59"90 &"9, I4+ M&' 3509+/09'.

8.22 $9ZC>N9?K;9 ;7?LPg>JAC>9

J &+-/01+$2'9 '&4+=+ 2'93"/00 Dyka 9'7/' 35'2'/$>=E&05'<"&E$) 3' <'35'$"9 HJP &5>F'35'<'4'<. c" 2'/$>=E&":0+@ 0 3'=>1+/0+9 4'3'=-/0&+=E/'@ 0/8'59":00, < 3+5<>; '1+5+4E, 5+2'9+/4>+&$) 'F5"&0&E$) 2 40$&50FE;&'5>, <<04> &'I', 1&' +9> 0D<+$&/G 9+$&/G+ >$='<0).



70

'F>L;g9C>9 1. "DACEAFDH KAN9?DJA

"DACEAFDH KAN9?DJA, =F>O9CS9OH9 ELS +'_ DFP7;=F;J;ECHZ ?>?-D9O OAFK> Dyka

BS3505 J'4'/"3'5/G+ &5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' 3'=0<0/0=-='504" (HJP) 4=) -'='4/'@ 30&E+<'@ <'4G.

BS3506 V3+:0802":0) 4=) 0$3'=ED'<"/0) HJP &5>F < 35'9GL=+//G- :+=)-.

BS4346 ^"$&E1 T5+3+7/G+ 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0, 0$3'=ED>+9G+ 4=) /"3'5/G- HJP &5>F

-T=+@2" $ 3'9'*E; 5"$&<'50&+=)

BS4346 ^"$&E 2 T5+3+7/G+ 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0, 0$3'=ED>+9G+ 4=) /"3'5/G- HJP &5>F -\+-"/01+$2'+ $'+40/+/0+

WIS 4.31.06 V3+:0802":0) 4=) HJP /"3'5/G- &5>F I'=>F'I' :<+&", $'+40/0&+=E/G+ D"920 0 3'$=+-'F5"D'<"//G+ 0DI0FG 4=) -'='4/'@ 30&E+<'@ <'4G (3'4-D+9/'+ 0$3'=ED'<"/0+).

WIS 4.31.07 V3+:0802":0) 4=) $'+40/0&+=E/G- 4+&"=+@ 0 4'3'=/0&+=E/G- >$&5'@$&< 4=) HJP /"3'5/G- $0$&+9 4=) -'='4/'@ 30&E+<'@ <'4G (3'4D+9/'+ 0$-3'=ED'<"/0+).

IGN 4.31.01 h/8'59":0) 0 5>2'<'4$&<' – HJP &5>F'35'<'4G 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+-&"=0.

IS 123 +3="$&080:05'<"//G+ &5>FG HJP 4=) <'4'35'<'4/G- 9"I0$&5"=+@.

SS 1776 hD4"/0+ 5 "3'5/G+ &5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP 4=) <'4'35'-<'4/G- =0/0@ $ -'='4/G9 <'4'$/"F7+/0+9.

DS 972 "3'5/G+ &5>FG 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' 3'-=0<0/0=-='504" 4=) <'4'$/"F7+/0).

ISO 4422 B5>FG 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0, $4+="//G+ 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' HJP (HJP) 4=) <'4'$/"F7+/0).

ISO 161 B+59'3="$&01+$20+ &5>FG 4=) &5"/$3'5&05'<"/0) 7042'$&+@ – /'90/"=E-/G+ /"5>7/G+ 40"9+&5G 0 /'90/"=E/G+ 3'2"D"&+=0 4"<=+/0).

DIN 19582 "3'5/") &5>F" HJP 4=) <'4'$/"F7+/0).

NEN 7029 HJP &5>F'35'<'4 0 2'==+2&'5G 4=) 2"/"=0D":0'//G- $0$&+9.

NEN 7107 H="$&02'<") /"3'5/") $0$&+9": H5'1/G+ $:+3=);*0+ 9>8&G 4=) >2="420 HJP &5>F'35'<'4" 0 35'<+4+/0) 0$3G&"/0@.

NEN7108 Z&<'4G 4=) /"3'5/'I' HJP &5>F'35'<'4".

BRL K-502 "3'5/G@ &5>F'35'<'4 0D HJP.



71

BRL 2013 `="/:+<G+ 0 5+D0/'<G+ >3='&/0&+=E/G+ 2'=E:" 4=) /"3'5/G- $0$&+9.

KIWA 10 H5'1/G+ $:+3=);*0+ 9>8&G, &03 “AMSTERDAM” 4=) &5>F'35'<'4" 0D HJP.

KIWA 46 f3='&/0&+=E/'+ 2'=E:' 0D F>&"40+/-$&05'=E/'I' 2">1>2", 3509+/)+9'+ < $0$&+9"- &5"/$3'5&05'<"/0) 30&E+<'@ <'4G.

KIWA 49 J'4'35'<'4/G+ &5>FG 0D /+3="$&080:05'<"//'I' 3'=0<0/0=-='504".

KIWA 53 HJP 9>8&G 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0.

KIWA 54 V'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0 HJP /'90/"=E/G9 5"D9+5'9 '& 12 4' 90 99 <2=;10&+=E/'.

KIWA 63 P'9>&'<G+ '3'5G HJP 0 $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 3"&5>F20 4=) 3="$&02'<G- /"3'5/G- $0$&+9.

KIWA 71 H5'1/G+ $:+3=);*0+ 9>8&G 4=) <'4'35'<'4/'@ $0$&+9G HJP.

NBN T42-003 H="$&02'<G+ &5>FG – 'F*0+ &5+F'<"/0)

NBN T42-110 B5>FG HJP 4=) 35'9GL=+//'I' 0$3'=ED'<"/0).

NBN T42-111 B5>F'35'<'4 HJP 4=) 30&E+<'@ <'4G.

NBN T42-603 HJP 9>8&'<G+ $'+40/0&+=E/G+ 4+&"=0 $ M="$&'9+&501+$2090 >3='&-/0&+=E/G90 2'=E:"90 4=) <'4'$/"F7+/0) 3'4 4"<=+/0+9.



72

'F>L;g9C>9 2. 077F9J>ADPFH fA?DM 1 kFF5+<0"&>5"

AFNOR `5"/:>D$2") "$$':0":0) &+-/01+$20- /'59 0 $&"/4"5&'<

ATA k&&+$&":0) &'2$01/'$&0

ASTM k9+502"/$2'+ 'F*+$&<' $3+:0"=0$&'< 3' 0$3G&"/0)9 0 9"&+50"="9

BS U50&"/$20@ $&"/4"5&

BSCP '59G 0 35"<0=" F50&"/$2'I' $&"/4"5&"

CIBS h/$&0&>& 2'99>/"=E/G- >$=>I, V'+40/+//'+ T'5'=+<$&<' (J+=02'F50&"/00 0 V+-<+5/'@ h5="/400).

DIN +9+:20@ 0/$&0&>& $&"/4"5&'<, D"5+I0$&505'<"//'+ 'F*+$&<'

HVCA k$$':0":0) 3' <'35'$"9 '&'3=+/0) 0 <+/&0=):00, V'+40/+//'+ T'5'=+<$&<' (J+-=02'F50&"/00 0 V+<+5/'@ h5="/400).

IEC \+74>/"5'4/") M=+2&5'&+-/01+$2") 2'90$$0)

IMCO \+735"<0&+=E$&<+//") 9'5$2") 2'/$>=E&"&0</") '5I"/0D":0)

ISO \+74>/"5'4/") '5I"/0D":0) 3' $&"/4"5&0D":00

KIWA V&"/4"5& <'4/'I' -'D)@$&<" _'=="/400

NEN _'=="/4$20@ '5I"/ 3' 2'/&5'=; 2"1+$&<"

NFPA ":0'/"=E/") "$$':0":0) 35'&0<'3'7"5/'@ D"*0&G

NFT `5"/:>D$20@ $&"/4"5&

UK V'+40/+//'+ 2'5'=+<$&<' (J+=02'F50&"/00 0 V+<+5/'@ h5="/400).

UNI h&"=E)/$20@ I'$>4"5$&<+//G@ $&"/4"5&

UNIPLAST h&"=E)/$20@ $&"/4"5& 3="$&01+$2'I' 9"&+50"="

UN f/0<+5$"=E/") /'9+/2="&>5"

fA?DM 2)E>C>VH >IO9F9C>S – EL>CA, =L;8AEM > ;7\9O $9 $"/&09+&5

99 90==09+&5

29 20='9+&5

992 90==09+&5 2<"45"&/G@

92 9+&5 2<"45"&/G@

292 20='9+&5 2<"45"&/G@

I" I+2&"5

93 9+&5 2>F01+$20@

= =0&5

5"4 5"40"/

92 9025'/



73

'F>L;g9C>9 3.

29K;O9CEAV>> 0??;V>AV>> J;EC;^; Z;IST?DJA

T50&+500 35'+2&05'<"/0)

a) '<G+ <'4'35'<'4/G+ $+&0 4'=7/G 35'+2&05'<"&E$) $ 90/09"=E/G9 2'=01+$&<'9

I=>-0- 2'/:'<. B"9, I4+ 0- 0$3'=ED'<"/0+ )<=)+&$) /+0DF+7/G9, /+'F-'409' >$&"/'-<0&E >$&5'@$&<" 35'9G<20.

b) Z&$+20 4=) <+/&0=+@, 0D9+50&+=E/G- 350F'5'<, <'4'5"DF'5/G- 25"/'< 0, '$'F+//' <'D4>L/G- <+/&0=+@, 4'=7/G FG&E &*"&+=E/' $3="/05'<"/G. B"9, I4+ M&' <'D9'7/',$=+4>+& >$&"/'<0&E <'4'$&'20 4=) &'I', 1&'FG 0DF+7"&E /"2'3=+/0) D"I5)D/+//'@ <'-4G. h- $=+4>+& 5"$3'="I"&E < &"20- 9+$&"-, I4+ 50$2 /+F="I'350)&/'I' D"I=>F=+/0) 90/09"=+/.

b) J'D4>L/G+ 2="3"/G 4'=7/G /"-'40&E$) <GL+ &'I' >5'</), /" 2'&'5G@ 9'7+& 3'4-/)&E$) <'4" < '&$+2+, 4=) &'I', 1&'FG 90/090D05'<"&E <'D9'7/'$&E 3'3"4"/0) 1+5+D /0- <$)2'I' 5'4" /+7+="&+=E/G- 3509+$+@.

'<G+ <'4'35'<'4/G+ $+&0

a) B5>FG 4=) /'<G- <'4'35'<'4/G- $+&+@ 4'=7/G -5"/0&E$) < I0I0+/01+$20 F="I'350)&-/G- >$='<0)-. +'F-'409' 350/)&E <$+ 9+5G, 1&'FG /+ 4'3>$&0&E 3'3"4"/0) 3"5"D0-&05>;*0- <5+40&+=+@, 9>$'5" 0 I5)D/'@ <'4G. O' '2'/1"/0) >$&"/'<20 &5>F'35'<'4" 2'/:G &5>F 4'=7/G FG&E >25G&G.

H+5+4 <<'4'9 < M2$3=>"&":0; &5>F'35'<'4 $=+4>+& '10$&0&E 0 35'4+D0/80:05'<"&E._5)DE 0 9>$'5 >F05";&$) $ 3'9'*E; 35'9G<20. a0$2 9025'F0'='I01+$2'I' D"I5)D/+-/0) /" $&G2"- 9'7/' $'25"&0&E, +$=0 35+4<"50&+=E/' /"3'=/0&E &5>F'35'<'4 <'4'@ $ $'4+57"/0+9 $<'F'4/'I' -='5" < 2'=01+$&<+ 20 9I/=. R$=0 35'9G<'1/") <'4" )<=)+&-

$) 10$&'@, &' &5>F'35'<'4 $=+4>+& /"3'=/0&E <'4'@ $ $'4+57"/0+9 $<'F'4/'I' -='5" < 2'=01+$&<+ 20 9I/= 0 '$&"<0&E /" 24 1"$", 1&'FG 4"&E <'D9'7/'$&E <'4'35'<'4/'@ <'4+ 3'=/'$&E; D"9+$&0&E -='505'<"//>; <'4>. J 3'$=+4>;*0+ 24 1"$" /+'F-'409' <D)&E 'F5"D:G 0D /+$2'=E20- &'1+2 <4'=E 0 3' 25")9 &5>FG 4=) F"2&+50'='I01+$2'I' "/"=0D".

b) '<G@ &5>F'35'<'4 9'7+& FG&E <<+4+/ < M2$3=>"&":0; < &'9 $=>1"+, +$=0 <' <$+- 'F-5"D:"- /+ FG=' 'F/"5>7+/' 20L+1/'@ 3"='120 0 3'$=+ &'I', 2"2 $'4+5709'+ &5>F'35'-<'4" FG=' >$3+L/' 35'&+$&05'<"/' /" <2>$'<G+ 2"1+$&<", D"3"- 0 </+L/0@ <04. J$+ /'<G+ <'4'35'<'4/G+ >$&"/'<20 3+5+4 M2$3=>"&":0+@ 4'=7/G 35'9G<"&E$). J$+ &5>-FG 4=) FG&'<'I' 'F$=>70<"/0) 4'=7/G FG&E 35'4+D0/80:05'<"/G, < $=>1"+ +$=0 +$&E $'9/+/0) < '&/'L+/00 10$&'&G &5>F'35'<'4".

c) H'$=+ 'F/'<=+/0) </>&5+//+@ 3'<+5-/'$&0 &5>F'35'<'4'<, 0- $=+4>+& 5"$$9"&50<"&E 2"2 /'<G+ &5>F'35'<'4/G+ $+&0.

ZF/'<=+//G+ &5>F'35'<'4/G+ $+&0

a) O' /"1"=" <'4'$/"F7+/0) &5>F'35'<'4/G+ $+&0, 2'&'5G+ 3'4=+7"=0 <'$$&"/'<=+/0;,$=+4>+& 35'9G&E 0 35'4+D0/80:05'<"&E, 2"2 0 < $=>1"+ $ '&5+9'/&05'<"//G90 &5>F'-35'<'4/G90 $+&)90.

b) ZF/'<=+/0+ &5>F'35'<'4/G- $+&+@ 4'=7/' 35'<'40&E$) &'=E2' /" 'I5"/01+//'9 >1"-

$&2+ 0 $3+:0"=0$&"90 L05'2'I' 35'80=).



74

'F>L;g9C>9 6.

Z&5+9'/&05'<"//G+ &5>F'35'<'4/G+ $+&0

a) R$=0 &5>F'35'<'4/") $+&E 9'7+& FG&E '&5+9'/&05'<"/" F+D 5+D20, &' >1"$&'2 , 2'&'-5G@ 3'4=+70& 5+9'/&>, " &"27+ <'$$&"/'<=+//G@ -'9>&, /+'F-'409' 3'10$&0&E 0 35'-

4+D0/80:05'<"&E -='5/G9 5"$&<'5'9 $ 5"$1+&'9 1000 9I/=. H'$=+ 35'9G<20 &5>F'-35'<'4" /+'F-'409' <D)&E 'F5"D:G 4=) F"2&+50'='I01+$2'I' "/"=0D". c"&+9 &5>F'-35'<'4/") =0/0) 9'7+& FG&E <<+4+/" < M2$3=>"&":0;.

b) R$=0 350 5+9'/&+ 0$3'=ED>+&$) 5+D2" &5>F'35'<'4", &' /+'F-'409' 3'D"F'&0&E$) ' &'9, 1&'FG /+ 4'3>$&0&E +I' D"I5)D/+/0). H' <'D9'7/'$&0 &5>F'35'<'4 /+ 4'=7+/ FG&E 3'=G9 /07+ >5'</) /"45+D", 3'2" '/ >)D<09 0 &5"/L+) $>-"). H50 5+9'/&/G- 5"F'&"- /+'F-'409' 3'D"F'&0&E$) ' 4'$&"&'1/'9 2'=01+$&<+ /"$'$'<, 1&'FG 35+4'&-<5"&0&E '5'L+/0+.

R$=0 &"2'<'+ <'D9'7/', &' 2'/+1/") 4+D0/8+2:0) 35'<'40&$) &"209 7+ 3>&+9, 2"2 0 4=) /'<G- &5>F'35'<'4/G- =0/0@, '4/"2' 3+50'4 <D"09'4+@$&<0) $'25"*"+&$) 4'

4<>- 1"$'< 0=0 3'=>1"$" 350 0$3'=ED'<"/00 $<'F'4/'I' -='5" $ 5"$1+&'9 50 9I/=.

J $=>1")-, 2'I4" M&' /+350+9=+9', <$+ 3'<+5-/'$&0, 2'&'5G+ 2'/&"2&05>;& $ 30&E+<'@ <'4'@, 4'=7/G FG&E 35'4+D0/80:05'<"/G 5"$&<'5'9 $ $'4+57"/0+9 -='5" 100 9I/=.J' <$+- $=>1")- &5>F'35'<'4/G+ =0/00 4'=7/G FG&E 35'9G&G, 3'$=+ 1+I' <D)&G 'F-5"D:G 4=) 9025'F0'='I01+$2'I' "/"=0D". c"&+9 &5>F'35'<'4/") =0/0) 9'7+& FG&E <<+4+/" < M2$3=>"&":0;.

c) R$=0, /+$9'&5) /" 9+5G 35+4'$&'5'7/'$&0, D/"10&+=E/'+ 2'=01+$&<' I5)D/'@ <'4G 35'/02=' < &5>F>, &' /+'F-'409' 35'<+$&0 3'=/>; 35':+4>5> '10$&20, <2=;1") 35+4-<"50&+=E/>; '10$&2>, 35'9G<2> 0 2'/+1/>; 4+D0/8+2:0;.

d) H'=/'+ 0D'=05'<"/0+, 35':+4>5G '10$&20 0 4+D0/8+2:00 4'=7/G 35'<'40&E$) < &+- $=>1")-, +$=0 $&'1/G+ <'4G 0D 3'<5+74+//'@ $&'1/'@ &5>FG 9'I=0 3'3"$&E < &5>F'-35'<'4/G+ =0/00. X&' 35+4$&"<=)+& $'F'@ '3"$/G@ 50$2 D"I5)D/+/0), 3'M&'9> ' 3'-4'F/G- 0/:04+/&"- /+'F-'409' $''F*"&E 5>2'<'4$&<> 2'93"/00 <'4'$/"F7+/0). B5>-F'35'<'4/") =0/0) /+ 4'=7/" <<'40&E$) < M2$3=>"&":0; 4' &+- 3'5, 3'2" /+ F>4>& 3'-=>1+/G 5+D>=E&"&G F"2&+50'='I01+$2'I' "/"=0D".

e) H'&5+F0&+=0 4'=7/G FG&E 35+4>35+74+/G ' &'9, 1&' /+=ED) 0$3'=ED'<"&E <'4>, <' <5+9) 35'<+4+/0) 35':+4>5G 4+D0/8+2:00.

f) a+9'/& &5>F'35'<'4/G- $+&+@ 4'=7+/ 35'<'40&E$) &'=E2' /" 'I5"/01+//'9 >1"$&2+ 0 $3+:0"=0$&"90 L05'2'I' 35'80=).

+0$3'=ED>+9G+ &5>F'35'<'4/G+ =0/00

a) a"F'10@ &5>F'35'<'4 4'=7+/ FG&E '&4+=+/ '& /+0$3'=ED>+9'I' &5>F'35'<'4". +0$-3'=ED>+9G@ &5>F'35'<'4 0=0 >$&"/'<2" /+ 4'=7/G FG&E 0D'=05'<"/G $ 3'9'*E; <+/-&0=) 0=0 D"4<0720. R$=0 D"4<0720 /" &5'@/02"- /+ $/09";&$), &' 0- $=+4>+& D"I=>-L0&E. a"$35+4+=0&+=E/G+ &5>F'35'<'4G, 2'&'5G+ F'=EL+ /+ F>4>& M2$3=>"&05'<"&E-$), $=+4>+& '&$'+40/0&E '& I="</'I' <'4'35'<'4".

b) +'F-'409' >F5"&E /+0$3'=ED>+9G+ <+/&0=0 0 D"4<0720, " &"27+ $&+57/+<G+ 2="3"/G

0 /"3'5/G+ /"2'/+1/020, $9'&5'<G+ 2'='4:G, &"F=0120 0 $&'@20.



75

V=>1"0 D"I5)D/+/0)

H5+4350)&0) <'4'$/"F7+/0) 4'=7/G >$&"/"<=0<"&E 35':+4>5G 5"$$9'&5+/0) 0/:04+/&'<,$<)D"//G- $ D"I5)D/+/0+9 5"$35+4+=0&+=E/G- $0$&+9. a>2'<'4$&<' 3' <'35'$"9 9025'F0'='-I01+$2'I' D"I5)D/+/0) $0$&+9 <'4'$/"F7+/0) (WAA 1985) <2=;1"+& <"7/G+ 5+2'9+/4":00.

Documents

Dyka техническое описание