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E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators
Nature of Code / ITPOctober 2, 2006
Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh,
Roy Vanegas
Electronic Warfare
Electronic Warfare
• “…is the use of the electromagnetic spectrum to deny its use by an adversary.” -wikipedia.org
Electronic Warfare
• “…is the use of the electromagnetic spectrum to deny its use by an adversary.” -wikipedia.org
• Employs technology to interfere or jam an adversary’s communications system
Electromagnetic Bombs, or E-Bombs
Electromagnetic Bombs, or E-Bombs
• A form of electronic warfare
Electromagnetic Bombs, or E-Bombs
• A form of electronic warfare• Employs electromagnetic force, one of the
four fundamental forces
The Vircator
• Virtual Cathode Oscillator
The Vircator
• Virtual Cathode Oscillator• Most popular of the various HPM, or high-
powered microwave, devices
The Vircator
• Virtual Cathode Oscillator• Most popular of the various HPM, or high-
powered microwave, devices• Vacuum tube
The Vircator Deployed in a Bomb
• Wide “lethal” range
The Vircator Deployed in a Bomb
• Wide “lethal” range• Its electromagnetic pulse can be generated without the need for a nuclear explosion
The Vircator Deployed in a Bomb
• Has the ability to render useless any electronic equipment exposed to its pulse
Defending Against The Vircator And Other HPM Devices
• The Faraday cage
Defending Against The Vircator And Other HPM Devices
• The Faraday cage• Prevents the electromagnetic field from
gaining access to protected equipment
Vulnerability of The Faraday Cage
• Protected equipment must be linked with the outside world: data and power
Vulnerability of The Faraday Cage
• Protected equipment must be linked with the outside world: data and power
• Data: fiber optics; power: ongoing problem
Gravity
Newtonian Gravity
Gravitational Attraction of the Earth
• Object with weight fall down to the Earth• Reason for the existence of the Earth, the Sun,
and other celestial bodies• Responsible for keeping the orbits for planets
Newton’s Law of Gravitation
• F = the magnitude of the gravitational force between the two point masses
• G = the gravitational constant• m1 = the mass of the first point mass• m2 = the mass of the second point mass• r = the distance between the two point masses
• The closer the object is to the Earth, the stronger the gravity is.
Object Falling Down
An example of a sports using gravity and acceleration
Problems with Newtonian gravity
• Describes gravity as an instantaneous force (violates speed of light)
• Difference between predicted behaviour and experimental observation of precession of Mercury’s orbit
General Relativity
• Published by Einstein in 1915
• Gravitation is not a force but curvature of spacetime
Spacetime
• Matter determines how space curves
• Curved space determines how matter moves.
Spacetime
• 4-dimensional combination of 3D space + time
• Curvature produced by mass, energy and momentum
• Can’t think of time as independent from space and motion
Some predicted effects
• Gravitational time dilation– Time runs slower in a deep gravity well– Confirmed by experiment
• Gravitational lensing– Light bends in gravity well
More predicted effects
• Expansion of the universe– Einstein didn’t believe,added “cosmological
constant” fudge factor (similar to previous factors added to Newtonian gravity)
– Later confirmed by Edwin Hubble!
• Black Holes- Einstein didn’t believe in them
Status
• Passes experimental tests given to it
• More advanced tests in progress
• Black holes still feel problematic
• Doesn’t talk about quantum effects
• Best so far but there will be better!
Loop Quantum Gravity
Quantum Mechanics
• Study of the very small
• Matter and energy quantized
• Discrete packets – “quanta”
The Problem
• Nothing about the structure of matter
• Nothing about how gravity is generated
• Global not local• Black holes, the big
bang
Loop Quantum Gravity
• Attempts to reconciles QM, GR• Alternative to string theory• Quantum space is granular, 10-35 meters • Spacetime links connecting these chunks
Loops
• Links form braided loops
• Loops are elementary particles
Twists determine charge
• Each twist 1/3 electron charge
• Clockwise negative
• Counter-clockwise positive
• Electron 3 clockwise twists
• Positron complement
The Universe
• Turbulent, fluctuates 10-44 seconds
• A giant quantum computer
• The chunks are qubits• Qubits preserve
braids
Space does not exist
• Space is a web of information
• Humans are mere tangles
• No fundamental building blocks
• Matter emerges as network of relationships
• Loops not in space, loops are space
• Requires new quantum theory without background
Particle Ac c e l e r a t o r
Generally relate to the weak and strong nuclear and electromagnetic interactions.
1. Generate and accelerate sub-atomic particles close (>99.99999%) to the speed of light
2. Smash them into fixed targets or other particles to generate significant energy densities
3. Gather data about which particles were generated
4. Optional - repeat experiment, shooting G.I. Joe’s with particles
Interactions table
particlesaksdfjhalsd
Types of Accelerators
Argonne National Laboratory, near Chicago, Illinois
Linac, Cyclotron, Storage Ring, and Experiment Halls
Hydrogen Bubble Chamber
LEP at CERN
OPAL Calorimeter
DELPHI TPC
Muon Detector
Experiment Conditions
• Gravity acting on experiments– Times of day– Seasons– Times of day #2
• Mass in volts! – E=mc2
• an electron and a positron, each with a mass of 0.511 MeV/c2, can annihilate to yield 1.022 MeV of energy.
• 1 GeV/c2 = 1.783×1027 kg• Concrete
– 0.2mm change• Electricity
– Advanced Photon Source at Argonne requires ~18 megawatts of electrical power
Experiment Findings• The energy density attained at LEP corresponds to a temperature of one trillion
degrees, 1015K– Universe took only a tenth of a billionth of a second, 1010s, to "cool" to this
temperature
• Evolution of the Universe since 1043 seconds after it began – Particles of matter and antimatter
• Existed in equal amounts• Constantly annihilating to produce radiation and being recreated from that
radiation. • Universe was opaque
• All the fixin’s for a Blackhole– Not possible due to Hawking Radiation (??)– Cosmic Rays
Serious Names• Microtron• Advanced Photon Source• Spallation Neutron Source• Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider• Super Photon Ring
• Cyclotron• Synchrotron• Synchrocyclotron• Betatron • Bevatron
1940 University of Illinois accelerator naming contest entries:• Inductron• Rheotron• Ausserordentlichhochgeschwindigkeitelektronenentwickelndenschwerarbeitsbeigollitron
(German for "extraordinarily high-speed electron generator, hard work by golly-tron”)• Bevatron
E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators
Q & A
References – E-Bomb• http://science.howstuffworks.com/e-bomb1.htm• http://www.globalsecurity.org• http://www.wikipedia.org• http://www.answers.com• http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html• The Economist, 30 January 2003• The Electrical Nature of Storms, Donald MacGorman and W David Rust
Names – Loop Quantum Gravity
• Abhay Ashtekar http://cgpg.gravity.psu.edu• Lee Smolin http://www.qgravity.org/• Carlo Rovelli http://www.cpt.univ-mrs.fr/~rovelli/• Sundance Bilson-Thompson • Fotini Markopoulou• David Kribs http://www.uoguelph.ca/~dkribs/
References – Particle Accelator• http://particleadventure.org/particleadventure/index.html• http://keyhole.web.cern.ch/keyhole//main/Main_Screen.html• http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/accelerator_list.html• http://www.aps.anl.gov/About/APS_Overview/index.html• http://pdg.lbl.gov/fireworks/intro_eng.swf• http://www.cerncourier.com/main/article/44/9/22• http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Electron_Positron• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeV
E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators
Nature of Code / ITPOctober 2, 2006
Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh,
Roy Vanegas