E-book Invasive Species

E-book

Invasive Species

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In the course of the International Comenius project " Invasive species- nature richness

or damage" a considerable amount of research material on invasive alien species was

gathered by the Estonian, Polish, Spanish, Italian and Turkish students.

Based on this research material this e-book was compiled which gives description and

deals with the subject of invasiveness, distribution paths and maps of invasive alien

species as well as the methods applied to fight against these species.

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Table of Contents Invasive Species ........................................................................................................... 4

Schools ......................................................................................................................... 5 Estonia ................................................................................................................................... 5 Poland ................................................................................................................................... 7 Turkey ................................................................................................................................... 9 Italy ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Spain ................................................................................................................................... 13

Estonia’s chosen species: ........................................................................................... 15

Poland’s chosen species: ............................................................................................ 16

Turkey’s chosen species: ........................................................................................... 17

Italy’s chosen species: ................................................................................................ 18

Invasive species ......................................................................................................... 20 American mink .................................................................................................................... 21 American Pekin duck .......................................................................................................... 23 Black slug ............................................................................................................................ 25 Blue crab ............................................................................................................................. 28 Brown rat ............................................................................................................................ 30 Canada goldenrod ............................................................................................................... 33 Colorado potato beetle ........................................................................................................ 35 Giant reed ............................................................................................................................ 38 Hungarian wild boar ........................................................................................................... 40 Indian meal moth ................................................................................................................ 42 Monk parakeet .................................................................................................................... 44 Mosquito fish ...................................................................................................................... 46 Nutria .................................................................................................................................. 49 Red-eared slider .................................................................................................................. 52 Red palm weevil ................................................................................................................. 55 Red swamp crayfish ............................................................................................................ 58 Round goby ......................................................................................................................... 61 Sosnowsky's hogweed ......................................................................................................... 63 Tiger mosquito .................................................................................................................... 66 Tree of heaven ..................................................................................................................... 69

Petition to the European Parliament .......................................................................... 73

Materials .................................................................................................................... 75

Gallery ........................................................................................................................ 76

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Invasive Species

Invasive species can be: Plants, fish, insects, mammals, birds, and even

microorganisms.

Invasive species are organisms that have been brought from outside of their native

range and have had a negative impact on their new surroundings. They will likely

cause economic harm, environmental harm, and even harm on human health.

The term "invasive"; is used for the most aggressive species.

These species grow and reproduce rapidly, causing major disturbance to the areas in

which they are present.

Invasive species often compete so successfully in new ecosystems that they displace

native species and disrupt important ecosystem processes.

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Schools

Estonia

Pärnu Koidula Gümnaasium

Motto:

To study or not to study. It Is an option.

Koidula School is the best place for the ones who choose studying.

Pärnu Koidula Gymnasium is located in a town called Pärnu, which has a rich history

and attractive presence, where it is a pleasure to live, a perfect place to relax and good

to work. It also boasts a 175-year-old resort. Its population is around 43 000.

Pärnu Koidula Gymnasium is a school with its history dating back to 1753, whose

orientation has always been to give comprehensive education in science subjects.

The reorganization of school structure in Pärnu, launched in September 2014, has

brought about considerable changes resulting in separating middle schools from

secondary ones, with Pärnu Koidula Gymnasium becoming the only secondary

(gymnasium) school providing natural sciences and sciences oriented education in

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Pärnu. From September 1st 2015 Pärnu Koidula Gymnasium becomes a state

gymnasium offering the most contemporary study facilities in the whole Pärnu district.

The school's mission is to allow students to acquire academic-oriented high quality

secondary education facilitating them to continue studies in any higher educational

establishments. The vision of the school is to be the most modern school in Estonia,

where competence, cooperation as well as academic and innovative approach are held

in high regard. The school staffs 30 teachers and it has 500 students, all of whom have

chosen a study direction according to their respective interest.

• Mathematics-physics study direction offers in-depth study in mathematics,

physics and informatics.

• Sciences study direction prepares students for academic or applied engineering

and technology studies in Estonian or foreign universities; also provides modern

communication skills.

• Natural sciences study direction offers extra courses in chemistry and biology

with in-depth focus on medicine and environmental studies

• European study direction helps students to prepare for academic or applied arts

studies as well as social studies in both Estonian and foreign universities.

• Enterprise study direction mostly focuses on providing knowledge on

establishing student-run firms along with offering basics in economics and enterprise

studies.

The school holds in high regard various traditional events, such as Teacher's Day, The

School's Anniversary celebrations, The Freshers' Initiation tradition, The song contest,

KOKOKO- The Koidula School's Students' Conference, etc. The school has

participated in various international Comenius projects, which, so far, have been

related to natural and environmental studies.

Pärnu Koidula Gümnaasium

Address: Metsa 21, 80010 Pärnu

www.koidulag.edu.ee

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Poland Gimnazjum im. Jana Pawła II w Bedlnie

The Secondary School in Bedlno began its activity on 1. September 1999. On 18. May

2006 the school took name after John Paul II. The school banner was founded by the

Council of

Bedlno, and the parents. Its consecration was performed by Bishop J. Zawitkowski. In

the years 1999-2012 the school was administrated by mgr inż. Jadwiga Gajewska.

Currently it is managed by mgr Ewa Kowalska. The school creates respect for the

common wealth of the local and national community, teaches patriotism and widely

understood tolerance, and shapes moral sensitivity. In order to popularize the figure of

the patron in our school and local environment we organize such celebrations as the

Papal Day, the School Day on the anniversary of the election of Karol Wojtyła for the

Pope, etc. Representatives of the school with the flagship troop participate in

pilgrimages of the family of schools named after John Paul II to Częstochowa.

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We are involved in many projects financed by the EU, e.g. the Comenius Programme,

the Development Projects of Bedlno Community Schools, and The School of Dreams,

within which we carried the programme “Swim out to Depths”. Taking part in the

programme, pupils learned the message delivered by our great countryman. At present

we are participating in the COMENIUS programme and in the project WFOŚiGW in

Łódź

- Arranging the Teaching Garden.

Our students participate in different competitions, the Olympics and sport

tournaments, achieving high positions. There are numerous organizations in our

school: SKLOP, PCK, SU, ZHP, Caritas. Educational and tourist trips are often

offered. So far the students have visited: Spain, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece, France,

Estonia, Turkey, Italy.

We have got 168 students at the moment and 17 teachers. We are comprehensive

school. We teach subjects like: Math, Polish, English, German, Science, Biology,

Technology, PE, Information Technology, Art, Physics, Religion, History,

Geography. Our students are between 12-15 years old.

Gimnazjum im. Jana Pawła II w Bedlnie

Bedlno 31A, 99-311 Bedlno

www.gimbedlno.pl

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Turkey Iğdır Anadolu Lisesi

Iğdır Anadolu Lisesi is situated in Iğdır in the northeastern part of Turkey. As many

other instutions in Iğdır, our school adopted the image of mount Ararat as its logo.

Iğdır Anadolu Lisesi is just in the city center next to the national directorate of

education. The school started in 1965. During the first years, it served as a pre-

secondary school. After years passed, it turned into a general secondary school.

Foreign Language based teaching direction started during 1995/1996 period and gave

the last graduees during 2007/2008 educational period. And as it did at many other

sports activity, IAL(Iğdır Anadolu Lisesi) witnessed being world’s best at folk dances

in Djonne, France in 1992. Still while both struggling some impossibilities, IAL

continues to attend sports events and win cups.

The vision of our school is to enhance and guide the students with their correct

answers instead of focusing on the mistakes, rewarding their success and positive

behaviors, applying structure-based approach instead of rote-learning approach;

helping them acquire lifelong absorptions and raising the individuals dependent on the

reforms and principles of Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK.

The mission of Iğdır Anadolu Lisesi is to help all our students learn, help them

develop their knowledge of the World, help them grow as self-confident individuals,

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help them improve skills needed to strive in the 21st cdentury. Since the last two years,

our school has been through the transition from double-shifting schooling to daylong

schooling. And now we have 43 teachers, 16 classrooms and 992 students.

The learning directions are equally-weighted direction; social sciences;

Scientific-Mathematical direciton; and also once language based direction. Now in

Turkey, as the system is changing each secondary school has its own study direction

like science schools, social science schools, arts and sports schools etc.

http://mebk12.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/76/01/278810/

Telephone: +90 04762276924

Fax: +90 04762263882

Address: Söğütlü Mah. İrfan Caddesi No26 MERKEZ/IĞDIR

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Italy Liceo Scientifico "Giuseppe Tarantino"

Liceo Scientifico "Giuseppe Tarantino" is located in Gravina in Puglia (BA) Italy. It

is named after the philosopher Giuseppe Tarantino born in Gravina in 1857 . He was

Rector at the University of Pisa, Italy and he helped introduce American and European

philosophy to the Italian educational system. The school was established in 1969 and

it has made a lot of efforts since the beginning to meet the needs of the community.

That is why it counts an ever increasing number of pupils.

The school is located in a comfortable and large building, it has very good facilities :

large classrooms, an indoor gym, science, physics, language and computer labs.

The school plays an important role in the local area, ensuring the success of all young

learners and welcoming students from abroad. It also promotes cultural events open to

the community, acts as a key centre of information and education, organizing

conferences jointly with the Local Authorities and cultural associations. The school

gives to the young generation the chance to consolidate their basic cultural and social

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skills, to record what they learn in order to be prepared either for university study or

for work life.

Today the school offers 5 courses : Scientific, Classical, Linguistic, IT and scientific,

Musical

The total number of students is 1200 , the teachers are 110.

As partners in this project we intend to involve as many students and teachers as

possible in order to draw their attention on this topical issue, driving them to research

and discover the richness and uniqueness of our surrounding area, Alta Murgia

National Park and Gravina Wood, raising awareness of the looming risks caused by

the indiscriminate invasion of exotic species nowadays and in past periods as well.

Through this European partnership the school and the community can develop their

cultural growth and knowledge of other European realities, thanks to the benefits

derived from shared experiences and mutual educational exchanges.

Our school is going to contribute to the partnership, proceeding according to the

following strategies:

• Promoting and developing a culture of environmental care and protection;

• Contrasting the existing indifferent attitude towards our surroundings ;

• Giving the opportunity to students, parents, teachers and school staff to get in touch with European cultures, to find answers to common needs and develop common methods for the solution of problems;

• Favouring the knowledge of our culture, customs and languages in different European schools;

• Developing a common Environmental Agenda with the aim of motivating students

to offer personal contribution as active individuals in view of a real enactment of the

European Citizenship through the development of civic skills.

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Spain INS Joan Mercader

The school is called INS Joan Mercader. Joan Mercader was a famous local historian.

That´s why the school was named after him. It is a public High School situated in the

center of Igualada, a small industrial town in the central part of Catalonia. Igualada

has got 40.000 inhabitants approximately.

Students have different socioeconomic origins, yet there are some of them who come

from humble families. There are 62 teachers and over 600 students ,ages ranging from

12 to 18. Youngest students are 12 and when they finish ESO they are 16. That is

compulsory for everyone!

At Joan Mercader High School students can study ESO , that is “Educació Secundària

Obligatòria”, which means Compulsory Secondary Education.

And after that, it is possible to study batxillerat, ( non-compulsary studies after the

ESO ). Batxillerat lasts for two years and there are different branches: science,

technology, humanities, social studies and art. There are compulsory subjects such as:

Catalan language and literature, Spanish language and literature, English language,PE,

Philosophy, Science for public understanding, Tutorial Session.

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There are optional subjects depending on the type of batxillerat the students have

chosen: Scenic Arts, Audiovisual Culture, Musical Analysis and Graphic –plastic

Techniques, History, Latin, Universal Literature and Spanish Literature, Biology,

Mathematics, Chemistry and Physics.

The school is the only state school in the area where students can study art, music and

dancing.

The school has already taken part in Comenius projects within the European Union

framework. During the school years 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 with the project called

“ Nature and Culture ” together with a school in France, one in Germany, one in

Denmark and one in Rumania. And during the school years 2005/2006 , 2006/ 2007

and 2007/ 2008 our school has been the coordinating school for the project “Don

Quixote travels throughout the Comenius territory ”.The schools which took part in

this project were schools from France, Germany and Denmark. And at the moment

school is carrying out two Comenius projects. One is about the ecological footprint

and our partners are The Netherlands, Norway, Germany and France. And the other

one is about invasive alien species with schools from Estonia, Turkey, Poland and

Italy.

Moreover, the school have pupil exchanges with Germany and France every year. The

purpose of an exchange is multifaceted. The most obvious aim is to increase the

motivation, capacity and confidence of pupils to communicate in other European

languages. The exchange experience certainly gives the participants the opportunity to

use the foreign language in an authentic setting; but also significant for the “visiting”

exchange is the intercultural experience through living in another country, preferably

within the domestic culture of a family.

C/ Sant Vicenç, 27

08700 Igualada ( Barcelona ) Spain

http://www.xtec.cat/centres/a8047364/

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Estonia’s chosen species:

1. Mustela vison - American mink

2. Leptinotarsa decemlineata - Colorado potato beetle

3. Plodia interpunctella - Indian meal moth

4. Neogobius melanostomus - Round goby

5. Heracleum sosnowskyi - Sosnowsky's hogweed

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Poland’s chosen species:

1. Limax cinereoniger - Black slug

2. Rattus norvegicus - Brown rat

3. Solidago Canadensis - Canada goldenrod


5. Heracleum sosnowskyi - Sosnowsky's hogweed

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Turkey’s chosen species:

1. Anas Platyrhynchos Domestica - American Pekin Duck


3. Gambusia Affinis - Mosquito fish

4. Myocastor Coypus - River rat

5. Ailanthus Altissima - Tree of Heaven

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Italy’s chosen species:

1. Callinectes Sapidus - Blue crab

2. Sus Scrofa Linnaeus - Hungarian wild boar

3. Myiopsitta monacus - Monk parakeet

4. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus - Red palm weevil

5. Ailanthus Altissima - Tree of Heaven

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Spain’s chosen species:

1. Arundo donax – Giant reed

2. Myiopsitta monachus - Monk Parakeet

3. Trachemys scripta elegans - Red-eared slider

4. Procambarus clarkii - Red swamp crayfish

5. Aedes albopictus - Tiger Mosquito

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Invasive species

1. American mink

2. American Pekin duck

3. Black slug

4. Blue crab

5. Brown rat

6. Canada goldenrod

7. Colorado potato beetle

8. Giant reed

9. Hungarian wild boar

10. Indian meal moth

11. Monk parakeet

12. Mosquito fish

13. Nutria

14. Red-eared slider

15. Red palm weevil

16. Red swamp crayfish

17. Round goby

18. Sosnowsky’s hogweed

19. Tiger mosquito

20. Tree of heaven

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American mink The species was examined by Estonia where it is called Ameerika naarits.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Mustela vison

- Family: Mustelidae

- Order: Carnivora

2. Description

http://www.animalspot.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/american-mink-facts.jpg

The American mink has a long body, and a streamlined shape, which helps to reduce

water resistance while swimming. The American mink is similar in build to the

European mink, but the tail is longer. The American mink's winter fur is denser, longer,

softer, and more close-fitting than that of the European mink. The American mink

relies heavily on sight when foraging. Its eyesight is clearer on land than underwater.

The American mink usually has 4-9 cubs.

The American mink replaces the European mink by killing them wherever their ranges

overlap. Mink prey on water birds, small mammals and fish. The American mink often

carries light tick and flea infestations.

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3. Distribution map

http://www.europe-aliens.org/speciesFactsheet.do?speciesId=52880

They mostly spread in Northern and Middle Europe, also they can be found on Iceland,

in Britain, France, Spain, Italy, Macedonia and Serbia.

4. Pathways

Mink originally come from North America, however, in Estonia it was first seen in

the 60s. Today, American mink are alien species which are spread all over Europe.

5. Spreading prevention methods and measures

Physical Control: Live-trap and shooting, kill-trapping, snares and use of dogs.

Biological Control: Native predators may assist in mink control (e.g. European otter,

European polecat).

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American Pekin duck The species was examined by Turkey where it is called Pekin Ördeği.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Anas Platyrhynchos Domestica

- Family: Anatidae

- Order: Anseriformes

2. Description

I'm

The Pekin duck, is a breed of domestic duck used primarily for egg

and meat production. It was bred from the Mallard in China. Fully mature adult Pekin

ducks weigh between 3.6 and 5 kilograms in captivity. Their average lifespan is about

9 to 12 years. Their external feathers are white, sometimes with a yellowish tinge.

They have orange bills and orange legs. An adult Pekin will lay an average of 200 eggs

per year, their reproduction is pretty high. The problem is that people prefer this duck

and quit breeding other ducks. This problem causes the loss of native species. The

problem does not only have the ecological dimension but health as well. During the

year’s avian flu, it was noted that this duck spreads the virus and while it resist the

virus other birds die. Even people were affected by the virus all over the World.

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3. Distribution map

http://f.tqn.com/y/birding/1/S/i/L/-/-/Mallard.jpg

From this map, it is possible to see the range of the distribution area.

4. Pathways

A small number of ducks were imported to Oceania from China and from there to Long

Island in 1873. They came to Turkey in 1874.


The most effective way to control the spread of the species is to use them less in

agriculture and eradicate some animals in case of a serious outbreak.

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Black slug The species was examined by Poland where it is called Pomrów czarniawy.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Limax cinereoniger

- Family: Limacidae

- Order: Limacoidea

2. Description

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Limax_cinereoniger.jpg

The size of the slug varies from 10 to 15 cm. Maturity is reached at about 2.5 cm. The

color of the black slug is generally deep black, but the coloration is very variable and

this slug can even be white. The slug covers itself in a thick foul-tasting mucus which

serves as both protection against predators as well as a measure to keep moist. It is

somewhat difficult to wash off. It can be found in thickets, forests, parks, gardens, but

also close to home, plastic tunnels and greenhouses. The number of the black slug is

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rising. Because of the black slug, our native snail species are dying. It is very harmful

to crops, farmers are trying to fight it.

3. Spreading map

The black slug species is a relatively new inhabitant in Poland.

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http://www.discoverlife.org/nh/maps/Mollusca/Gastropoda/Pulmonata/Limacidae/Limax/map_of_Limax_cinereo

niger.jpg

It spreads mostly in the Northern, South-East and South-West Europe.

4. Pathways

The slug originates from the South-West Europe.


The population of black slug should be limited by using natural enemies. The

destruction of their shelters and drying areas near crops is also useful.

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Blue crab The species was examined by Italy, where it is called Granchio blu.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Callinectes Sapidus

- Family: Portunidae

- Order: Decapoda

2. Description

The Blue Crab is an omnivorous animal and since it was introduced in our seas, it has

started to eat everything it could catch. Blue crabs may grow to a carapace width of

230 mm. Individuals exhibit sexual dimorphism. Males and females are easily

distinguished by the shape of the abdomen and by color differences in the claws.

Sometimes when the species is in a favorable environment, its numbers get out of

control, leading to disrupting the entire ecosystem. Female blue crabs only mate once

in their lifetime. Up to two million eggs may be produced in a single brood, and a

single female can produce over 8,000,000 eggs in her lifetime. It is very difficult to

control the distribution of aquatic invasive species and prevent their spread once they

have become established in the area.

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3. Distribution map

4. Pathways

The blue crab is native to the waters of the western Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of

Mexico. It has been introduced via ballast water to Italian and European waters, and it

has been observed also in the Baltic, North, Mediterranean and the Black Sea. They

were first found in European waters in 1901.


Physical Control: Management of ballast water and cleaning ship hulls can be

considered as prevention measures against the blue crab. Eradication, control, and

monitoring efforts is used to fight the invasive species.

Biological Control: Specific fish may reduce population density and slow down the

speed at which it spreads naturally, but it is not an effective control method.

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Brown rat The species was examined by Poland, where it is called Szczur wędrowny.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Rattus norvegicus

- Family: Muridae

- Order: Rodentia

2. Description

One of the largest muroids, it is a brown or grey rodent with a body up to 25 cm long,

and a similar tail length; the male weighs on average 350g and the female 250g. The

brown rat lives wherever humans live, particularly in urban areas. Similar to other

rodents, brown rats may carry a number of pathogens, which can result in disease.

Surveys and specimens of brown rat populations throughout the world have shown this

species is often associated with outbreaks of trichinosis. Aside from spreading

diseases, rats often pollute their living areas, and are considered pests.

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3. Spreading map

Poland’s spreading map

Thought to have originated in northern China, this rodent has now spread to all

continents, except Antarctica, and is the dominant rat in Europe and much of North

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America—making it, by at least this particular definition, the most successful

mammal on the planet after humans.

4. Pathways

By the 20th century, it was established among naturalists that the brown rat did not

originate in Norway; rather the species came from central Asia and China. Despite

this, this species' common name of "Norway rat" is still in use today.


The best ways to fight the Norwegian rat is to protect buildings by limiting access to

food, and setting traps. They have natural enemies, such as foxes, snakes.

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Canada goldenrod The species was examined by Poland, where it is called Pomrów czarniawy.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Solidago canadensis

- Family: Asteraceae

- Order: Asterales

2. Description

The plant is erect, often forming colonies. Flowers are small yellow heads held above

the foliage on a branching inflorescence. Canada goldenrod is sometimes browsed by

deer and is good to fair as food for domestic livestock such as cattle or horses. It is

found in a variety of habitats, although it is not shade tolerant. It typically is one of the

first plants to colonize an area after disturbance (such as a fire) and rarely persists once

shrubs and trees become established. It is found neither in very dry locations nor in

waterlogged ones. It spreads very quickly, and is difficult to destroy.

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3. Distribution map

Poland’s spreading map

4. Pathways

It comes from North America, and came to Poland from England in 1965. It occurs

throughout North America, in most US states and Canadian provinces. In many parts

of Europe, Japan and China, it is established as an invasive weed. In eastern and

southeastern China, particularly the provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and

Shanghai, its invasion has reached pandemic levels and has caused widespread

concern.


Digging up particular bushes while they aren’t numerous yet, and mowing the plant

before it flowers appear to be the best methods of preventing its spreading.

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Colorado potato beetle

The species was examined by Estonia, where it is called kartulimardikas, and by

Poland, where it is called Stonka ziemniaczana, and by Turkey where it is called

Patates Böceği.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Leptinotarsa decemlineata

- Family: Chrysomelidae

- Order: Coleoptera

2. Description

http://www.vegetablegardener.com/assets/uploads/posts/5301/Colorado_potato_beetl

e.jpg

It is approximately 10 millimetres long, with a bright yellow/orange body and five

goldn brown stripes along the body.

Beetles have a huge impact on crop. They can lay as many as 800 eggs. When their

eggs have hatched the larvae chew small holes on the lower surface of the same leaf

were the eggs were. The top of the leaf remains. The larvae climbs on top of the plant

and eats the younger leaves, leaving the edges of the leaves indented, however, the

beetles make larger holes on leaves. Crop Loss in Western European countries could

reach an estimated (about) 5 ... 20%. Sometimes even to 80% or 90%

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3. Distribution map

http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/pests/Leptinotarsa_decemlineata/map/

Distribution in Turkey.

37

4. Pathways

Colorado potato beetle was brought to Europe from North America by ships across the

Atlantic Ocean. At that time, we managed to block their spread, however during the

World War I & II the control and eradication of Colorado potato beetle weakened and

beetles came to the European areas. They came to Estonia in 1965 and to Turkey 1963.

The potato beetle spreads widely over the USA, Europe and Asia.


Physical Control: Picking by hand in small gardens can be effective. This method

might be unpractical in larger gardens.

Biological Control: Natural enemies - Ladybugs and Stink bugs.

Sanitation: When the Colorado potato beetle comes in spring they will seek out

alternative host plants, removing them from the garden as a possible food source.

Planting an early maturing potato plant variety can help.

Microbial: Bacteria can control young beetle larvae population. Such pesticides should

be applied frequently.

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Giant reed The species was examined by Spain, where it is called Caña común or Canya de Sant Joan.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Arundo donax

- Family: Poaceae

- Order: Poales

2. Description

http://www.arizonensis.org/images/plantae/arundo_donax.jpg

It is a perennial herbaceous hydrophytic found in wetlands in many climatic zones. It

can grow up to 10 m in height. The numerous leaves are about 5 cm wide and 30.5 to

61 cm in length, are arranged in two opposite rows well in the stems, and have sharp

margins. Has a strong and deep root rhizomes that allow it firmly and resist the force

of rushing water while moving itself to any possible competitor. The stems and leaves

contain a range of chemical pollutants, which probably served as protection of native

insects and other herbivores. The giant reed invades a lot of edges of water, both

natural and artificial. It grows very fast. It forms extensive monospecific plant mass,

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which aggressively excludes competitors for light, nutrients and water. The occupied

areas show a depletion of wildlife. The water is warmer in the habitats invaded, causing

lower oxygen concentration and reducing biodiversity. Giant reed appears to be highly

adapted to fires; it can increase the probability, intensity, and spread of wildfires

through the riparian environment, changing the communities from flood-defined to

fire-defined communities.

3. Distribution map

It spreads in Northern and Southern America; Southern Europe; Northern, Southern

and Eastern Africa; Arabia; Asia; Australia and Oceania.

4. Pathways

Giant reed is originated in Asia. Some suggest that it ranged from Asia throughout the

Middle East, Southern Europe and Africa, and was introduced to the U.S. from the

Mediterranean region in the early 1800. Joan

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Hungarian wild boar The species was examined by Italy, where it is called Cinghiale ungherese.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Sus Scrofa Linnaeus

- Family: Suidae

- Order: Artiodactyla

2. Description

The Hungarian wild boar is a crossbreed between Sus Scrofa Majori and Sus Scrofa

Attila. It has a compact body, large head, relatively short legs, and dense fur. They

move around in groups of about twenty members. They measure from 90 to 200 cm in

length, wild boars have sharp tusks bent upwards. The purpose was to repopulate the

woods for hunting reasons. The Hungarian wild boar is more aggressive and gives

birth up to 8 piglets. Hungarian wild boars bring about problems connected with

agriculture, car accidents and the whole environment.

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3. Distribution map

It spread widely in Europe and Asia, it also spreads in Northern Africa.

4. Pathways

It is a new species of wild boar coming from Hungary and it was introduced in the

1960s. Nowadays it populates most of Europe and Asia.


Physical Control: The most efficient way to eradicate Hungarian wild boars is by

trapping the group of pigs one at a time. Trapping takes a lot of time, effort and money

because boars are very wary and need to be slowly baited in and accustomed to the

trap. Hunting is an inefficient and ineffective way to control or eradicate a population

of Hungarian wild boars because the boars have a high survival and reproductive rate.

42

Indian meal moth The species examined by Estonia, where it is called Lõuna Aida-leedik.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Plodia interpunctella

- Family: Pyralidae

- Order: Lepidoptera

2. Description

http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/stored/indianmeal_moth.htm

The Indian meal moth adults are about 1/2 inch long with a wing span of about 16-20

mm. The forewings of this moth are reddish brown with a copper sheen on the outer

two thirds and gray on the inner third. At rest the wings are held roof-like over the

body. The head and thorax of the moth appears gray and the posterior brown, with a

coppery sheen. The Indian meal moth is a very common household pest, feeding

43

principally on stored food products. Most of the "damage" to stored products occurs

when the larvae spin massive amounts of silk that accumulate fecal pellets, cast skins,

and egg shells in food products.

They can come with flour, raisins and other, dried fruits.

3. Pathways

The Indian meal moth probably made its way to Estonia with different food products

transported to Estonia.


Chemical: Using sprays. Apply chemical insecticides to all the cracks and crevices of

the shelves and cupboards to prevent future infestations.

Non-chemical: Put all the dry and bulk food into a tight fitting containers. Clean

shelves on a regular basis. Do not buy food in damaged packages. Do not mix new and

old food to avoid infestation of fresh foodstuff.

Traps: Perfect solution. Placing pheromone impregnated glue strips on a cardboard or

paper. The pheromones attract male moths and trap them making mating impossible.

44

Monk parakeet The species was examined by Italy, where it is called Parrocchetto monaco and by Spain where it is called Cotorra Argentina.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Myiopsitta monacus

- Family: Psittacidae

- Order: Psittaciformes

2. Description

http://ibc.lynxeds.com/files/pictures/000_1363a_resize.jpg

Monk parakeet is a small bright green parrot with a grey breast and greenish-yellow

abdomen. Its natural habitat varies from plains to forests. The species is a very fast

flier. The parakeet is 29 cm long on average, with a 48 cm wingspan, and weighs

around 100g. It is particularly suitable as a pet; it is playful, lively, and intelligent - it

can even learn to talk. It eats berries, flowers, seeds and fruits. The monk parakeet, as an

invasive species, has become a problem to local fauna such as pigeons and sparrows,

but not yet so harmful to magpies. Parakeets have also caused trouble to agriculture

near the cities. The birds build huge nests that can weigh up to 150-200kg and can host

till 20 couples of birds. Those nests cause significant weigh damage to the trees they

45

occupy. By building those huge nests, the parakeets systematically destroy vegetation.

Barcelona has the greatest population of monk parakeets in Europe.

3. Distribution map

http://www.oiseaux.net/maps/images/conure.veuve.png

It spreads mostly in Northern and Southern America, it also spreds in Asia and

Southern Europe.

4. Pathways

It’s native of South America. Its natural area includes central and North-Eastern

Africa, Afghanistan, western Pakistan, India and Nepal, as far as the centre of Burma

and Ceylon. They were first sighted in both Italy and Spain in 1975.


So far, there have been no local bans or eradication programs against the monk

parakeet, presumably because their settlement in urban areas does not pose an

immediate threat to agricultural production.

46

Mosquito fish The species was examined by Turkey, where it is called Sivrisinek Balığı.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Gambusia Affinis

- Family: Poeciliidae

- Order: Cyprinodontiformes

2. Description

http://www.sccgov.org/sites/vector/PublishingImages/mosquitofish-R.jpg

Mosquito fish are small in comparison to other fish, with females reaching an

overall length of 7 cm and males a length of 4 cm. Mosquito fish are small dull

and grey, with large abdomen. They have rounded fins and an upturned mouth.

Mosquito fish were introduced directly into ecosystems in many parts of the

world as a biocontrol to lower mosquito populations, which in turn negatively

affected many other species in each distinct bioregion. Mosquito fish eats the

larvae of the mosquitoes but also the eggs of other fish. It is aggressive and it

attacks other fish fins, it also competes with other local fish for food.

47

3. Distribution map

They spread in Southern Europe, Africa and Australia.

4. Pathways

The mosquito fish is one of the species with the widest range of introductions. The

species has been transported to every continent to control mosquitoes and it has thus

acquired a near global distribution. In the DIAS recordings this species was thrown

into Turkish waters on an unknown date and thus the population of this fish was

created. These introductions began approximately 100 years ago.


Physical Control: Draining water and leaving the area dry for a few days.

Polypropylene barrier fencing material can be used in order to isolate certain springs

from mosquito fish. Gambusia can be effectively removed from small springs using

netting techniques. In larger spring environments, chemical removal of the species

may be the most efficient method.

Biological Control: Natural predators help containing the spread of the species.

Chemical Control: Poisoning the fish (most effective when water temperatures are

above 25°C), applying a dose that won’t kill quickly is preferred; when the fish come

to the surface to breathe, the untargeted species can be caught and saved.

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Proposals by survey: Minimizing further human dispersal of mosquito fish through

implementing enhanced government regulation, and public education and awareness

campaigns.

49

Nutria The species was examined by Turkey, where it is called Su İti.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Myocastor Coypus

- Family: Myocastoridae

- Order: Rodentia

2. Description

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Myocastor_coypus_-_ragondin.jpg

Nutria is a large herbivorous semiaquatic rodent and the only member of the

family Myocastoridae. They somewhat resemble a very large rat, or a beaver with a

small tail. Adults are typically 4–9 kg in weight, and 40–60 cm in body length, with a

30 to 45 cm tail. Nutria are rodents that are more agile in the water than on land. They

live in burrows, or nests, never far from the water. They are strong swimmers and can

remain submerged for as long as five minutes. These animals mature quickly and

remain with their mothers for only a month or two. In some areas, booming nutria

populations have become troublesome as the animals develop a taste for farm fare. The

50

Nutria is too efficient at eating, which is threatening habitats, native plants and other

wildlife. Their high reproduction rate and resulting overpopulation is stretching limited

trophic resources and threatening other species such as waterfowl and muskrats. Nutria

also carry and transmit various parasites and diseases.

3. Spreading map

http://www.europe-aliens.org/images/factsheetMaps/24_myocoy.jpg

It spreads in the USA, Southern America, most of the Asia and Europe and a few

countries in Africa.

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4. Pathways

This species is native to South America, and has been introduced to North America,

Europe, Africa, and Asia. Its distribution in the Patagonian steppe is likely the result

of human introduction. The original range of nutria was south of the equator in

temperate South America.


Cultural ways: Draining the water, eliminating bushes, trees, thickets, and weeds from

fence lines next to ditches, drainages, waterways, and other wetlands to discourage

nutria.

Chemical: Using rodent repellents and liquids that simply taste bad. Those will stop

most animals from eating any plants.

Physical Control: Using traps or just shooting the animals has proven to be very

effective.

52

Red-eared slider The species was examined by Spain, where it is called Tortuga de Florida.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Trachemys Scripta Elegans

- Family: Emydidae

- Order: Testudines

2. Description

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-eared_slider#/media/File:RedEaredSlider05.jpg

It is characterized by an intense red spot which is located between the back of

the eyes and neck. The limbs are robust and webbed. The turtle can reach a

maximum size between 20 and 60 cm depending on the subspecies. The

carapace of this species can reach up to 30 cm in length, but the average

length ranges from 12 to 20 cm. The females of the species are usually a little

53

larger than the males. The shell is divided into two sections: the dorsal

carapace that consists of the vertebral scutes and the ventral carapace called

plastron. They can live between 20 and 30 years (less in captivity). The

species competes with native Iberian turtles: it reaches larger sizes, produces

more offspring, reach sexual maturity sooner, and have a more varied diet.

They can survive in conditions other turtles can’t such as pollution and

human presence. They exclude other freshwater habitants by competing for

food and breeding ground. Red-eared sliders brumate (they become less

active) over the winter at the bottom of shallow lakes, when T falls below

10 °C, and can survive anaerobically for weeks. After mating, the female can

lay between two and 30 eggs. They live in areas of calm water, but not

closed, where they climb onto rocks or tree trunks. Turtles are poikilotherms,

(unable to regulate their body T°C), for this reason, they continually need to

sunbathe. If their body T falls below a 21°C, they are unable to carry out

normal functions.

3. Distribution map

It spreads mostly in Northern America but also in Southern America. It also spreads

in Britain, Spain, Morocco, Angola, Indonesia, Korea, Japan and a few other places in

Europe and Asia.

54

4. Pathways

It came to Europe from the USA. Their native areas include the southeast of

Colorado, Virginia, and Florida. Feral populations of red-eared sliders are now

found in Australia, Europe, South Africa, the Caribbean, Israel, Bahrain, Mariana

Islands, Guam, and southeast and far east Asia.


Their import has been banned by the European Union and specific member countries.

Physical control: The species can be controlled by hunting, trapping, and collecting

eggs and hatchlings. Oddly enough, these methods have proved so effective that

there is some worry that overhunting within its home range is leading to a decline in

the species where it is supposed to be. A better solution to population control in

urban areas would be capture- sterilization- release.

55

Red palm weevil

The species was examined by Italy, where it is called Punteruolo rosso.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

- Family: Curculionidae

- Order: Coleoptera

2. Description

The adult beetles are relatively large, ranging between 2 and 5 cm long, and are usually

of rusty red colour, many colour variations exist and have often been misidentified as

different species. This weevil usually infests palms. While the adult causes some

damage through feeding, it is burrowing of the larva into the heart of the palm that

can cause the greatest mortality of trees. The first symptoms are represented by an

anomalous behavior of the hair, giving it a distinctive appearance retracted "to open

umbrella." In more severe cases it gets to the complete loss of the leaves, so the plant

appears as "cut down". In the terminal stage of infestation it produces a real "collapse"

of the plant: only at this point weevils colonies abandon the plant attacked by

migrating on a new specimen. After fertilization, the adult female can lay between 300

and 500 eggs. This means that the insect also has the ability to reproduce quickly.

56

2. Distribution map

Distribution in Italy.

Distribution in the world.

4. Pathways

The red palm weevil is native to Southeast Asia and Melanesia. As a result of trade in

specimens of infected palms, it reached the United Arab Emirates in the eighties and

from there spread to the Middle East, and to almost all the countries of the southern

Mediterranean Sea. They came to Spain in 1992.

57


Physical Control: Burning infected plants. An Italian company has developed a

microwave collar that can be used to sterilize individual trees.

Chemical control: The main control method is through the application of a systemic

insecticide. New alternative technologies using semiochemicals and bio insecticides

are being developed to more effectively control this devastating pest of palm trees.

58

Red swamp crayfish

The species was examined by Spain, where it is called Cangrejo rojo or Cangrejo

Americano.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Procambarus clarkii

- Family: Cambaridae

- Order: Decapoda

2. Description

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Procambarus_clarkii.jpg/220px-

Procambarus_clarkii.jpg

This crayfish has a diverse coloration red (adults) to brown and green (youngsters).

The head is shaped by two cylindrical plates and front; two antennas are used to

detect their food and two clamps are used to capture prey and defend against

potential attackers. It can weigh up to 50 g, and measure 5.5–12 cm long. Its average

lifetime is five years. It is commonly found in warm fresh water, such as slowly

flowing rivers, marshes, reservoirs, irrigation systems and rice paddies. It is

considered to be the most ecologically plastic species in the order Decapoda, and is

59

able to grow quickly even in only seasonally present water, it is also able to tolerate

slightly saline water, and are physiologically adapted to tolerate relatively low

oxygen concentrations. The red swamp crayfish has caused lots of negative effects

around the world: It damages the course of the rivers and rice crops, it has

exterminated the native crab, it destroys the local flora, and it hurts other animals and

eats its offspring. After fertilization, female lays between 200 and 900 eggs.

3. Distribution map

http://www.europe-aliens.org/images/factsheetMaps/66_procla.jpg

It mostly spread in Spain and Portugal, but also France, Italy, England, Netherland,

Germany, Switzerland, Austria.

4. Pathways

The red swamp crayfish is native to the North-East Mexico and South-East USA, but

found also in other continents, where it is often an invasive pest. The red crab was

introduced in 1974 for commercial purposes by fishermen. The first introduction

60

occurred in the Lower Guadalquivir marshes, on the farm called "Casablanca" of

Sevilla. It was introduced to replace Iberian populations of crabs. Since 1979 the

fishing is done for commercial purposes. Spain is among the top three areas that

contribute to global market.


Biological Control: Populations may be controlled by natural predators such as

cormorants, crows, herons, storks, eels, perch, otters and racoons.

Manual Control: Crayfish traps, large nets, and electro-fishing are the most common

ways of catching Crayfish.

Cultural Control: Educating people so the domesticated crayfish couldn’t escape or be

set free.

Chemical Control: Best biocides used for the controlling of the species are

organophosphate, organochlorine, and pyrethroid insecticides.

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Round goby The species was examined by Estonia, where it is called Ümarmudil.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Neogobius melanostomus

- Family: Gobiidae

- Order: Perciformes

2. Description

http://www.outdoornews.com/December-2013/Dead-goby-found-in-Susquehanna/

Round goby is quite a small fish whose length varies from 12 cm to 25 cm. Round

goby is a really aggressive fish and is capable of crowding out other fish from their

habitat. They also eat other fish eggs and food. These fish can change the marine

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spineless community composition and structure, and also the material cycling in whole

marine ecosystem.

3. Distribution map

http://www.europe-aliens.org/pdf/Neogobius_melanostomus.pdf

It’s mostly spread in the Baltic sea.

4. Pathways

Round goby came from the Black, Caspian, Azov and Marmara Sea. They most likely

traveled with ships' ballast water. Also, this fish was brought to the Baltic Sea in ballast

water containers: probably, the fertilized eggs or very young fish got into the ballast

water.


The best way to fight the spread of this species is to contribute by never using round

goby as bait, and never putting the fish or its eggs into lakes, rivers or streams.

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Sosnowsky's hogweed The species was examined by Estonia, where it is called Sosnovski karuputk and by

Poland where it is called Barszcz Sosnowskiego.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Heracleum sosnowskyi

- Family: Apiaceae

- Order: Apiales

2. Description

http://www.looduskalender.ee/node/10580

Sosnowsky's Hogweed reaches up to 3–5 meters in height with a straight, solid stem

that can reach a diameter of 12 cm. The leaves are 50–60 cm long. The root is quite

solid , reaching up to 30 cm in diameter. The species is named in the honor of the

Russian botanist Dmitry Sosnovsky.All parts of Sosnowsky’s Hogweed are toxic. It is

dangerous for humans because even small drops of the plant's juice cause

photosensitivity (light sensitivity) and burns. The plant is less dangerous for animals

that have thick hair to protect them from the sun.

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3. Distribution map

http://www.europe-aliens.org/images/factsheetMaps/6_herman.jpg

It spreads mostly in the Western- and Middle-Europe, also Northern-Europe and

Russia.

4. Pathways

Sosnowsky's Hogweed is a flowering plant originally native to Caucasus. Now it is a

common weed in the Baltic States, Belarus, Russia, Ukraine and Poland. The plant

was once common only in the Caucuses area, however due to a decision to use it as a

farm animal feed (silage) plant, it quickly spread in many areas of Russia, Belarus and

Ukraine.


Digging: Works on plants in their first or second year of growth. Effective in the spring

(early May). Remove with spade taproot. Covering the dug area with black plastic.

65

Tilling: Effective on agricultural land and near residential areas where conditions may

be more favourable.

Flower removal: In summer before seed production will stop the plant from

reproducing. Must be repeated over the summer . The cut umbels must be collected

and destroyed. This method is not recommended.

Chemical: Effective in spring. New seedlings will often germinate from seed and

emerge after glyphosate applications have occurred.

http://www.nobanis.org/files/factsheets/Heracleum%20sosnowskyi.pdf

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Tiger mosquito The species was examined by Spain, where it is called Mosquito Tigre.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Aedes albopictus

- Family: Insect

- Order: Diptera

2. Description

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Aedes_Albopictus.jpg

The Asian tiger mosquito is about 2 to 10 mm in length. It has black and white striped

legs, and a small black and white striped body. Tiger Mosquitos usually live in areas

next to the sea, rivers or lakes and make their nests in holes inside the trees, in outsider

water superficies, etc. Only females require a blood meal to develop their eggs. At the

moment, there are no effects among other mosquito species, but their bites are

somewhat different from the ones by other species; they are bigger, more stinging and

67

more abundant. The tiger mosquito bite is not unlike other mosquito bites. However,

it is a mosquito that bites during the day and causes discomfort because of the large

number of bites it does, after all, it is not a health hazard. Mosquitoes are means for

spreading diseases such as malaria, dengue, and yellow fever.

3. Distribution map

http://www.europe-aliens.org/images/factsheetMaps/41_aedalb.jpg

It spreads in Spain, Italy, Slovenia, Czech, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,

Montenegro, Albania, Germany and Netherlands.

4. Pathways

It is native to the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia. In Europe it is mostly

spread around the Mediterrean Sea.

68


Biological Control: Natural enemies, such as other mosquito larvae, flatworms,

swimming beetles, fungi, and spiders.

Physical Control: The control of the tiger mosquitoes begins with destroying the places

where they lay their eggs.

Chemical Control: Bodies of water periodically treated with properly labeled

insecticides or Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bacterium that produces toxins

which are effective in killing larvae of mosquitoes and certain other Dipterans, while

having almost no effect on other organisms) aid in the fight against the tiger mosquito.

69

Tree of heaven The species was examined by Turkey, where it is called Cennet Ağacı and by Italy,

where it is called Ailanto.

1. Taxonomy

- Species: Ailanthus Altissima

- Family: Simaroubaceae

- Order: Sapindales

2. Description

The bark is smooth and light grey, and it has compound leaves. The tree grows rapidly

and is capable of reaching heights of 15 meters in 25 years. It spreads via suckering

ability and seeds as well. A common tree in urban areas where it causes damage to

sewers and structures, ailanthus poses a greater threat to agriculture and natural

70

ecosystems. It spreads fast and has many seeds at a time, which establishes dense

stands that push out natives. Tree of heaven contains chemicals, including ailanthuses

that have been found to have strong allopathic effects on the growth of other plants

which help it establish and spread. It has become an invasive

specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species due to its ability both to colonize

disturbed areas quickly and to suppress competition with allopathic chemicals. The

tree also re-sprouts vigorously when cut, making its eradication difficult and time

consuming. In Italy it was used in reforestation for the consolidation of unstable areas

and landslides in bank protection of watercourses subject to flooding and to improve

soil fertility.

3. Distribution map

It spreads wildly over the Western, Southern and Eastern Europe.

71

Distribution in Turkey.

4. Pathways

Tree of Heaven is native to China and Taiwan. The tree was first brought from China

to Europe in the 1740s and to the United States in 1784. In Europe, it spread to the

Mediterranean basin. From there also to Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, Asia,

Pakistan, and North America. It came to Italy in 1760.


Biological control: Fungal pathogens, and parasites.

72

Manual control: The best way is to pull the young plant out of the moist soil with its

roots.

Chemical: Basal Bark application, hack-squirt application, tree stump poisoning. (In

case of re-sprouting, repetition of this procedure is needed. The poison should only be

applied on the tree. Spreading can cause other plants to die), herbicide pellets (granular

or round shaped herbicides are scattered around the roots of the unwanted plants when

rain is close. Other plants may be affected).

Cultural ways: It is stressed under shade. Grass sod will help shade out and discourage

the tree.

Proposals by survey: Cutting the tree and rolling processed motor oil to the trunk,

collecting the roots from the soil after plowing the field, leaving an ant species (red

ant) to the tree and let them kill the tree, pouring bleach or boiling water on the roots.

73

Petition to the European Parlament

In the Comenius project work “Invasive alien species- diversification or diminishing

nature variety”, the students from Poland, Italy, Spain, Turkey, and Estonia analyzed

the impact of invasive species on the local ecosystems . The measures of limiting the

number of invasive species were examined, and it was concluded that invasive alien

species impose a considerable harm on nature biodiversity, and dramatically diminish

the number of local species. In working on the project the actuality of the issue on a

global scale became apparent. We are turning to the European Parliament with a

petition to consider and support our joint suggestions in the European legislation.

We, the undersigned students from Poland, Spain, Italy, Turkey, and Estonia

respectfully petition the European Parliament to consider and support our joint

suggestions in the EU law on the subject of invasive species.

Our suggestions are as follows:

1. Raising awareness of the issue of invasive species on all educational levels

(kindergarten, elementary school, middle school, high school) according to age

through various activities (games, projects, student research papers,

international projects, etc).

2. Raising awareness of the problem of invasive species by informing and

spreading information in communities via various means such as booklets,

study films, conferences, workshops, exhibitions, etc.

3. Engaging the media and press, social networking, etc (TV and radio shows,

newspaper articles, etc) into prevention activities against the distribution of

invasive species.

4. Involving universities, research groups, environmental education centers in

activity of raising awareness of harmful effect of invasive species on local

biodiversity, and taking respective preventive measures to address the problem.

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5. Working out and implementing laws on a national and international scale.

Effectuation compliance with the EU law regarding invasive species. Creating

reserves for already distributed invasive species with a view to limit or keep

their number under strict control, e.g. pet animals.

6. Introducing and observing annually The International Invasive Species Day to

acknowledge the seriousness of the problem worldwide. We suggest the day

be 15th of April.

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Materials

The presented data is obtained from the following research material:

1. Official website of Spanish invasive species; 2. Book on-line“Les espècies exòtiques de Catalunya” 3. 100 most dangerous invasive species in the world 4. News “El País”: “El 12% de las especies exóticas de Cataluña son consideradas

invasoras” 5. Official website of Catalan invasive mosquito 6. Introduction to Catalan Invasive turtle, Red-eared slider 7. Introduction to Arundo Grass 8. Book on-line:” Bases para el manejo y control de Arundo donax” 9. Official website of Catalan invasive Red swamp crayfish 10. News about invasive Monk parakeet 11. Especies invasoras del territorio Español. Real decreto 2012. La cotorra

argentina 12. Wikipedia 13. http://urbanpost.it/xylella-fastidiosa-il-batterio-killer-che-minaccia-il-salento 14. EEA – European environmental agency 15. ISSG – Invasive species specialization group 16. EU Commission website for the Invasives 17. Prof. Ahmet Uludag’s blog 18. IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature 19. GCH - Gambusia Control Homepage 20. "Leptinotarsa decemlineata". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 21. J D Hare (Jan 1990). "Ecology and Management of the Colorado Potato Beetle,

Annual Review of Entomology". Annual Reviews 35: 81–100. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.000501

22. Alyokhin, A., M. Baker, D. Mota-Sanchez, G. Dively, E. Grafius. (2008). "Colorado potato beetle resistance to insecticides". American Journal of Potato Research 85 (6): 395–413. doi:10.1007/s12230-008-9052-0

23. The Giant Hogweed Best Practice Manual 24. Rat Behavior and Biology. 25. http://www.nobanis.org/Regulations_PL.asp 26. “Maismaa võõrliikide käsiraamat” L. Eek, T. Kukk 27. “Vee võõrliikide käsiraamat” H. Ojaveer, L. Eek, J. Kotta 28. Eesti Maaülikooli ja Tartu Ülikooli materjalid 29. KIK – Environmental investment center 30. Looduslikku tasakaalu ohustavate võõrliikide nimekiri

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Gallery

Estonian project meeting

Workshops in the Estonian Museum of Natural History

Watching a movie about Sosnowsky’s Hogweed in KHK

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Workshops in KHK

Visiting Pärnu beach

78

An introductions game in Tallinn’s Seaplane harbour

79

Poland project meeting

In front of the school Bedlno

Making Gingerbread in Toruń

80

Studies on Colorado Potato Beetle

In the center of Bedlno

81

Saying Goodbye

82

Turkey project meeting

The unique view of the both Ağrı mountains from Turkey-Iran border.

Ringing birds unique to Çıyrıklı, Iğdır, Turkey

83

Observing birds' movements in Çıyrıklı, Iğdır, Turkey

Doing traditional Turkish-Ottoman marbling

84

Comenius group after seminar on Birds unique to Iğdır by chancellor Prof. İbrahim Hakkı Yilmaz

85

Italy project meeting

Group photo after a lecture in a Nature museum

Students introducing their research

86

In a botanical garden

Students introducing their researched work

87

A lecture about invasive species in Italy

88

Spain project meeting

Group photo on the school’s stadium

Questionnaire game

89

Invasive species of each participating country

Preparing for the debate

90

A debate about invasive species

91

Conference in Estonia

Conference

Workshops

92

Round discussion

Documents

E-book Invasive Species