E- Universal Tutorials X CBSE · Write a short note on the crime in London during the 1870s. 10) Differentiate between Renewable Resources and Non-renewable Resources. Give examples

E-

Universal Tutorials – X CBSE

Universal Tutorials – X CBSE (2018–19) – Social Science 1

Full Test 01 (Set 1): Social Science Date: ___________

Recommended Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 80

General Instructions:

a) The question paper is divided into four sections – Section A, Section B, Section C and Section D.

b) The question paper has 26 questions in all.

c) All questions are compulsory.

d) Marks are indicated against each question.

e) Questions from serial number 1 to 7 are very short answer type questions. Each question carries one mark.

f) Questions from serial number 8 to 18 are 3 marks questions. Answer of these questions should not exceed 80 words each.

g) Questions from serial number 19 to 25 are 5 marks questions. Answer of these questions should not exceed 100 words each.

h) Question number 26 is a map question of 5 marks with two parts - 26 A from History (2 marks) and 26 B. from Geography (3 marks).

i) There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in some questions. You have to attempt only one of the alternatives in all such-questions.

SECTION A (17=7) 1) Examine the role of women in the nationalist struggle of Europe.(any one point) [1]

OR

What were the two main religions in Indo–China? By whom was Christianity introduced in the country?

2) What was the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors? [1]

OR

Give the name of the paid servant appointed by the English company to deal with weavers.

OR

Why were migrants attracted to London and Manchester?

3) What is agriculture? [1]

OR

Name two major fibre crops cultivated in India.

4) Which system of power sharing is called, ‘Checks and Balances’? [1]

5) What are the two ways in which economic growth can be expressed? [1]

OR

What is Infant Mortality Rate?

6) Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are they? [1]

7) What do you understand by globalisation? [1]

SECTION B (311=33) 8) What was the customs union called and what were its wider implications? [3]

OR

When and who led the Scholars Revolt? Give a brief description of the Revolt.

9) What were the effects of the Second World War? [3]

OR

Why did the port of Surat decline by the end of the eighteenth century?

OR

Write a short note on the crime in London during the 1870s.

10) Differentiate between Renewable Resources and Non-renewable Resources. Give examples. [3]

OR

Explain in brief the three stages involved in the complex process of resource planning.

E– 2


11) Evaluate the factors which are responsible for the location of jute industry in West Bengal. [3]

12) What are the main differences between a federal form of government and a unitary one? Give an example. [3]

OR

Mention the main features of the Constitutional Amendment of 1992.

13) How do social divisions affect politics? Explain by giving examples. [3]

14) Why are Political Parties necessary in a democracy? Explain. [3]

15) What are the various ways in which MNCs set up, or control production in other countries? [3]

16) What are the causes of Environmental Destruction? [3]

OR

What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any? [1+2]

17) What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers? [3]

OR

Mention three points of difference between formal sector and informal sector of loans. [3]

18) Why are rules and regulations required for the protection of consumers’ interest in the market place? [3]

SECTION C (57=35) 19) How did the First World War help in the growth of the National Movement in India? [5]

OR

Describe the main events leading to salt march and Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.

20) Explain how print culture created conditions within which French Revolution occurred? [5]

OR

Describe how the issue of caste was included in novels in India. By referring to any two novels, discuss the ways in which they tried to make readers think about existing social issues.

21) Explain in brief the measures that should be followed for efficient management of water. [5]

22) What are the impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment? [5]

23) What were the consequences of the promotion of the policy of majoritarianism in Sri Lanka? Explain. [5]

24) How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government? Discuss by giving five reasons. [5]

OR

Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual. Explain.

25) How has foreign trade been integrating markets of different countries? Explain with examples. [5]

SECTION D (15=5) 26) A) Two places a and b are marked on the given political outline map of India, identify

these places with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked near them: [2]

a) The place where the Indian National Congress session was held in 1927 [1]

b) The place where Gandhiji organized ‘Satyagraha’ in favour of cotton mill workers. [1]

26) B) Locate and label any three of the following with appropriate symbols on the same given outline political map of India. [3]

i) Raja Sansi – International Airport [1]

ii) Mumbai – Major Seaport. [1]

iii) Burnpur – Iron and Steel Plant [1]

iv) Namrup – Thermal Power Station. [1]

v) Kanpur – Cotton Textile Industry. [1]

Attach The Map Along With The Main Answer Sheet

E– 3


Name: __________________________________________________ UT Roll No.: S–____________

Question No.: _______ Test No.: _______________ Batch: _____________ Date: _______________

E-

Universal Tutorials – X CBSE

Model Answer (1st page) Universal Tutorials – X CBSE (2018–19) – Social Science Page 4 of 12

(1st few pages form part of question paper)

Full Test 01 (Set 1) : Social Science (Model Answer)

Date: __________

Recommended Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 80

SECTION A (17=7) 1) Examine the role of women in the nationalist struggle of Europe.(any one point) [1]

Ans: i) Women in Europe had been demanding political rights during the liberal movement.

ii) They had been actively participating in nationalist struggles

iii) They had formed their own political association, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. (any one) [1]

OR What were the two main religions in Indo–China? By whom was Christianity introduced in the country?

Ans: Buddhism and Confucianism were the two major religions of Indo–China. Christianity in Vietnam was introduced by the French (missionaries). [½]

2) What was the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors? [1]

Ans: The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was the smallpox germs that they carried on their person. [1]

OR Give the name of the paid servant appointed by the English company to deal with weavers. [1]

Ans: The paid servant appointed by the English company to deal with weavers was called as Gomastha. [1]

OR Why were migrants attracted to London and Manchester?

Ans: Migrants were attracted to London and Manchester because of availability of jobs in textile mills in these cities. [1]

3) What is agriculture? [1]

Ans Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating soils, raising crops and rearing livestock including animal husbandry and forestry. [1]

OR Name two major fiber crops cultivated in India.

Ans: Two major fiber crops cultivated in India are:

i) Cotton ii) Jute. [½ each]

4) Which system of power sharing is called, ‘Checks and Balances’? [1]

Ans: Horizontal distribution of powers system is called the ‘checks and balances’. [1]

5) What are the two ways in which economic growth can be expressed? [1]

Ans: i) Increase in (GDP) ii) Rise in per capita income. [½ each]

OR What is Infant Mortality Rate?

Ans: Infant Mortality Rate indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year. [1]

6) Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are they? [1]

Ans: In India the service sector employs two different kinds of people (i) Illiterate and unskilled people (ii) literate and skilled people. [1]

7) What do you understand by globalisation? [1]

Ans: Globalisation means the process of rapid economic integration or interconnection between countries. [1]

SECTION B (311=33) 8) What was the customs union called and what were its wider implications? [3]

Ans: Customs union and its implications:

i) The customs union formed in 1834 between 17 German states under the initiative of Prussia was called Zolvrein.

ii) The Union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over 30 to 2. This enabled unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.

E– 5

Model Answer Universal Tutorials – X CBSE (2018–19) – Social Science Page 5 of 12

iii) The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests.

iv) The Zollverin, representative of German liberalism removed artificial impediments to German economic integration.

v) It led to the growth of a new class of entrepreneurs who gave the much needed social backing to the new drive for national integration.

vi) Economic nationalism strengthened wider nationalist sentiments and served as a forerunner to national unification. [any 3, 1 each]

OR When and who led the Scholars Revolt? Give a brief description of the Revolt.

Ans: Scholars Revolt:

i) Scholars Revolt occurred in 1868. The Revolt was led by the officials at the imperial court who were angered at the spread of Christianity and French power.

ii) The movement led to a general uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousand Catholics were killed. By mid eighteenth century Catholic missionaries had converted some three Iakhs Vietnamese to the Christian faith.

iii) The French successfully crushed the uprising, but the uprising, that was inspired by the Scholars Revolt served to inspire Vietnamese patriots to rise against the French. [1 each]

9) What were the effects of the Second World War? [3]

Ans: Effects of Second World War:

i) Death and destruction was enormous. At least 60 million people, or about 3 per cent of the world’s 1939 population, are believed to have been killed, directly or indirectly, as a result of the war. Millions more were injured.

ii) Unlike in earlier wars, most of these deaths took place outside the battlefields. Many more civilians than soldiers died from war-related causes.

iii) Vast parts of Europe and Asia were devastated and several cities were destroyed by aerial bombardment or relentless artillery attacks.

iv) The war caused an immense amount of economic devastation and social disruption. Reconstruction promised to be long and difficult. [any 3, 1 each]

OR Why did the port of Surat decline by the end of the eighteenth century?

Ans: The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century:

i) The European companies gradually gained power over Indian trade first securing a variety of concessions from local courts, then the monopoly rights to trade.

ii) Exports from these ports fell dramatically.

iii) The credit that had financed the earlier trade began drying up.

vi) The local bankers slowly went bankrupt.

v) In the last years of the seventeenth century, the gross value of trade that passed through Surat had been Rs.16 million. By the 1740s it had slumped to Rs.3 million. [any 3,1 each]

OR Write a short note on the crime in London during the 1870s?

Ans: i) As London grew, crime flourished. 20,000 criminals were living in London in the 1870s and criminal activities became an object of widespread concern. The police were worried about law and order, philanthropists were anxious about public morality, and industrialists wanted a hard-working and orderly labour force. So the population of criminals was counted their activities were watched and their ways of life were investigated.

ii) In the mid-nineteenth century, Henry Mayhew wrote several volumes on the London labour, and compiled long lists of those who made a living from crime. Many of whom he listed as ‘criminals’ were in fact poor people who lived by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops, lumps of coal, and clothes drying on hedges. There were others who were more skilled at their trade, expert at their jobs. They were the cheats and tricksters, pickpockets and petty thieves crowding the streets of London.

iii) In an attempt to discipline the population, the authorities imposed high penalties for crime and offered work to those who were considered the ‘deserving poor’. [1 each]

10) Differentiate between Renewable Resources and Non-renewable Resources. Give examples. [3]

Ans: Difference between Renewable and Non-renewable Resources: [1 each]

Renewable Resources Non-renewable Resources

They are those sources which may be obtained continuously year after year for the satisfaction

These resources are those which once

E– 6


of human needs. mined and used cannot be regenerated.

These resources do not get exhausted. They have the capacity to regenerate themselves.

All mineral resources are limited in quantity which can neither be increased nor renewed.

Example: Water, Agriculture, Fish and Trees. Example: Coal, mineral oil, Iron Ore.

OR Explain in brief the three stages involved in the complex process of resource planning.

Ans: Three stages are:

i) Stage 1: Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country: This stage includes surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.

ii) Stage 2: Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.

iii) Stage 3: Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans. [1 each]

11) Evaluate the factors which are responsible for the location of jute industry in West Bengal. [3]

Ans: Factors responsible for location of Jute textiles:

i) Proximity to the jute growing areas of West Bengal, Odisha and Assam.

ii) Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways and roadways.

iii) Abundant water required for processing raw jute which is available from the Hugli river.

iv) Cheap labour is available from West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.

v) Kolkata port provides facilities for export of jute goods. [any 3, 1 each]

12) What are the main differences between a federal form of government and a unitary one? Give an example. [3]

Ans: [any 3, 1 each]

The Unitary System The Federal System

Under the unitary system, either there is one level of government or sub–units are subordinate to the central government.

In a federal system, there are two or more levels (tier) of government.

The central government can pass on orders to the provincial or local government.

The jurisdiction of the centre and state government remains defined.

Under the unitary system, the concentration of power always lies with the central government.

The central government cannot order the state government to do something. State government has powers of its own for which it is not answerable to the central government.

Under the unitary system, the practice of power sharing is weak and it takes place in an unequal way.

Both these governments are separately answerable to the people.

OR Mention the main features of the Constitutional Amendment of 1992.

Ans: The main features are:

i) It was made compulsory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.

ii) Seats were reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for

the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. At least one-third of

all positions are reserved for women.

iii) An independent institution called the State Election Commission was created in each State to

conduct Panchayat and Municipal elections.

iv) The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies. The nature of sharing varies from State to State. [any 3, 1 each]

13) How do social divisions affect politics? Explain by giving examples. [3]

Ans: Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries of the world and these divisions are reflected in politics and affect politics.

i) Expression of social divisions in politics lead to disaster. If social divisions do exist in a country, they must never be expressed in politics, because the combination of politics and social divisions is very dangerous. Democracy involves competition among various political

E– 7


parties. Their competition tends to divide society. If they start competing in terms of some existing social division, it can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country. In Yugoslavia, political competition along religious and ethnic lines led to disintegration of the country into six independent countries.

ii) Social divisions affect voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer some party more than others.

iii) Expressions of various kinds of social divisions in politics often results in their cancelling one another out and thus reducing their intensity. This strengthens democracy.

iv) The political expressions of social division in a democracy can be healthy as this allows various disadvantaged and marginal social groups to express their grievances and get the government to attend to these as in the case of India and Belgium. [any 3, 1 each]

14) Why are Political Parties necessary in a democracy? Explain. [3]

Ans: Political Parties are necessary in a democracy because:

i) We can understand the necessity of political parties by imagining a situation without parties. Every candidate in the elections will be independent. So no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes.

ii) The government may be formed, but its life will remain ever uncertain.

iii) Elected representative will be accountable to their constituency for what they did for the locality. But no one will be responsible for how the country was run.

iv) We can also think about it by looking at the non-party based elections to panchayat in many states. Although the parties do not contest election formally, it is generally noticed that the village gets split into more than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This is exactly what the party does. That is the reason we find political parties in almost all countries of the world, whether these countries are big or small, old or new, and developed or developing.

v) The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies. As we have seen, large-scale societies need representative democracy. As societies became large and complex, they also needed some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government. They needed some way to bring various representatives together so that a responsible government could be formed. They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, justify or oppose them. Political parties fulfil these needs that every representative government has. We can say that parties are necessary conditions for a democracy. [any 3, 1 each]

15) What are the various ways in which MNCs set up, or control production in other countries? [3]

Ans: MNCs set up production in various countries based on the following factors:

i) MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get cheap labour and other resources; e.g., in countries like China, Bangladesh and India. These countries also provide them with the advantage of cheap manufacturing locations.

ii) At times, MNCs set up production jointly with some of the local companies of countries around the world. The benefit of such joint production to the local company is two-fold. First, the MNCs can provide money for additional investments for faster production. Secondly, the MNCs bring with them the latest technology for enhancing and improving production.

iii) Some MNCs are so big that their wealth exceeds the entire budgets of some developing countries. This is the reason why they buy up local companies to expand production. e.g. Cargil Foods, a very large American MNC has bought over smaller Indian companies such as Parakh Foods.

iv) There is another way in which MNCs control production and that is by placing orders for production with small producers in developing nations; e.g., garments, footwear, sports items etc. The products are supplied to these MNCs which then sell these under their own brand name to customers.

v) MNCs also enter into close competition with local companies thereby influencing production in distant locations. [any 3, 1 each]

16) What are the causes of Environmental Destruction? [3]

Ans: Causes of Environmental Destruction are:

i) Decline in India’s biodiversity is due to habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over–exploitation, environmental pollution, poisoning and forest fires.

ii) Unequal access, inequitable consumption of resources, differential sharing of responsibility for environmental well being has destroyed the environment.

E– 8


iii) Over population in the third world countries cause environmental degradation.

iv) Over consumption by the richest 5% of the population causes more environmental damage than the amount consumed by the poorest 25%. [any 3, 1 each]

OR What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any? [1+2]

Ans: Per-capita income calculated in US$ is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries. [1]

Limitations of per capita income used as criterion for different countries:

i) It does not tell how the income of the country is distributed among its different sections of population like rich and poor.

ii) It does not take into account other aspects of human development like standard of health, education, sanitation facilities etc. in the country. [1 each]

17) What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers? [3]

Ans: There could be various reasons for it. But the pertinent reasons are being mentioned below.

i) Repayment capacity: Before the bank agrees to offer credit, it examines and evaluates certain important things. Repayment capacity is one of them. The bank sees it that whether the borrower has sufficient source to repay the loan or not.

ii) Collateral: The banks also want to be assured before it agrees to give the credit. So it asks for the collateral against the credit so even when the borrower fails to repay the credit, the bank will not suffer, it will have collateral to compensate the losses with.

iii) Paper work: The bank needs important data from the borrower like his source of income, self address proof, guarantors, what the borrower would intend to do with the loan; the bank might ask for the quotation if he is buying machinery or tools. If the bank is not satisfied on all these issues, the bank might refuse to give credit to the borrower. [1 each]

OR Mention three points of difference between formal sector and informal sector of loans. [3]

Ans: Formal sector loans:

i) Loans from banks and cooperatives.

ii) Under supervision of the Reserve Bank of India.

iii) Reasonable rates of interest. [½ each]

Informal sector loans:

i) Loans from moneylenders, relatives, friend, traders, etc.

ii) No supervision of any institution.

iii) Very high rates of interest. [½ each]

18) Why are rules and regulations required for the protection of consumers’ interest in the market place? [3]

Ans: Rules and regulations are required for the protection of consumers’ interest in the market place because:

i) The consumers often find themselves in a weak position as the seller always tries to shift the responsibility on the consumer.

ii) Rules and regulations are necessary to prevent unfair trade practices such as overcharging, selling commodities in smaller quantities than shown on the package, hoarding, black-marketing, adulteration of food and edible oils, charging more than the actual price, weighing less, selling defective goods, etc. Rules and regulations give support to consumers.

iii) Rules and Regulations and the consumer movement today are a social force to safeguard the rights of consumers. [1 each]

SECTION C (57=35) 19) How did the First World War help in the growth of the National Movement in India? [5]

Ans: The growth of the National Movement in India due to First World War:

i) First of all, the war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.

ii) Through the war years prices increased – doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme hardship for the common people.

iii) Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.

E– 9


iv) Then in 1918–19 and 1920–21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.

v) People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen. Therefore national movement developed in India. Representative government was promised to Indians during war years, but Swaraj was not given to Indians. at the end of war. [1 each]

OR Describe the main events leading to salt march and Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.

Ans: i) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. On 31st January, 1930, he sent a letter to the Viceroy Lord Irwin, making eleven demands. Some of these demands were of general interest, some were specific in nature. The idea was to make the demands all embracing and wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and work together in a united campaign.

ii) He made the “Salt tax” his target and called it the most repressive Act of the British government. This tax hit both the poor and the rich as salt was a common commodity used by all rich and poor. The British had the monopoly rights in producing salt.

iii) Irwin was unwilling to negotiate, so Gandhiji started his famous Salt march on March 12, 1930 from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a small coastal village in Gujarat. He started with 78 followers and thousands joined him on his 240-miles route.

iv) It took him 24 days of 10 miles walking per day. On April 6, 1930 he broke the Salt Law by boiling sea water and extracting salt.

v) Newspapers carried day-to-day reports of his march and the speeches he made on the way. It is reported that about 300 Gujarat village officials resigned their posts and joined Gandhiji. [1 each]

20) Explain how print culture created conditions within which French Revolution occurred? [5]

Ans: Following types of arguments have been usually put forward.

i) Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively, their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism. They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom, and demanded that everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality.

ii) They attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the despotic power of the state, thus eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely; and those who read these books saw the world through new eyes, eyes that were questioning, critical and rational.

iii) Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reason, and recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs. Within this public culture, new ideas of social revolution came into being.

iv) By the 1780s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality. It raised questions about the existing social order.

v) Cartoons and caricatures typically suggested that the monarchy remained absorbed only in sensual pleasures while the common people suffered immense hardships.

vi) This literature circulated underground and led to the growth of hostile sentiments against the monarchy. [any 5, 1 each]

OR Describe how the issue of caste was included in novels in India. By referring to any two novels, discuss the ways in which they tried to make readers think about existing social issues.

Ans: i) Indulekha was a love story, but it was also about an issue that was hotly debated at the time when the novel was written. This concerned the marriage practices of upper-caste Hindus in Kerala, especially the Nambuthiri Brahmins and the Nayars. Nambuthiris were also major landlords in Kerala at that time; and a large section of the Nayars were their tenants. In late-nineteenth century Kerala, a younger generation of English-educated Nayar men who had acquired property and wealth on their own, began arguing strongly against Nambuthiri alliances with Nayar women. They wanted new laws regarding marriage and property. The story of Indulekha is interesting in the light of these debates. Suri Nambuthiri, the foolish landlord who comes to marry Indulekha, is the focus of much satire in the novel. The intelligent heroine rejects him and chooses Madhavan, the educated and handsome Nayar as her husband, and the young couple move to Madras, where Madhavan joins the civil service. Suri Nambuthiri, desperate to find a partner for himself, finally marries a poorer relation from the same family and goes away pretending that he has married Indulekha! Chandu Menon

E– 10


clearly wanted his readers to appreciate the new values of his hero and heroine and criticise the ignorance and immorality of Suri Nambuthiri. Novels like Indirabai and Indulekha were written by members of the upper castes, and were primarily about upper-caste characters.

ii) Potheri Kunjambu, a ‘lower-caste’ writer from north Kerala, wrote a novel called Saraswativijayam in 1892, mounting a strong attack on caste oppression. This novel shows a young man from an ‘untouchable’ caste, leaving his village to escape the cruelty of his Brahmin landlord. He converts to Christianity, obtains modern education, and returns as the judge in the local court. Meanwhile, the villagers, thinking that the landlord’s men had killed him, file a case. At the conclusion of the trial, the judge reveals his true identity, and the Nambuthiri repents and reforms his ways. Saraswativijayam stresses the importance of education for the upliftment of the lower castes. [2½ each]

21) Explain in brief the measures that should be followed for efficient management of water. [5]

Ans: The approach to development and management of water resources has to be area–specific and involves the participation of local people.

i) Creating awareness among the community and involving people in activities concerned with water conservation and its better management.

ii) Stopping use of treated water for gardening, washing vehicles, toilets and wash basins.

iii) Registering all water–extraction points like tube-wells and bore-wells.

iv) Checking water-extraction points to prevent drying up of underground aquifers.

v) Preventing pollution of water bodies.

vi) Repairing immediately the water supply pipelines to prevent wastage and pollution of water. [any 5, 1 each]

22) What are the impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment? [5]

Ans: The impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment are:

i) Mining causes air pollution due to generation of dust in mining areas. Mining causes dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners cause pulmonary diseases.

ii) The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant threat to miners.

iii) The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining.

iv) Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil, and increase in stream and river pollution.

v) Stricter safety regulations and implementation of environmental laws are essential to prevent mining from becoming a “killer industry”. Mining being an informal activity does not give protection to the mine against any accidents by they are economically and physically vulnerable. [1 each]

23) What were the consequences of the promotion of the policy of majoritarianism in Sri Lanka? Explain. [5]

Ans: Consequences of the promotions of the policy of majoritarianism in Sri Lanka were:

i) Because of the policy of majoritarianism in Sri Lanka, Tamils grew alienated and indifferent.

ii) They felt that the constitution and government denied them equal rights and discriminated against them in getting jobs and other socio–political and economic rights.

iii) The relations between Sinhalese and Tamil communities got strained. This further boiled down to the formation of various Tamil organizations who launched a struggle for the recognition of Tamil as the official language, regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs.

iv) In the situation of denial of their rights, the movements became more aggressive. By 1980s several organizations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Elam State in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.

v) The distrust between two communities resulted into widespread conflict. It soon turned into a civil war. As a result, it took thousands of lives from both the communities. [1 each]

24) How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government? Discuss by giving five reasons. [5]

Ans: i) In a democracy people have the right to elect their rulers and participate in decision making that affects them all. Government thus, is accountable to the citizens and responsive to their needs and expectations.

E– 11


ii) Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation, though it results in delays. It ensures that decision making is based on norms and procedures and allows transparency. It develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable.

iii) Set up following practices and institutions; regular, free and fair elections; open public debate on major policies and legislations; and citizens’ right to information about the government and its functioning.

iv) It may be reasonable to expect from democracy a government that is attentive to the needs and demands of the people and is largely free of corruption though the record of democracies is no impressive on these two counts.

v) Democratic government is a legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean, but is people’s own government. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. [1 each]

OR Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual. Explain.

Ans: i) Often conflicts arise among individuals because some feel that they are not treated with due respect. The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. Democracies throughout the world have recognised this, at least in principle.

ii) This has been achieved in various degrees in various democracies. For societies, which have been built for long on the basis of subordination and domination, it is not a simple matter to recognize that all individuals are equal.

iii) Take the case of dignity of women. Most societies across the world were historically male dominated societies. Long struggles by women have created some sensitivity today that respect to and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society.

iv) It does not mean that women are actually always treated with respect. But once the principle is recognised, it becomes easier for women to wage a struggle against what is now unacceptable legally and morally.

v) In a non-democratic set up, this unacceptability would not have legal basis because the principle of individual freedom and dignity would not have the legal and moral force there. The same is true of caste inequalities.

vi) Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity. There are instances still of caste-based inequalities and atrocities, but these lack the moral and legal foundations. Perhaps it is the recognition that makes ordinary citizens value their democratic rights. [any 5, 1 each]

25) How has foreign trade been integrating markets of different countries? Explain with examples. [5]

Ans: Foreign Trade is Integrating markets of different countries in the following ways:

i) Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets.

ii) Producers can sell their products in the markets located in other countries.

iii) It helps for expanding the choice of goods beyond domestic market.

iv) It is a main channel connecting countries.

v) It is Highly helpful for extensive trade.

vi) The trading interest attracts various trading companies. [any 5 1 each]

SECTION D (15=5) 26) A) Two places a and b are marked on the given political outline map of India, identify

these places with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked near them: [2]

a) The place where the Indian National Congress session was held in 1927 [1]

b) The place where Gandhiji organized ‘Satyagraha’ in favour of cotton mill workers. [1]

Ans: a) Madras (Tamilnadu) b) Ahamedabad (Gujarat) [1 each]

26) B) Locate and label any three of the following with appropriate symbols on the same given outline political map of India. [3]

i) Raja Sansi – International Airport [1]

ii) Mumbai – Major Seaport. [1]

iii) Burnpur – Iron and Steel Plant [1]

iv) Namrup – Thermal Power Station. [1]

v) Kanpur – Cotton Textile Industry. [1]

E– 12


Ans: i) Raja Sani International Airport (Amritsar)

ii) Mumbai Seaport (Mumbai, Maharashtra)

iii) Burnpur Iron and Steel Plant (West Bengal)

iv) Namrup Thermal Power Station. (Assam)

v) Kanpur Cotton Textile Industry. (Uttar Pradesh) [any 3, 1 each]

Documents

E- Universal Tutorials X CBSE · Write a short note on the crime in London during the 1870s. 10) Differentiate between Renewable Resources and Non-renewable Resources. Give examples