Dr. Prasad Modak

E-Waste as a Tool of Circular Economy

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Global E-Waste Scenario

• In 2016, 44.7 million metric tonnesof E-Waste were generated globally- Equivalent to 4500 Eiffel towers!!

• 80% of all the e-waste is not documented

• Only 41 countries have official e-waste statistics

• E-waste generated in 2016 had a recovery value of 55 billion Euros

Electronic waste, or e-waste, refers to all “items of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and itsparts that have been discarded by its owner as waste without the intention of re-use”(Step Initiative 2014)

Source: Baldé CP, Forti V,Gray V, Kuehr R, Stegmann P. Bonn, Germany: United Nations University, Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability–Sustainable Cycles (IAS-SCYCLE); 2015. The Global E-Waste Monitor: 2017. Quantities, Flows and Resources.

Asia- The E-waste Giant or a Dump ?

E-Waste in India

• India is the fifth largest producer of E-Waste in the world

• In 2016 , India produced 2 Million Tonnes of E-Waste

• Different estimates of annual growth rate 5- 30%

• Only 1.5 percent of country's total e-waste gets recycled owing to poor infrastructure, weak governance and framework

• The major contributors are Government, Public and Private sectors leading to about 75%

Source: Baldé CP, Forti V,Gray V, Kuehr R, Stegmann P. Bonn, Germany: United Nations University, Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability–Sustainable Cycles (IAS-SCYCLE); 2015. The Global E-Waste Monitor: 2017. Quantities, Flows and Resources.http://www.assocham.org/newsdetail.php?id=6468

India E-waste Projections

Source: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/why-modis-digital-india-vision-is-incomplete-without-a-component-to-limit-electronic-waste/articleshow/53888640.cms

E-Waste Regulations

WEEE and RoHS: An Overview

• WEEE is the EU legislation for electrical and electronic equipments (EEE)

• The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) “sets out the financial and other responsibilities of EEE producers with regard to the collection and recycling of waste from a broad range of EEE at their end of life”

• The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) “bans the use of certain hazardous substances (such as lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium and some polybrominated flame retardants) in EEE”

• Several countries comply with RoHS like Norway, China, South Korea and Japan amongst others

• Both mandates are strictly adhered by EU member states-> higher e-waste recycling and recovery in the EU

Source: https://2016.export.gov/europeanunion/weeerohs/

RoHS- A Closer Look

• Rules for different e-waste categories and supports circular economy models of waste management

• EU adopted RoHS 2 in 2011

• China adopted RoHS 2 in 2016– Stringent regulation than EU

– No self-declaration is allowed unlike the EU and third party testing is mandatory for Conformity Assessment

– EU has restrictions on 6+4 phthalates whereas China mentions only the 6

– China requires additional information on Environmental Protection Use Period

• The maximum concentration values for materials and design specification in RoHS facilitate a transition to circular economy

• India has incorporated the six hazardous substances in its rules

• Conformity Assessment and system is yet to implemented in India

• India’s acceptance of RoHS takes it a step further in the circular transition

Note: The six substances are Lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers)

Source: http://www.chemsafetypro.com/Topics/Restriction/China_RoHS_2_vs_EU_RoHS_2.html

1974 20181974 1981 1986 2000 2001 2008 2011 2016

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act

Evolution of Waste Governance in India

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act

The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules

The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules

Environmental Protection Act

The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules

The E- Waste (Management and Handling) Rules

The Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules

The E- Waste Management Rules

The Solid Waste Management Rules

Comparison of Indian E-Waste Legislations

E-Waste Rules 2011 E-Waste Management Rules 2016

Applicability Producer, consumer or bulk consumer, collection centre, dismantler and recycler

-Expanded to manufacturer, dealer, refurbisher and Producer Responsibility Organization (PRO)-Includes CFLs and mercury containing lamps

Collection Mechanism

Collection Centers can be set up by producer or by any person or agency or association

-Exclusively Producer’s Responsibility-Special mention of informal sector

EPR Authorisation from SPCBs/PCCs Single EPR Authorization for Producers

Economic Instrument

No special mention Deposit Refund Scheme

E-Waste Exchange

No mention Exists as an option

Responsibility of State Govts.

No specific mention States to have integrated plans, Departments of Industry and Labour are involved

Responsibility of ULB

No specific mention ULBs are responsible to collect and channelise the orphan products to authorized dismantler or recycler

Implementation Agencies

Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change

Central Pollution Control Board State Government

State Pollution Control Board

Department of

Environment

Department of Labour

Government of India

Department of

Industry

Stakeholders in E-Waste Management

Stakeholders form the driving forces for effective waste management

Interest of Stakeholders

Influence

High

Low

Low High

ProducersIndustry

Consumers

Government Agencies

Informal Sector

Research Institutes

Formal Recyclers

ENGOs

Circular Economy

What is all the Circular Economy (CE) hype about ?

• A regenerative economic system

• Transition from ‘take-make-dispose’ models to ‘take-make-use-regenerate’ resource model

• A new model for sustainable development and green economies

• Aims to redesign the production and consumption systems

• Emphasis on social, environmental, economic and cultural aspects

CE for E-Waste as a Tool

• Possibility of resource recovery is high for e-waste, hence circular economy principles can be well used for e-waste

• CE based 6Rs can be used for management of automobile waste, plastic waste and so on

• Revised policies can pave way towards efficient e-waste management with producers and consumers sharing responsibilities

• The India Resource Panel constituted in 2015, offers a promising future for resource recovery and management in India

What can CE offer ?o More 6R jobso More materialso Lesser carbon emissionso Reduce wastageo Prolong product usage

Potential Value of raw materials in E-waste in 2016 (UNU Report, 2017)

Elements of Circular Economy in Indian E-Waste Legislation

• Circular Economy Principles are embedded in the Indian E-Waste Management Rules, 2016

• Extended Producer Responsibility revolves around the Redesign and Remanufacture Principles within CE

• E-Waste Exchange is a system that ensures continuous circulation of materials and resources in the economy

• Integrating Informal Sector- it supports the social obligations of circularity

• Emphasis on repair and refurbishment of electronic appliances and goods

• Extending RoHS to Indian rules- Stepping stones of CE

Circular Pathway for E-Waste Management

The Japanese Model

• Japan pursues a sustainable model in E-Waste Management

• Japan recycles more than 2 million tons of electronic waste annually

• The country had separate treatment for e-waste since 1970 and legislation since the early 1990s

• Employs advanced technology in its recycling centres

• First country to have ‘cradle to grave’ tracking for electronic products

• The laws include Extended Producer Responsibility and consumer responsibility

Circular Pathway for E-Waste Management

The PRO Model - Switzerland

• The model based on Producer Responsibility Organisations

• Producers collaborate and work together to realise EPR principles

• Switzerland has the second highest per capita collection rate in Europe- 16.10 per inhabitant

• Sustainable financing model

• PROs came about in the early 1990s and they deal with home appliances, IT waste etc.

• High transparency, simplicity and economies of scale drive the system

Source: http://www.lunchoverip.com/2007/05/a_trashbin_that.htmlhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Recycling_bins_Japan.jpghttps://www.dezeen.com/2016/08/23/tokyo-2020-olympics-medals-recycle-electronic-waste-smartphones/

Opportunities and Business

Models

1. Business tied with Companies

Practicing EPR and Business with

Bulk Consumers

2. Business tied with Software

technology parks of India (STPI) and

Industrial parks (IP)

3. Business focusing on PRO that

operates Collection Centres with

producers, Recyclers/Refurbishers

4. Business involving Informal Sector

- their role & contribution in E-waste

value chain

E-Waste Business

Models

Source: Study on Business of E-Waste Management in India, Dr. Prasad Modak and EMC

Model 1

Manufacturers /

Producer with EPR

Individual consumer

Retailer / Dealer with

EPR

Collection (Reverse

Logistics)

Recycler/Dismantler

(EPR manager for

producers)

Refurbisher (EPR

manager for multiple

producers)

Bulk consumer

TSDF for safe disposal

Investment opportunity

Forward logistics

Reverse logistics

Refurbished product

Recycled raw material

Dell, HP,

Samsung,

IBM,

Apple

Amazon,

DHL, Uber

Green

DustEcoreco,

Recyclekar

o

Case Studies

Ecoreco

• Established in 2007, partnered with a logistics company for their reverselogistics services to support recycling and refurbishing business

• A Microsoft Registered Refurbisher• Ecoreco provides it’s clients with onsite and offsite lamp recycling services• E-waste Mukta Bharat (E-waste free India) Program• Ecoreco recognizes that collection is the most crucial step of the E-waste

management business strategy• Ecoreco invites NGOs, recyclers, dismantlers, collector, informal sector wor

k force and young entrepreneurs to partner with them in the ‘Ecoreco Take Back Point’ initiative as a franchise

• Every franchise should set-up their own Take Back Point, a facility of minimum 1,000 sqft which will require an investment of INR 550,000

Manufacturers /

Producer with EPR

STPI / IP

Retailer / Dealer

with EPR

Dedicated STPI / IP

E-waste recycler &

refurbisher

TSDF for safe

disposal

Investment opportunity

Forward logistics

Reverse logistics

Refurbished product

Recycled raw material

Eg:

Trishiraya

The recycling facility need not be limited to E-

waste recycling and can leverage on the other

waste streams generated in the STPI / IP.

Similar to a Common Effluent Treatment Plant

Model 2

Case Studies

Trishiraya – recycling in stpi/epz

• Trishyiraya Recycling Pvt. Ltd. (now SIMS Recycling Solutions) is located inthe MEPZ in Chennai and has warehouses in Mumbai, Bangalore, Pondicherry, Madurai and Jodhpur

• SIMS collects e-waste from major multinational companies and managesE-waste from Chennai Port Trust and Customs Department

• The facility complies with environmental compliances and is approved byMinistry of Commerce, TNPCB and CPCB. They export the powderedextracted waste to European countries for smelting

Collection /

Dismantling/

Refurbishing /

Recycling

(in-house or

outsourced)

TSDF

PRO

Samsung

Dell

HP

IBM

Apple etc.

Manufacturers /

Producer

Retailer / Dealer

Bulk consumer Individual

consumer

Investment opportunity

Forward logistics

Reverse logistics

Refurbished

product

Recycled raw

material

Model 3

Case Studies

Green Dust

• Founded in 2008, GreenDust is a reverse logistics company

• Partnered with brands like Apple, Toshiba, LG, Samsung, Lenovo, Haier, Dell, Philips, Whirlpool and retailers like Croma, Homehop18 to refurbish rejected or damaged electronics

• Re-selling at a 30% lower cost than the market price.

• Main customer base is Tier II and Tier III cities

• In three years, the company set-up 200 stores and 14 warehouses and repair units across the country

• Customer base of 250 million in India

• All the collected products undergo a 50-point quality check before re-sale with a GreenDust factory second certification.

Manufacturers /

Producer

Retailer / Dealer

Bulk consumer Individual consumer

Not for profit

(section 8)

NSDC

Skill development of

informal sector

Provides funds

Training & Skill development

Collector / Recycler

/ Refurbisher/

Dismantler

Employment in formal sector

TSDF Investment opportunity

Forward logistics

Reverse logistics

Refurbished

product

Recycled raw

material

Model 4

Case Studies

Ecoreco Enviro Education Pvt. Ltd.

• Ecoreco has partnered with National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) to educate and train 300,000 waste managers on scientific waste recovery

• Training is over a period of 10 years through 125 training centers acrossthe nation.

• The training will be on collection, packing, sorting, reverse logistics, storage, dismantling, shredding, compacting, recycling, recovery, disposal, environmental aspects and the rules & regulations.

• Improves their working conditions, monthly income and quality of life ofwaste managers

• Once trained, the waste managers can become Ecoreco’s franchise underthe Ecoreco Take Back Point program.

Green Design in electronics

• Companies like GreenIT and RenewIT revolutionises the e-waste sector by refurbishing and re-selling computers

• Refurbishing and using computers

• Reduces the carbon emissions while producing a new computer

• 227 to 270 kg of carbon dioxide is emitted in manufacturing one laptop computer

• Refurbished computers offer 50-60% CAPEX savings for business users

• Models viable for CE- Leasing and Refurbishing – Needs active promotion

Challenges/Risks anticipated for Implementation

• Technological barriers

• Poor Collection Efficiency

• New business models focusing on the 6Rs of circular economy

• Need for financing opportunities- to engage the private sector

• Lack of financial support and training for the informal sector

• E-Waste Imports and ways to tackle pollution from imports

• Lack of resources to monitor and enforce of existing regulations

• Price volatility of recovered materials

Strategies to Overcome

• Advanced Training for e-waste pickers, dismantlers and refurbishers

• Attracting private sector participation

• Financial support, recognition and training for the informal sector

• Regulations for E-Waste Imports

• Monitoring and enforcement of existing regulations

• Capacity Building through national urban missions, international collaborations and decentralised e-waste repair/refurbish initiatives

Collaborations for CE in

E-Waste Management

E-Waste Managem

ent

Industry Organisa

tionsNASSCOM

Private Sector- ProducersMicrosoft

E-Waste Management Rul

esGoI, CPCB

InformalSector

Recylers/Refurbis

hers

Private Sector- Refurbishers/Reselle

rs

E-Waste Exchang

es

Thank You !

Dr.Prasad Modak

Environmental Management Centre