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E-Waste ManagementIn EU and Germany
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Henning Schreiber (VDI)CIM-Expert for Waste Management and Recycling
environment responsibility @ work 8th August 2007
TESCO Hindustan Service Center
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1. E-waste and...?2. Europe (WEEE & RoHS)3. Germany (ElektroG)4. Global Trends5. Producer Responsibility
Content
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E-waste and Natural Resources
• What is waste?• Is e-waste really waste? • Why normally no e-waste on wild dump
sites?• Is Cu from e-waste really waste?• Is gold waste? • So, is e-waste a resource?• Is e-waste hazardous?
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E-waste and Responsibilities (I)
• Who is responsible?– Manufacturers (Dell, Intel, HP, …) – EPR Extended Producers
Responsibility– Companies (IT: Microsoft, Infosys, Wipro, …)– Users (Corporates, Private households, …)– Others?
• Who should supervise, regulate?– Government – Associations, individual companies, agencies, NGOs?
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E-waste and Responsibilities (II)
• The times are over, when the responsibility of a company for their products ended at the gate of the factory
• Once the product leaves the gate of the manufacturer his responsibility, liability and accountability does not end, it just starts
– See recent legislation of EU: WEEE, ROHS, used cars, …
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Laws on Electronic Waste in Europe & Germany
WEEE (2003)Waste Electrical and
Electronical Equipment
ElektroG (Aug. 2005 / Mar. 2006)
Realisation through •Producer and
•Public Waste Management Authorities
RoHS (2003/2006)Directive on the Restriction
of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and
Electronic Equipment
Eu
rop
eG
erm
an
y
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Background of European Directives on WEEE and RoHS
2 Directives of the European Parliament and of the Council aiming at tackling the increasing electrical and electronic equipment waste
• WEEEDirective on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment promotes the reuse and recycling of electrical and electronic equipment. Producers will be responsible for taking back, treating and/or recycling of electrical and electronic equipment.
• RoHSDirective on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipmentrequires limitation of various heavy metals and brominated flame retardants in electrical and electronic equipment.
• Both directives became European law in February 2003
Content of WEEE (examples)
• Basic principles1) Reuse2) Recycling3) Recovery
• Financing of the WEEE management costs• Producer Responsibility• Classification of E-Waste in 10 categories• Rates of
• Recovery and • Reuse & recycling
• Information for the user• Technical Requirements for storage & treatment
As weight-related percentaged amounts
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E-Waste Categories of WEEE
1. Large household appliances2. Small household appliances3. IT and telecommunications equipment4. Consumer equipment5. Lighting equipment6. Electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-
scale stationary industrial tools)7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment8. Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and
infected products)9. Monitoring and control instruments10. Automatic dispensers
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WEEE Directive – selected Articles (I)
Art. 7 – Recovery– for the recovery of separately collected WEEE the EU-Member
States have to set up systems– priority shall be given to the reuse of whole appliances– by 31 Dec. 2006 the producer had to meet the following targets:
Categories of Annex IA
Increase to a minimum of x% by an average weight per appliance
1+10 3+4 2,5,6,7+9
Rate of recovery 80% 75% 70%
Component, material and substance reuse and recycling
75% 65% 50%
For gas discharge lamps, the rate of component, material and substance reuse and recycling shall reach a minimum of 80 % by weight of the lamps
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WEEE Directive – Articles (II)Art. 8 – Financing
– by 13 Aug. 2005, producers had to provide at least for the financing of the set up system (collection, treatment, recovery and environmentally sound disposal of WEEE from private households deposited at collection facilities)
– The responsibility for the financing of the costs of the management of WEEE depends on the date the products were put on the market:
• later than 13 Aug. 2005– each producer shall be responsible for financing the
operations relating to the waste from his own products.
• before 13 Aug. 2005 (historical waste)– shall be provided by one or more systems to which all
producers, existing on the market when the respective costs occur, contribute proportionately, e.g. in proportion to their respective share of the market by type of equipment
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WEEE Directive –Articles (III)Art. 10 – Information for the User
EU-Member States shall ensure that users of electrical and electronic equipment in private households are given the necessary information about:
(a) requirement to collect WEEE separately (no disposal as unsorted municipal waste)
(b) the return and collection systems available to them
(c) their role in contributing to reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery of WEEE
(d) the potential effects on the environment and human health as a result of the presence of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment
(e) the meaning of the symbol shown in Annex IV.
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WEEE Directive –ANNEX II
Selective treatment for materials and components of waste electrical and electronic equipment
1. Substances, preparations and components that have to be removed (minimum standard):• polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) containing capacitors,• mercury containing components, such as switches or backlighting lamps,• batteries,• printed circuit boards of mobile phones generally, and of other devices if the
surface of the printed circuit board is greater than 10 square centimetres,• toner cartridges, liquid and pasty, as well as colour toner,• plastic containing brominated flame retardants,• asbestos waste and components which contain asbestos,• cathode ray tubes,
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WEEE Directive – ANNEX III
Technical requirements1. Sites for storage (including temporary storage) of WEEE prior to their
treatment: impermeable surfaces for appropriate areas with the provision of spillage
collection facilities and, where appropriate, decanters and cleanser-degreasers,
weatherproof covering for appropriate areas.
2. Sites for treatment of WEEE: balances to measure the weight of the treated waste, impermeable surfaces and waterproof covering for appropriate areas with
the provision of spillage collection facilities and, where appropriate, decanters and cleanser-degreasers,
appropriate storage for disassembled spare parts, appropriate containers for storage of batteries, PCBs/PCTs containing
capacitors and other hazardous waste such as radioactive waste, equipment for the treatment of water in compliance with health
and environmental regulations.
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Europe: RoHS Directive
Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment
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RoHS Directive – What is Covered? (I)
In the EU, from July 2006, the following are banned: • Lead (PCB solders);
• Mercury (Switches, Relays and Batteries);
• Cadmium (Switches and Relays);
• Hexavalent Chromium (Metal Treatment);
• Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs – no longer made in EU)
• Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs – soon to be phased out in EU)
• Maximum concentration values, MCV: 0,1 % (1000 ppm) per homogenous material
• Cadmium: 0,01 % (100 ppm)
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• Plastics: variety of additives used to enhance physical properties (fire/heat retardation, color, hardness, durability).
• These additives, developed years ago, contain elements now deemed harmful to the environment (Pb, Sb, Cd...)
• Other additives simply prevent recycling, or are detrimental to the recycling process (Br, Cl...)
• RoHS and WEEE directives require recyclers and manufacturers to provide verifiable evidence that reclaimed plastic materials and newly manufactured plastic products do not contain restricted substances
RoHS Directive – What is Covered? (II)
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Germany: The ElektroG
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Laws on Electronic Waste in Europe & Germany
WEEE (2003)Waste Electrical and
Electronical Equipment
ElektroG (Aug. 2005 / Mar. 2006)
Realisation through •Producer and
•Public Waste Management Authorities
RoHS (2003/2006)Directive on the Restriction
of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and
Electronic Equipment
Eu
rop
eG
erm
an
y
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Germany: 1.8 Mio. t E-Waste/aProducts Prop., [%]
H o u s e ho l d
Household appliance (large) 34.8
Household appliance (small) 9.0
TV- and Video 9.2
Entertainment electronics 8.9
Lamps 2.5
Tools 2.6
∑ Consumption Products 67.0
Indust ry
Lamps 11.3
Digital data processing 7.6
measurement and control elements 5.8
Switching mechanisms, control system 6.7
Other 1.6
∑ Industry Products 33.0
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Germany: The ElektroG
Objectives and Contents of the ActGoverning the Sale, Return and Environmentally Sound Disposal
Of Electrical and Electronic Equipment(Electrical and Electronic Equipment Act – ElektroG)
1. Objectives of the Act
This Act implements • Directive 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and • Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous
substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS).
The goal is, that at least 4 kg e-waste per inhabitant and year is to be collected from private households.
The obligation to take on responsibility for treatment, recovery or disposal of WEEE, aims to compel producers to incorporate the entire life cycle of their products into their calculations.
SeparatedProduct
Responsibility
German ImplementationElektroG
EPR - Extendend Producer Responsibility
Municipality
10 Categories Combined into 5 Collection Groups(waste groups that can be
treated in same recycling facilities)
Rate: Total Collection Capacity is 4 kg/cap*a(max. collected was 15 kg/cap*a
depending on regularies of collection system)
German Collection System
• Municipal waste management authorities can establish a collection- or a delivery system• Collection from households by authorities
or assigned third party or• Delivery to collection places, large
equipment still be collected as bulky waste
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5 German Collection Groups
(1) Household appliance (large)
(2) Freezer, fridgerators
(3) IT, TV- and Video
(4) Lamps
(5) Household appliance (small)
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Recycling Facilities in Germany
High-tech Facilities•High technical standard
•High investment•Highd input required!!! > 15,000 t/a
Classic Facilities•Low-tech standard - manuell recycling
•Social companies (low salaries)•High material recovery
100%
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Germany: The ElektroGOrganisation
The responsibilities were transferred by means of designation from the (federal) “Competent Authority” to the Clearing House of the producers (EAR). Here all the functions that are important for implementing the Act are concentrated: •registering producers,•reviewing the disposal guarantee, •collecting all necessary data, •equipping local authorities with collection containers, •calculating collection volumes for producers and •instructing collection
This allows the producers themselves to organise the fulfilment of their disposal responsibility as efficiently as possible. The enforcement authorities of the Bundesländer (federal states) are spared the responsibility of monitoring and controlling to a large degree.
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Global Trends Computer Recycling
• Mandatory producer take back and recycling legislation enacted or proposed:
– EU (“WEEE” Directive)
– Switzerland
– Japan
– Taiwan
– Australia
– Canada
– China
• General political trend in support of “producer responsibility”
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Mandatory Take Back 2008
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Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
The EU Directive on WEEE places an obligation on manufacturers to take back end-of-life or waste products free of charge in an effort to reduce the amount of such waste going into landfill. At the same time, WEEE strongly encourages design for re-use as an important element to prevent waste.
Producer Responsibility
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Producer Responsibilty
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What is Producer Responsibility?
Defined
• Shift costs of waste management from governments or taxpayers to manufacturers/consumers
• Require manufacturers to assume financial and/or physical responsibility for the collection and recycling of end-of-life products
Perceived Benefits
• Manufacturers will improve product design (fewer “toxics,” ease of disassembly) to reduce recycling costs
• Promote sustainable development and resource conservation
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Producer Responsiblity in practice- producers view – (I)
marketuse / service
recycling manufacturing
design
how to close the gap ?
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Producer Responsiblity in practice- producers view – (II)
marketuse / service
recycling technology
development
Use of recycled materials
design for recycling
cost advantage
let the product managers feel the (positive /
negative) consequences
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Centrum for International Migration und Development (CIM)
Thank you for your attention.
8th August 2007
