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Welcome to China
欢迎来到中国
Ancient China
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China
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Geography of China
◼ *China is on the continent of Asia◼ *The 4th largest country◼ *China is the most populated country in
the world.◼ *⅔ of the land is not livable.◼ *It is the oldest continuous civilization.
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Map of China
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The Four Largest Countries
◼ Russia◼ Canada◼ United States◼ China
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2 Main Rivers
◼ *Huang He (Huang Huh)▪ *It is nicknames “China’s Sorrow”▪That is because each year during the flood season, all
homes along the Huang He River were destroyed▪ *It is also called the “Yellow River”▪ *The river is rich with loess soil▪Yellow, fertile soil
▪ *It is about 3,000 miles long
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Huang He River
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2 Main Rivers
◼ Chang Jiang (Yangtze)▪ *It is also called the “Long River”▪ *It is about 4,000 miles long▪ *It floods each year and leaves fertile soil along the banks▪ *It’s the 3rd longest river in the world▪ Nile River▪ Amazon▪ Yangtze▪ Mississippi
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Chang Jiang River
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3 Deserts
◼ *Gobi Desert▪ *One of the driest deserts in the world
◼ *Taklimakan Desert▪ *Is nicknamed the “Sea of Death”▪ It offers poisonous snakes, frequent sandstorms, boiling
days, freezing nights, and intense water shortages▪ It is the second largest desert in the world
◼ *Ordos Desert
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Deserts of China
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4 Mountain Ranges
◼ *The Himalayas (Southwest)▪ *Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the
world!▪ The Himalayas include ten of the highest peaks in
the world.◼ *The Altay Mountains (North)◼ *The Nanling Mountains (East)◼ *The Kunlan Shan (West)
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The Seas of China
◼ Yellow Sea◼ East China Sea◼ South China Sea
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Countries that Border China
◼ Mongolia◼ Kazakhstan◼ India◼ Pakistan◼ Tajikistan◼ Kyrgystan◼ Nepal
◼ North Korea◼ Laos◼ Russia◼ Vietnam◼ Myahmar(Burma)◼ Bhutan◼ Afghanistan
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China’s Early Dynasties
◼ Chinese civilization started around 10,000 BCE, when a group called the Yangshao (yahng show) settled near the Huang He River.
◼ 3,000 BCE, another farming group appeared the Lungshan people.
◼ The Lungshan were very advanced for their time.▪ They harvested silk, ▪ Used the potter’s wheel▪ Baked strong bricks in ovens▪ Worked together on flood control and irrigation projects.
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Shang Dynasty
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The Shang Dynasty
◼ *Dynasty- is a sequence of rulers considered members of the same family.
◼ *The Shang Dynasty lasted for 644 years.◼ *It developed along the Huang He river◼ *The Shang were known for their use of many things▪ jade▪ bronze▪ horse-drawn chariots ▪ Ancestor worship ▪ highly organized armies▪ human sacrifice
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The Shang Dynasty
◼ For both the rich and the poor family was important. ◼ Amongst the nobles, marriages were arranged to strength or
to create a union between two clans or families. ◼ The rich lived in large homes and palaces made of mud and
wood.◼ The nobles wore elaborate gowns of silk.◼ *They were buried in lavish tombs.▪ Unlike the ancient Egyptians, the Shang were buried with
living people.
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The Shang Dynasty
◼ *Warriors were knights in bronze armor that went to battle in horse-drawn chariots made of wood and bronze.
◼ *Most people were farmers (peasants)▪ Their life was very hard.▪ They worked the land assigned to them by the royals and the
nobles and had to give the nobleman part of the food they grew.
▪ They worked without pay on the noble's house, roads, and bridges.
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The Shang Dynasty
◼ *Their gods were the gods of nature▪ River god▪ Rain god▪ Earth god.▪ *Sky god,
▪ *T'ien, the king of gods.▪ the most powerful
◼ Merchants and Craftsman did not produce food and were not part of the nobility, they were outside the class structure.▪ Like slaves, they were hardly considered men.▪ In times of war, when the city was attacked, they were not taken inside the
protective walls, but were left to fend for themselves as best they could.◼ *Two of the most important contributions of the Shang Dynasty are the use of bronze
and a system of writing.
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Shang Writing◼ *Shang records were written on bamboo, silk and bones.◼ *Bones that had carvings are called oracle bones.
▪ To communicate with their ancestors, the Shang kings used oracle bones (sometimes called dragon bones).
▪ The king or emperor would ask a question, for example, will it rain tomorrow?
▪ The priest would carve the king's question on an oracle bone, which was just an animal bone or turtle shell. (Will it rain tomorrow?)
▪ Then, the priest would heat a bronze pin and hold the hot pin to the bone.▪ This created a pattern of cracks over the bone.▪ The priest (who was usually a woman) would study the cracks to find the
answer to the question.▪ Archaeologists have found over 100,000 oracle bones
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Shang Writing
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Zhou Dynasty
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The Zhou Dynasty
◼ *The Zhou Dynasty is the longest in China’s history▪ 1122 B.C. to 221 B.C.
◼ *Around 1100 B.C. the Zhou defeated the Shang army◼ *The Zhou Dynasty has been called China’s Classic Age
because it was a time of great growth◼ They claimed they had the right to start a new dynasty
because of the Mandate of Heaven. ▪ *Mandate of Heaven: says that governments may rule so
long as they do so fairly.
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The Zhou Dynasty
◼ Trade expanded as new roads and canals connected cities◼ Crafters learned how to use iron to make weapons and
tools◼ New farm equipments made from iron allowed farmers to
grow more crops◼ Merchants began to use metal coins instead of sea shells◼ The Zhou government was similar to the Shang’s▪ Smaller states were given to the king’s friends and
relatives◼ Philosophers like Confucius and Laozi were influential
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Confucius
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Confucius
◼ Confucius was born around 551 BCE in Lu province in Chou (Zhou) times.
◼ His parents were nobility, but had become poor when the empire disintegrated into feudal states.
◼ When he was about 15 years old, he became quite interested in learning.▪ In those days, only the nobility and royals were allowed education.
◼ All the teachers were government officials. ◼ It was hard for Confucius to find a way to learn. ◼ To solve this, he went to work for a nobleman. ◼ This gave him the opportunity to learn and to travel to the imperial
capital.
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Confucius
◼ *Confucius studied and learned until he probably was the most learned man of his day.
◼ People heard of his knowledge and sent their sons to study with him.◼ *He was the first private teacher in China. ◼ Confucius taught anyone who was eager to learn. ◼ *His ideas, called Confucianism, stress the need to develop
responsibility and moral character through rigid rules of behavior.◼ *Confucianism is not a religion; it's a way of behaving, so you'll do the
right things.◼ Quote from Confucius, “Do not do unto others, what you would not
want others to do to you.”
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Confucius
◼ “If you make a mistake and do not correct it, this is called a mistake”
◼ Confucianism was a social code of behavior, a very set and rigid code of behavior, that honored ancestors and ancient rituals.
◼ Everything had to be done a certain way▪ for example, gentlemen could only display their skill as
archers on three hunts a year, in the spring, autumn, and winter.
◼ Today, the Chinese celebrate Confucius Birthday (Teacher's Day), in honor of their ancestor, the teacher, Confucius.
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Taoism
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Taoism
◼ *Tao (pronounced Dao) means The Way (to happiness)
◼ *Taoism is not a religion, it is a philosophy◼ *It is a way of looking at life and thinking about
things◼ Taoists believe if you look at life and think about
things in the right way, you’ll be much happier◼ They also believe that it’s very important to
understand The Way Things Are
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Taoism◼ *Ying-Yang diagram is the most important of all
Taoist symbols. ◼ *It represents the movement of heaven or the
Tao. ◼ *The small opposing dots in each area to
represent the fact that in all evil there exists some good, while in all the good there exists some evil.
◼ It also represents dark and bright, night and day, dry and moist, aggressive and passive, sun and rain.
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The Qin Dynasty
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The Qin Dynasty
◼ The Qin Dynasty lasted for only 15 years.◼ *Emperor Qin (Shi Huang Di) was the first
man to control all of China.◼ He did not want to be called a king.◼ *He called himself First Emperor Qin.◼ He died of natural causes. But in the short
time that he ruled China, he readied China to be pulled together as one country.
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The Qin Dynasty
◼ First Emperor Qin was a legalist.▪ Legalists believe that people are basically bad.▪ They believe that it is necessary to control and regulate every
minute of people's lives so they have the discipline needed to work hard in the fields and in battle.
◼ *Qin ran his dynasty with absolute control and swift harsh punishment.
◼ *It was illegal to whine about Qin's government.◼ *If you simply suggested that things might be improved, you
could be put to death without a trial.
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Shi Huang Di
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Shi Huang Di
◼ *He controlled the Qin Dynasty.◼ *China received its name from the Qin Dynasty.◼ *He standardized money, writing and measurement.◼ *He ordered for the Great Wall to be built.◼ He did fear death and in order to defy death he took small
amounts of mercury and arsenic.◼ *Shi HuangDi ordered for all books to be burned.◼ *When he died he ordered for his army to be buried with
him.◼ *This army is known as the “Terracotta Army”.◼ His tomb was found in China in 1974.◼ *The death of Shi Huang Di ended the Qin Dynasty.
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Spy System
◼ *To make sure everyone did their job correctly, Emperor Qin set up a spy system.
◼ People had to spy on each other - it was the law.◼ People had to spy on each at work and at home in their
neighborhood or village.◼ If people turned in lawbreakers, they were rewarded.◼ If they did not, they were executed.
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Spy System: Changes
◼ Changes:
▪ Standardization: He introduced one system of weights, measures, money, written language, and laws.
▪ Law Code: He introduced a new law code that applied to everybody.
▪ Peasants: Peasants were assigned a job.
▪They were either assigned the job of farmer or of silk maker.
▪ If they tried to do anything else besides their assigned job, they were sent to work on the Great Wall.
▪ Censorship: Qin practiced total censorship.
▪He persecuted scholars and destroyed books.
▪He defined useless books as any book about anything except books about medicine, agriculture, or prophecy.
▪Useless books were burned.
▪Over 400 scholars who refused to turn in books were either buried alive or sent to work on the wall. 41
Terracotta Army
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Terracotta Army
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Terracotta Army
◼ An army of clay soldiers stands guard near the Chinese city of Xian
◼ *Day and night, for more than 2,000 years, these soldiers have kept watch over the tomb of Shi Huang Di
◼ *He ordered more than 700,000 workers to build his underground tomb.
◼ It is the grandest tomb of any emperor, it stood more than 15 stories high and covered about three acres.
◼ To surround the tomb, artists created a clay army of thousands of soldiers, horses, and chariots.
◼ *Each clay figure was made one at a time.
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Terracotta Army
◼ *No molds were used.◼ *Each soldier had a different face, probably the
likeness of a real soldier. ◼ *Each was made slightly larger than the real person. ◼ *Some of the soldiers carried real spears and swords.◼ *The third and most recently discovered pit contains
86 soldiers and chariots with 44 terracotta horses. ◼ *These soldiers ride in chariots, lead horses, or kneel
to shoot arrows. ◼ *No one knows how many more soldiers remain.
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The Great Wall of China
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The Great Wall of China
◼ *The Chinese worked on the Great Wall for over 1700 years.
◼ *Each emperor who came to power added pieces of the wall to protect their dynasties
◼ *First Emperor Qin used peasants, captured enemies, criminals, scholars, and anyone else who irritated him, and put them all to work building the Great Wall.
◼ Laborers were not paid for their work. It was slave labor.◼ About 3000 people worked on the wall during the Qin
Dynasty.
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The Great Wall of China
◼ Many people were injured or killed while helping▪ Rocks fell on people. ▪ Walls caved in. ▪ Workers died of exhaustion and disease. ▪ Laborers were fed only enough food to keep them alive.
◼ *There is an old Chinese saying, "Each stone in the wall represents a life lost in the wall's construction.
◼ This project continued long after First Emperor Qin’s death. ◼ Building the wall was a project that continued for many hundreds of
years until the wall was over 3700 miles long.◼ Most emperors used the same system that Qin used, forced labor.
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The Great Wall of China
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The Han Dynasty
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The Han Dynasty
◼ *Life was very good for many of the people because of the demand for Chinese silk.
◼ *The creation of the "silk road" - the trade routes across the fierce deserts.
◼ This allowed trade to flourish more easily with the Roman Empire. ◼ People bonded together into one civilization during Han times.◼ They had a common culture.◼ Han writing tells us little about their daily life. ◼ Han tombs, however, tell us quite a lot, such as the Hans buried
clay models of their homes and belongings, in their tombs.
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Daily Life of the Han Dynasty
◼ *So much was lost during the book burnings of the Qin Dynasty.◼ *The Han people tried very hard to replace the literature that was
lost during Qin times, especially the works of Confucius. ◼ They created new works of literature and music.◼ Beautiful murals were painted on the walls of palaces.◼ Scroll painting began.◼ Craftsmen made jade jewelry and carvings, gold ornaments and
belt hooks, delicate paintings with wire thin brush strokes.◼ Iron was used for making plows and other cast iron objects. ◼ Glazed pottery was brightly painted with lively hunting scenes,
mountains, trees, clouds, dragons, tigers, and bears.
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Daily Life of the Han Dynasty
◼ *Their medicine was advanced and they invented acupuncture. ◼ One of the Han emperors (Emperor Wudi), around 100 CE, agreed
with Confucius that education was the key to good government. ◼ He started a system of public schools, for boys only, taught by
Confucian teachers.◼ There was a major school, called the Grand School, in the capital.◼ In the beginning, only 50 students were allowed to study at the Grand
School. ◼ In less than 100 years, enrollment at the Grand School was over
30,000 students. ◼ Jobs were given to educated people, as well as nobles.◼ People were paid for their work.
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Daily Life of the Han Dynasty
◼ Only about 10% of the population lived in the cities. ◼ *Each city was surrounded by a strong wall, made of earth and stone.◼ *As cities are today, the ancient Han cities were centers of government,
education, and trade.◼ The poor lived in houses packed together. ◼ They had very little food, and little to no sanitation.◼ The rich built elaborate homes, decorated with drapery, and cashmere
carpets.◼ They furnished family tombs with stone lions.◼ Merchants were hardly recognized as men. ◼ Country folk were farmers. ◼ They still did not own their farms, but farms were larger in size, because
families had learned to team up.
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Chinese Inventions
◼ paper◼ seismograph◼ silk◼ medicines◼ matches◼ dominoes◼ wheelbarrows◼ jump rope◼ gunpowder◼ kites◼ The decimal system◼ The waterwheel◼ folding umbrella◼ The sundial◼ ink
◼ calligraphy◼ Porcelain china◼ animal harness◼ Lacquer paint◼ playing cards◼ Pottery wheel◼ printing◼ fireworks◼ paper money,◼ wallpaper◼ compass, ◼ The crossbow◼ tangrams◼ ice cream
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Celebrations & Traditions
Chinese New Year
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Celebrations & Traditions
◼ Chinese New Year▪ Chinese New Year is a very old celebration▪ It is a time for repaying debts, enjoying feasts, giving "red envelopes" of lucky
money to friends and relatives, and remembering ancestors.▪ The seventh day of the Chinese New Year is called Yan Yat, "Everybody's
Birthday."▪ Sweeping during Chinese New Year is very unlucky as you might sweep the New
Year luck out of your house!▪ There are many ancient and delightful superstitions surrounding this holiday.▪ In China they believe the color red signifies joy and luck▪ At midnight, firecrackers, paper dragons, noise makers, the waving of red
ribbons and banners all help to drive away any lingering evil spirits from the old year. (In case "Nian" is still lurking about somewhere!)
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Celebrations & Traditions
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Lantern Festival
Celebrations & Traditions
◼ Lantern Festival▪ This holiday is celebrated approximately 15 days
after the start of the Chinese New Year▪ people wear white in honor of the moon▪ lanterns are hung in the malls and markets,
and children carry paper lanterns to school, to light their way to a bright and happy future
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Celebrations & Traditions
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Chinese Fans
Celebrations and Traditions
◼ Chinese Fans▪ The ancient Chinese loved fans▪ The earliest fans were made of feathers. ▪ Over the years, the clever Chinese people made fans
from all kinds of materials including straw and wood. ▪ But it was not until the Ming Dynasty that the Chinese
discovered the art of paper fan folding. ▪ They did not invent the folded paper fan(That invention
arrived from Japan and Korea )61
Celebrations and Traditions
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Tea Drinking
Celebrations and Traditions
◼ Tea Drinking▪ There are several special circumstances in which tea is prepared
and consumed.▪ As a sign of respect, in Chinese society, the younger generation
shows respect to the older generation by offering a cup of tea.▪ The Chinese make serious apologies to others by pouring them
tea.▪ In the traditional Chinese marriage ceremony, both the bride
and groom kneel in front of their parents and serve them tea as an expression of gratitude.
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Celebrations and Traditions
◼ Chinese Zodiac Signs▪ The Chinese zodiac comprises a 12 year cycle ▪ Each year is named after an animal
▪ Rat▪ Ox▪ Tiger▪ Rabbit▪ Dragon▪ Snake▪ Horse ▪ Goat▪ Monkey▪ Rooster▪ Dog▪ Pig
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