E19.2174 Cognitive Science and Educational Technology I

E19.2174 E19.2174 Cognitive Science and Cognitive Science and

Educational Technology IEducational Technology I

E19.2174 E19.2174 Cognitive Science and Cognitive Science and

Educational Technology IEducational Technology IJan L. Plass, Ruth Schwartz, & Hyuksoon

Song, ECT

OverviewOverviewOverviewOverview

Reducing Extraneous Processing

Modality PrincipleCoherence PrincipleContiguity PrincipleSignaling Principle

Interaction DesignInteraction DesignInteraction DesignInteraction Design


Club Marian • Maid Marian


Class ActivityClass ActivityClass ActivityClass ActivityExtraneous Processing (60 min.)

Working in groups of 3-4, prepare a presentation of one of the extraneous load-reducing principles:

Define the principle and list research supporting it,Describe the cognitive processes on which the principle is based (use CL Theory to describe how cognitive load is affected),Find an example of an application or violation of the principle,Prepare a materials in which you demonstrate either the application or violation of the principle in your own presentation.

Groups1–modality, 2–coherence, 3–contiguity, 4–signaling

Reducing Extraneous Reducing Extraneous ProcessingProcessing


Modality Principle



Modality PrincipleDefinition

For animations, narration is more effective than on-screen text IF it is essential for understandingRationale: off-load information from visual to auditory channel

Research SupportMayer & Moreno, 1998; Moreno & Mayer, 1999, Moreno, Mayer, Spires, & Lester, 2001; Brünken, Steinbacher, Plass, & Leutner, 2002; Brünken, Plass, & Leutner, 2004 (review: Low & Sweller, 2005)

Example WISE-MD Modules for Surgery Education (NYU)– http://wise-md.med.nyu.edu/



Modality Principle WISE-MD Modules for Surgery Education (NYU)– http://wise-

md.med.nyu.edu/



Coherence Principle



Coherence PrincipleDefinition

Exclude rather than include extraneous material in a multimedia presentation

Research SupportMayer et al., 1996; Harp & Mayer, 1997, 1998; Moreno & Mayer, 2000, Mayer et al., 2001 (Review: Mayer, 2005)

ExampleVirtual Knee Surgery Site– http://edheads.org/activities/knee/



Contiguity Principle



Contiguity Principle (spatial, temporal)

Definitioncorresponding information should be presented near one another in time (temporal) and space (spatial contiguity)

Research SupportMayer, 1989; Sweller et al., 1990; Chandler & Sweller, 1991; Mayer at al., 1995; Tindall-Ford et al., 1997; Moreno & Mayer, 1999 (Review: Mayer, 2005)

ExampleHow the heart works - NHLBI–http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_pumping.html



Signaling Principle



Signaling PrincipleDefinition

Add cues to highlight the organization of the essential material

Research SupportHarp & Mayer, 1998; Mautone & Mayer, 2001; de Koning, Tabbers, Rikers, & Paas, 2007; Lowe, 2003 (Review: Mayer, 2005)

ExampleBBC Science and Nature: Human Body & Mind–http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/



Signaling Principle BBC Science and

Nature–http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/



Signaling Principle 3D Brain Anatomy (PBS)–

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/3d/

Documents

E19.2174 Cognitive Science and Educational Technology I