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DE PROFUNDIS EAMONN DOUGAN MISSA HORTUS CONCLUSUS MAGNIFICAT · MARIAN ANTIPHONS · MOTETS

EAMONN DOUGAN MISSA HORTUS CONCLUSUS … · them—plus a setting of the Missa pro defunctis and Responds for the dead. All these in one great volume of 598 pages constitute one of

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Page 1: EAMONN DOUGAN MISSA HORTUS CONCLUSUS … · them—plus a setting of the Missa pro defunctis and Responds for the dead. All these in one great volume of 598 pages constitute one of

DE PROFUNDISEAMONN DOUGAN

MISSA HORTUS CONCLUSUSMAGNIFICAT·MARIAN ANTIPHONS·MOTETS

Page 2: EAMONN DOUGAN MISSA HORTUS CONCLUSUS … · them—plus a setting of the Missa pro defunctis and Responds for the dead. All these in one great volume of 598 pages constitute one of

CONTENTS

TRACK LISTING � page 3

ENGLISH � page 4

Sung texts and translation � page 7

Performers � page 15

FRANÇAIS � page 19

DEUTSCH � Seite 22

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JUAN ESQUIVEL (c1560–before 1630)

MISSA HORTUS CONCLUSUS& OTHER WORKS

1 Regina caeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [2'15]

2 Hortus conclusus RODRIGO DE CEBALLOS (c1530–1581) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [4'36]

3 Kyrie Missa Hortus conclusus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [2'06]

4 Gloria Missa Hortus conclusus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [5'06]

5 Veni, Domine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1'52]

6 Credo Missa Hortus conclusus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [8'22]

7 Ego sum panis vivus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [2'34]

8 Sanctus Missa Hortus conclusus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [3'13]

9 Agnus Dei Missa Hortus conclusus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [2'53]

bl Ite, missa est – Deo gratias Missa Hortus conclusus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1'05]

bm Alma redemptoris mater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [4'39]

bn Magnificat quinti toni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [8'38]

bo Ave regina caelorum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [3'16]

bp Nunc dimittis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [3'35]

bq Sancta Maria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [3'44]

br Te lucis ante terminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [3'15]

bs Salve regina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [8'10]

DE PROFUNDISEAMONN DOUGAN

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WHEN ROBERT STEVENSON, the great Hispanist,published his Spanish Cathedral Music in theGolden Age in 1961, he gave the major chapters

to Cristóbal de Morales, Francisco Guerrero and Tomás Luisde Victoria. In 1993 the Spanish translation was thenpublished in Madrid (Alianza Música) and the original wasextensively updated. This was greatlyto the benefit of the second trio ofcomposers selected by Stevenson forspecial treatment. Alonso Lobo hademerged with his small repertoire ofshining masterpieces. Sebastián deVivanco had benefited from excellentresearch and publication in the 1970sand ’80s. Juan Esquivel’s reputationhad been hugely enhanced by thediscovery of a massive book, printed in1613, containing Psalms, thirty hymns,sixteen Magnificats, Marian antiphonsand a Te Deum, et al., together withhis second book of Masses—six ofthem—plus a setting of the Missa prodefunctis and Responds for the dead.All these in one great volume of 598pages constitute one of the largestmusic collections of the time. Thediscovery was made by Stevenson’s eminent contemporaryRobert Snow, when he visited Ronda (in the hills beyondMálaga) in 1973. At the collegiate church of Santa Maria dela Encarnación, locally ‘la catedral’, he encountered thesacristan who as a boy had hidden the Esquivel volumeand some old chant books at the time of the civil war’sdestructive mobs. It is from that cornucopia that much ofthis recording’s music has been transcribed.

Esquivel had issued two other collections: a book of sixMasses (Missarum … liber primus) printed in Salamanca

in 1608, and a book of seventy motets, plus In paradisum,issued in the same year, both produced by the printer ArtusTaberniel whose successor Francisco de Cea Tesa wasresponsible for the huge volume of 1613.

Juan Esquivel was a native of Ciudad Rodrigo, a city somesixty-five miles southwest of Salamanca, and not far from

the Portuguese border. His year of birthis uncertain but may have been 1560,for he became enrolled at the cath e -dral in 1568 as a mozo de coro. Thisprobably meant choirboy; the recordsoften made no distinction between thatand altar boy. As a chorister he wouldhave been taught for a few years by themaestro de capilla Juan Navarro, whoa decade earlier at Ávila had succeededRibera; both masters had been incharge of the boys Victoria and Vivanco.

We find nothing more of Esquiveluntil he is in his first post at OviedoCathedral. From there he moved toCalahorra (La Rioja) in 1585. Hereturned to his own city in 1591. Hestayed there for the rest of his life,obviously a proud citizen, giving hisname as Ioannis Esquivel Civitatensis

(a citizen of Ciudad Rodrigo). He is sometimes found asJuan Esquivel [de] Barahona, it being the Spanish customto add the mother’s family name. Throughout his careerhe was patronized by Don Pedro Ponce de León, Bishopof Ciudad Rodrigo and later of Zamora, a nobleman andFranciscan friar. Esquivel is unlikely to have lived beyond1630, but once again we have no certainty; the cathedralarchives remain lost up to the 1640s.

We begin this recording with Regina caeli, whichbecame the official Marian antiphon for Paschal Time in

ESQUIVEL AT PRAYERfrom the Book of Masses, 1608

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the Roman Rite reforms in 1568. But in Spain this text hadbeen sung as an entry processional using a local melody.Esquivel’s vigorous setting introduces the sequence of musicfor the Mass and Divine Office.

Esquivel’s final Mass in the 1613 book is based uponthe motet Hortus conclusus by Rodrigo de Ceballos. Thisbeautiful work was well known in its time, surviving inmanuscripts now kept in Granada, Seville, Toledo andValladolid. The words are honeyed with love: ‘Your lips distilnectar’ seems strangely far from the Catholic liturgy. Itis a verse from the biblical Song of Songs, ‘CanticumCanticorum’ in the Latin Vulgate, yet it is not among thosechosen by the Church to serve as antiphons on Marianfeasts—though a rare medieval adaptation begins ‘Hortusconclusus est Dei genitrix’. Ceballos’s tender motet seemsto stray into that borderline between the secular and thesacred. This gem is itself taken over by Esquivel in his Mass.Though often classified as a missa parodia, it might bebetter described as one of absorption, Ceballos’s melodicand contrapuntal material being swallowed and digested toreappear transformed in Esquivel’s compact creations:indeed a garden enclosed.

Esquivel keeps to the four voices of his model butreduces to three in the Benedictus, expands to five (with twotenors in canonic imitation) in the second Agnus Dei, andhe jollies along the brief Osannas in bursts of triple time.Unusually, Esquivel added the response ‘Deo gratias’. Thisshould follow the celebrant’s Dismissal: ‘Go, the Mass isended’ (‘Ite, missa est’); this we have restored.

The Kyrie and Gloria are followed by a motet from the1608 book, Veni, Domine: ‘Come, O Lord, and do not delay.’A revision of this antiphon excised that admonition, butcomposers liked it so much that ‘noli tardare’ was retainedby Morales, Guerrero, Tejeda and Esquivel, all of whom keptthat first phrase as an ostinato to be sung alternately lowand high by one voice throughout. Each composer contrived

a distinct and concise melodic shape for the repeating motif.Esquivel’s is in the second of the twin top voices.

To follow the Credo, the choir sings a typically brief motetof quiet devotion. It celebrates the doctrine of transub -stantiation, so dear to Catholic hearts. Ego sum panis vivus,Christ’s own words, is used as an antiphon at Lauds on theFeast of Corpus Christi, and entirely appropriate for generaluse at Mass. The Sanctus, Benedictus and the two settingsof the Agnus Dei complete the Mass. In the second AgnusDei Esquivel has the twin tenors in close canon. TheDismissal follows: ‘Deo gratias.’

After the Mass we turn to music for Vespers andCompline. The Roman liturgy was reformed after theCouncil of Trent, and thus every effort was made to restrictregional variations and to normalize the texts so that theyconformed to Roman use. In Spain the evening Office ofCompline ended with the singing of a Marian antiphon—usually Salve regina. Others, some of local provenance,were also used. Practices were variable from one diocese toanother. Such localismo was curbed by the enforcement ofa new Roman Breviary in 1568. By 1575 almost all Spanishcathedrals had accepted the full Roman Use. Thence therewere four Marian antiphons to be sung seasonally: Almaredemptoris mater from Advent until the beginning ofFebruary; Ave regina caelorum from Purification to HolyWeek; Regina caeli from Easter to Pentecost; and Salveregina, designated from Pentecost to Advent.

What the new Roman rules did not specify was the choiceof plainchant melodies. Spain’s cathedrals kept their localvariants. In some cases these were used right up to the latenineteenth century. The chant for Ave regina caelorum wasdistinctive, but the Spanish melody for Regina caeli wascompletely different from the Roman. From the 1570s manyIberian composers wrote settings of both the Spanish andthe Roman (international) melodies. Alma redemptorismater was new to most Spanish composers, though it had

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been a favourite of the very influential Franciscan Order andin the churches of Rome from late medieval times.

The Magnificat quinti toni is specified in the 1613collection as a canticle for First Vespers; the odd verses areset in six-voiced polyphony alternating with the even versesin plainchant. Verse 5 (‘Et misericordia eius’) reduces tothree voices; the eleventh verse (‘Gloria Patri’) has thefirst tenor repeat ‘saeculorum. Amen’ successively to thecadences of each of the eight recitation tones. This anti -cipates the final plainsong verse. It emulates a similar deviceto that used by Vivanco in his Salamanca print of 1609.

Ave regina caelorum is written as a continuous motet-like polyphonic web in a non-stop series of imitative points.In contrast, the Canticle of Simeon, the Nunc dimittis, isconcise and declamatory, presented here with the PaschalAlleluia as its antiphon, before and after, as on EasterSunday. The canticle itself is quite chordal in style, alter -nating with plainchant.

Sancta Maria is a Magnificat antiphon for Marian feastsfor use throughout the year. Esquivel’s is exceptional inbeing one of his rare excursions into double-choir music.The eight voices produce rich harmony to accompany somevery expressive phrases.

Te lucis ante terminum is a hymn of just three stanzasthat is proper to Compline, sung after the Psalms but beforethe Nunc dimittis. It is composed to one of its many plain -chant tunes, matched by simple polyphony for the middleverse.

Salve regina was the climax of the extra-liturgical ‘Salveservice’ (now so-called), the most popular Marian devotionin the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It was really aconclusion to Compline. In Spain composers made settingsof the ‘Salve’ more than any other prayer to the virgin.Published without the chant sections, we have restored themfrom Villafranca’s Breve instruccion de canto llano (Seville,1565).

BRUNO TURNER © 2020

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1 Regina caelialto Guy James, Daniel Brown, Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle tenor Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Mark Dourishbaritone Steve Jones, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomas bass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas PerryRegina caeli, laetare, alleluia. Queen of heaven, rejoice, alleluia.Quia quem meruisti portare, alleluia. For he whom you were worthy to bear, alleluia.Resurrexit, sicut dixit, alleluia. Has risen as he said, alleluia.Ora pro nobis Deum, alleluia. Pray for us to God, alleluia.ANTIPHON TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY FROM EASTER UNTIL PENTECOST

2 Hortus conclusus RODRIGO DE CEBALLOS (c1530–1581)alto Guy James, Daniel Brown, Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle tenor Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Mark Dourishbaritone Steve Jones, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomas bass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas PerryHortus conclusus soror mea, sponsa mea, A garden enclosed is my sister, my bride,hortus conclusus et fons signatus. a garden enclosed and a fountain sealed.Aperi mihi, o soror mea, amica mea, Open to me, my sister, my love,columba mea, immaculata mea. my dove, my undefiled.Surge propera, amica mea, et veni. Arise, my love, and come.

Veni speciosa mea, ostende mihi faciem tuam. Come, my fair one, let me see your face.Favus distillans labia tua, Your lips distil nectar,mel et lac sub lingua tua. honey and milk are under your tongue.Veni sponsa mea, veni coronaberis. Come, my bride, come and you shall be crowned.SONG OF SONGS

Missa Hortus conclusus3 Kyrie

alto Guy James, Daniel Brown, Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle tenor Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Mark Dourishbaritone Steve Jones, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomas bass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas PerryKyrie eleison. Lord, have mercy.Christe eleison. Christ, have mercy.Kyrie eleison. Lord, have mercy.

4 Gloriadeacon Stephen Lloydalto Guy James, Daniel Brown, Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle tenor Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Mark Dourishbaritone Steve Jones, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomas bass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas PerryGloria in excelsis Deo Glory be to God on highet in terra pax hominibus bonae voluntatis. and on earth peace towards men of goodwill.Laudamus te. Benedicimus te. We praise you. We bless you.Adoramus te. Glorificamus te. We worship you. We glorify you.

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Gratias agimus tibi propter magnam gloriam tuam. We give thanks to you for your great glory.Domine Deus, rex caelestis, Deus Pater omnipotens, Lord God, heavenly king, God the Father almighty,Domine Fili unigenite, Jesu Christe. Lord the only-begotten Son, Jesus Christ.Domine Deus, Agnus Dei, Filius Patris. Lord God, Lamb of God, Son of the Father.

Qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis. You who take away the sins of the world, have mercy on us.Qui tollis peccata mundi, suscipe deprecationem nostram. You who take away the sins of the world, receive our prayer.Qui sedes ad dexteram Patris, miserere nobis. You who sit at the right hand of the Father, have mercy on us.Quoniam tu solus sanctus, tu solus Dominus. For you alone are holy, you alone are the Lord.Tu solus altissimus, Jesu Christe. You alone are most high, Jesus Christ.Cum Sancto Spiritu, in gloria Dei Patris. Amen. With the Holy Spirit, in the glory of God the Father. Amen.

5 Veni, Dominealto 1 Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle, Addison Shore alto 2 Guy James, Daniel Brown, Daniel Gethintenor Jack Granby, Giles Turner, Tom Roach baritone Sam Barrett, Simon Trist, Gareth Thomasbass Stephen Lloyd, Nick Martyn, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas PerryVeni, Domine, et noli tardare, Come, O Lord, and do not delay,visitare nos in pace, visit us in peace,ut laetemur coram te corde perfecto. so that we may rejoice before you with a perfect heart.ANTIPHON AT VESPERS ON SATURDAY BEFORE THE SECOND SUNDAY OF ADVENT

Missa Hortus conclusus6 Credo

deacon Stephen Lloyd celebrant Alistair Kirkalto Guy James, Daniel Brown, Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle tenor Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Mark Dourishbaritone Steve Jones, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomas bass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas PerryCredo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem, I believe in one God, the Father almighty,factorem caeli et terrae, maker of heaven and earth,visibilium omnium et invisibilium. of all things visible and invisible.Et in unum Dominum Jesum Christum, And in one Lord Jesus Christ,Filium Dei unigenitum, the only-begotten Son of God,et ex Patre natum ante omnia saecula. born of his Father before all worlds.Deum de Deo, lumen de lumine, God of God, light of light,Deum verum de Deo vero, very God of very God,genitum non factum, consubstantialem Patri, begotten not made, being of one substance with the Father,per quem omnia facta sunt. by whom all things were made.Qui propter nos homines, et propter nostram salutem, Who for us men, and for our salvation,descendit de caelis. came down from heaven.

Et incarnatus est de Spiritu Sancto ex Maria virgine, And was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the virgin Mary,et homo factus est. and was made man.

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Crucifixus etiam pro nobis: He was crucified for us:sub Pontio Pilato passus et sepultus est. under Pontius Pilate he suffered and was buried.Et resurrexit tertia die secundum scripturas. And the third day he rose again according to the scriptures.Et ascendit in caelum: And ascended into heaven:sedet ad dexteram Patris. he sits at the right hand of the Father.Et iterum venturus est cum gloria And he shall come again with gloryiudicare vivos et mortuos: to judge both the living and the dead:cuius regni non erit finis. whose kingdom shall have no end.

Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et vivificantem: And in the Holy Spirit, Lord and giver of life:qui ex Patre Filioque procedit, who proceeds from the Father and Son,qui cum Patre et Filio simul adoratur who with the Father and Son together is worshippedet conglorificatur, qui locutus est per prophetas. and glorified, who spoke by the prophets.Et unam sanctam catholicam et apostolicam ecclesiam. And in one holy, catholic and apostolic church.Confiteor unum baptisma in remissionem peccatorum. I acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins.Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum, And I look for the resurrection of the dead,et vitam venturi saeculi. Amen. and the life of the world to come. Amen.

7 Ego sum panis vivusalto Daniel Gethin, Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle, Addison Shore tenor Jack Granby, Mark Dourish, Tom Roachbaritone Sam Barrett, Reuben Thomas, Gareth Thomas bass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Nick MartynEgo sum panis vivus qui de caelo descendi: I am the living bread which came down from heaven:si quis manducaverit ex hoc pane, if any man eats of this bread,vivet in aeternum. Alleluia. he shall live for ever. Alleluia.BENEDICTUS ANTIPHON AT LAUDS ON THE FEAST OF CORPUS CHRISTI

Missa Hortus conclusus8 Sanctus

alto Guy James, Daniel Brown, Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle tenor Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Mark Dourishbaritone Steve Jones, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomas bass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas PerrySanctus, sanctus, sanctus Dominus Deus Sabaoth. Holy, holy, holy Lord God of Sabaoth.Pleni sunt caeli et terra gloria tua. The heavens are full and the earth of your glory.Osanna in excelsis. Hosanna in the highest.

alto Guy James tenor Mark Hounsell bass Alistair KirkBenedictus qui venit in nomine Domini. Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord.Osanna in excelsis. Hosanna in the highest.

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9 Agnus Deialto Guy James, Daniel Brown, Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle tenor Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Mark Dourishbaritone Steve Jones, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomas bass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas PerryAgnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, Lamb of God, you who take away the sins of the world,miserere nobis. have mercy on us.

alto Guy James, Daniel Brown, Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle tenor 1 Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Tom Roachtenor 2 Jack Granby, Mark Dourish, Giles Turner baritone Steve Jones, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomasbass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas PerryAgnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, Lamb of God, you who take away the sins of the world,dona nobis pacem. grant us peace.

bl Ite, missa est – Deo gratiascelebrant Alistair Kirkalto Guy James, Daniel Brown, Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle tenor Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Mark Dourishbaritone Steve Jones, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomas bass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas PerryIte, missa est. Go, the Mass is ended.Deo gratias. Thanks be to God.

bm Alma redemptoris materalto Guy James, Daniel Brown, Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle tenor Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Mark Dourishbaritone Steve Jones, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomas bass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Alistair KirkAlma redemptoris mater, Gracious mother of the redeemer,quae pervia caeli porta manes et stella maris: you who are the ever-open door of heaven and star of the sea:succurre cadenti surgere qui curat populo. succour your people who fall and strive to rise again.Tu quae genuisti, natura mirante, You who gave birth, while nature marvelled,tuum sanctum genitorem: to your holy creator:virgo prius ac posterius, a virgin before and after,Gabrielis ab ore sumens illud Ave, who heard that ‘Ave’ from Gabriel’s lips,peccatorum miserere. have mercy on sinners.ANTIPHON TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY FROM ADVENT UNTIL THE FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION

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bn Magnificat quinti tonivv 1, 3, 7 & 9 alto 1 Guy James, Daniel Brown, Daniel Gethin alto 2 Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle, Addison Shoretenor 1 Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Jack Granby tenor 2 Mark Dourish, Giles Turner, Tom Roachbaritone Steve Jones, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomas (intonation) bass Stephen Lloyd, Nick Martyn, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas Perry

v 5 alto Guy James, Daniel Brown, Daniel Gethin tenor Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Jack Granbybaritone Steve Jones, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomas

v 11 alto 1 Guy James, Daniel Brown, Daniel Gethin alto 2 Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle, Addison Shoretenor 1 Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Jack Granby tenor 2 Mark Dourish, Giles Turner, Tom Roachbaritone 1 Steve Jones, Sam Barrett, Simon Trist baritone 2 Graham Kirk, Gareth Thomas, Reuben Thomasbass Stephen Lloyd, Nick Martyn, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas Perry

CHANT Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Jack Granby, Mark Dourish, Steve Jones, Sam Barrett, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomas, Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Nick Martyn, Alistair Kirk

1 Magnificat anima mea Dominum. My soul proclaims the greatness of the Lord.2 Et exsultavit spiritus meus in Deo, salutari meo. And my spirit rejoices in God, my saviour.3 Quia respexit humilitatem For he has looked with favour onancillae suae: the lowliness of his handmaiden:ecce enim ex hoc behold, from henceforthbeatam me dicent omnes generationes. all generations shall call me blessed.

4 Quia fecit mihi magna qui potens est: For he that is mighty has done wondrous things for me:et sanctum nomen eius. and holy is his name.

5 Et misericordia eius a progenie in progenies And his mercy is upon them that fear himtimentibus eum. throughout all generations.

6 Fecit potentiam in brachio suo: He has shown the power of his arm:dispersit superbos mente cordis sui. he has scattered the proud in their conceit.

7 Deposuit potentes de sede, He has put down the mighty from their seat,et exaltavit humiles. and has exalted the humble and meek.

8 Esurientes implevit bonis: He has filled the hungry with good things:et divites dimisit inanes. and the rich he has sent empty away.

9 Suscepit Israel, puerum suum, He has sustained his servant Israelrecordatus misericordiae suae. in remembrance of his mercy.

10 Sicut locutus est ad patres nostros, As he promised to our forefathers,Abraham et semini eius in saecula. Abraham and his sons for ever.

11 Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto. Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit.12 Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper, As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be,et in saecula saeculorum. Amen. world without end. Amen.LUKE 1: 46–55

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bo Ave regina caelorumalto 1 Guy James, Daniel Brown, Daniel Gethin alto 2 Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle, Addison Shoretenor 1 Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Jack Granby tenor 2 Mark Dourish, Giles Turner, Tom Roachbass Matthew Johnson, Nick Martyn, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas PerryAve regina caelorum, Hail, queen of heaven,Ave domina angelorum: hail, mistress of the angels:Salve radix, salve porta hail root, hail gateEx qua mundo lux est orta. from whom light for the world has arisen.Gaude, virgo gloriosa, Rejoice, glorious virgin,Super omnes speciosa. beautiful above all others.Vale, o valde decora, Farewell, O most gracious one,Et pro nobis Christum exora. and pray for us to Christ.ANTIPHON TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY FROM THE FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION UNTIL THE WEDNESDAY IN HOLY WEEK

bp Nunc dimittisINTONATION Graham Kirk

CHANT Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Jack Granby, Mark Dourish, Steve Jones, Sam Barrett, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomas, Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Nick Martyn, Alistair Kirk

vv 2 & 4 alto Guy James, Daniel Brown, Daniel Gethin, Addison Shore tenor Jack Granby, Giles Turner, Tom Roachbaritone Sam Barrett, Simon Trist, Gareth Thomas bass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Nick Martyn

v 6 alto 1 Guy James, Daniel Brown, Daniel Gethin alto 2 Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle, Addison Shoretenor 1 Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Jack Granby tenor 2 Mark Dourish, Giles Turner, Tom Roachbaritone Sam Barrett, Simon Trist, Gareth Thomas bass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Nick MartynAlleluia. Alleluia.

1 Nunc dimittis servum tuum, Domine, Now let your servant depart, Lord,secundum verbum tuum in pace. in peace, as you promised.

2 Quia viderunt oculi mei salutare tuum: For I have seen with my own eyes the salvation:3 Quod parasti ante faciem omnium populorum: you have prepared for all nations to see:4 Lumen ad revelationem gentium, a light to lighten the gentiles,et gloriam plebis tuae Israel. and the glory of your people Israel.

5 Gloria Patri, et Filio et Spiritui Sancto. Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit.6 Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper, As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be,et in saecula saeculorum. Amen. world without end. Amen.

Alleluia. Alleluia.LUKE 2: 29–32

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bq Sancta MariaCHOIR 1 alto 1 Guy James, Daniel Brown alto 2 Sebastian Fayle, Addison Shoretenor Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Jack Granby baritone Steve Jones, Sam Barrett, Simon Trist

CHOIR 2 alto 1 Daniel Gethin, Hugh Cutting tenor Mark Dourish, Giles Turner, Tom Roachbaritone Graham Kirk, Gareth Thomas, Reuben Thomasbass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Nick Martyn, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas PerrySancta Maria, succurre miseris, Holy Mary, succour the poor,iuva pusillanimes, refove flebiles; help the faint-hearted, revive the weeping:ora pro populo, interveni pro clero, pray for the people, intervene for the clergy,intercede pro devoto femineo sexu; intercede for the faithful female sex;sentiant omnes tuum iuvamen, that all who celebratequicumque celebrant tuam sanctam commemorationem. your holy feast day may know your help.MAGNIFICAT ANTIPHON ON FEASTS OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY

br Te lucis ante terminumINTONATION Sam Barrett

CHANT Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Jack Granby, Mark Dourish, Steve Jones, Sam Barrett, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomas, Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Nick Martyn, Alistair Kirk

CHOIR alto Guy James, Daniel Brown, Daniel Gethin, Addison Shore tenor 1 Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Jack Granbytenor 2 Mark Dourish, Giles Turner, Tom Roach bass Matthew Johnson, Nick Martyn, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas PerryTe lucis ante terminum, Before the day is finished,Rerum creator, poscimus, creator of the world, we earnestly ask you that,Ut pro tua clementia in keeping with your mercy,Sis praesul et custodia. you will be our protector and defence.

Procul recedant somnia May no ill dreamsEt noctium phantasmata: nor fantasies of the night come near us:Hostemque nostrum comprime, hold in check our enemy,Ne polluantur corpora. lest our bodies be defiled.

Praesta, Pater piisime, Be present, most holy Father,Patrique compar Unice, and alongside the Son of the Father,Cum Spiritu Paraclito, with the Holy Spirit,Regnans per omne saecula. Amen. reign for all ages. Amen.

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bs Salve reginaINTONATION Matthew Johnson

CHANT Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Jack Granby, Mark Dourish, Steve Jones, Sam Barrett, Graham Kirk, Reuben Thomas, Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Nick Martyn, Alistair Kirk

VITA, DULCEDO and ET JESUM, BENEDICTUM

alto Daniel Gethin, Hugh Cutting, Addison Shore tenor 1 Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Jack Granbytenor 2 Mark Dourish, Giles Turner, Tom Roach bass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Alistair Kirk bajón Nicholas Perry

AD TE SUSPIRAMUS

alto 1 Guy James, Daniel Brown, Daniel Gethin alto 2 Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle, Addison Shoretenor 1 Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Jack Granby tenor 2 Mark Dourish, Giles Turner, Tom Roach bajón Nicholas Perry

O CLEMENS

alto 1 Guy James, Daniel Gethin alto 2 Hugh Cutting, Addison Shore tenor 1 Peter Ellis, Mark Hounsell, Jack Granbytenor 2 Mark Dourish, Giles Turner, Tom Roach bass Matthew Johnson, Stephen Lloyd, Alistair KirkSalve regina, mater misericordiae. Hail queen, mother of mercy.Vita, dulcedo et spes nostra, salve. Our life, our sweetness and our hope, hail.Ad te clamamus, exsules filii Hevae. To you we cry out, the exiled children of Eve.Ad te suspiramus, To you we sigh,gementes et flentes in hac lacrimarum valle. mourning and weeping in this vale of tears.Eia ergo, advocata nostra, We pray you then, our advocate,illos tuos misericordes oculos ad nos converte. let those merciful eyes of yours turn towards us.Et Jesum, benedictum fructum ventris tui, And Jesus, the blessed fruit of your womb,nobis post hoc exsilium ostende. show to us after our exile here.O clemens, o pia, o dulcis virgo Maria. O gentle, O loving, O sweet virgin Mary.ANTIPHON TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY FROM PENTECOST UNTIL ADVENT

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This project was kindly supported by Friends and Benefactors of De Profundis:Simon Adams, Andrew Cantrill-Fenwick, Lynda Collins, Rosemary Mathew, Mark Dourish,Peter Ellis, Iain Hunter and Rosemary Vince, Matthew Johnson, Donna Sharp, Ann Wintle

and by Paul Smith, and Centro de Estudios Europa Hispánica

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DE PROFUNDISDe Profundis is an early music vocal ensemble basedin Cambridge. The choir was founded in 2011 by MarkDourish to present concerts of Continental Renaissancepolyphony at the original lower pitch, employing the adultmale line-up appropriate to the period. De Profundis’sconcert schedule involves some of the world’s leadingearly music conductors: past and future directors includeAndrew Parrott, Andrew Carwood, Robert Hollingworthand David Skinner.

In 2014 the group performed and recorded thecomplete salvageable works of Bernardino de Ribera

for Hyperion Records (CDA68141). They later took theirRibera programme to the El Greco Music Festival in Toledo.The group’s second album, sacred music by Sebastiánde Vivanco, was released on Hyperion in 2018 (CDA68257).It was highly praised in Gramophone magazine and onBBC Radio 3’s Record Review programme. It was awardedfive stars by Diapason, France’s leading classical musicjournal, and was named one of the Discs of the Year inEl País. In 2019 the choir undertook their second Spanishtour, performing in Ávila and Salamanca cathedrals, andat the International Music Festival at Las Navas del Marqués.

© Andrew Wilkinson

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EAMONN DouganEamonn Dougan is an inspirational communicator with awide-ranging repertoire, and is a renowned vocal coach andbaritone. Eamonn is Associate Conductor of The Sixteen,founding Director of Britten Sinfonia Voices, and MusicDirector of the Thomas Tallis Society.

Conducting highlights have included the premiere ofJames MacMillan’s All the hills and vales along at theCumnock Tryst Festival, assisting Sir Mark Elder for the UKpremiere concert and recording of Puccini’s Le Villi withOpera Rara and the London Philharmonic Orchestra, andconducting the off-stage chorus for Berlioz’s L’enfance duChrist with The Hallé, Britten Sinfonia Voices and GenesisSixteen for the 2019 BBC Proms at the Royal Albert Hall. Hedirected The Sixteen’s highly acclaimed tour of Australia andSingapore, conducted the Messiah with Orquesta Sinfónicade Castilla y León and Cappella Amsterdam, and debutedwith Bilbao Orkestra Sinfonikoa and Real Orquesta Sinfónicade Sevilla. He has also conducted in Paris at La SeineMusicale with renowned ensemble Accentus, and in Copen -hagen with the Danish National Symphony Orchestra,DR VokalEnsemblet and DR KoncertKoret. Programminghighlights have included curating and conducting ‘AWeekend of Excessively Good Taste’ at Kings Place inLondon, and specially curating ‘Earth, Moon and Sky’ forthe Salisbury Festival, which featured violinist HarrietMackenzie and the London Chamber Orchestra, andwas captured by artist Luke Jerram’s installation Gaia.Eamonn’s developing opera work has included Mozart’sLa finta giardiniera and Così fan tutte, and Purcell’s

Dido and Aeneas with Ryedale Festival Opera. This isalongside his work educating choral groups across theworld. Eamonn Dougan is managed worldwide by Percius.

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t b b

a t b

a t b H O

T T

m W l

A s

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DE PROFUNDISalto Daniel Brown, Hugh Cutting, Sebastian Fayle, Daniel Gethin, Guy James, Addison Shore

tenor Mark Dourish, Peter Ellis, Jack Granby, Mark Hounsell, Tom Roach, Giles Turnerbaritone Sam Barrett, Steve Jones, Graham Kirk, Gareth Thomas, Reuben Thomas, Simon Trist

bass Matthew Johnson, Alistair Kirk, Stephen Lloyd, Nick Martynbajón Nicholas Perry

De Profundis is a registered charity number 1156600www.deprofundis.org.uk

Copyright subsists in all Hyperion recordings and it is illegal to copy them, in whole or in part, for any purpose whatsoever, withoutpermission from the copyright holder, Hyperion Records Ltd, PO Box 25, London SE9 1AX, England. Any unauthorized copyingor re-recording, broadcasting, or public performance of this or any other Hyperion recording will constitute an infringement ofcopyright. Applications for a public performance licence should be sent to Phonographic Performance Ltd, 1 Upper James Street, LondonW1F 9DE

Editions by Bruno Turner, except 2 by Michael Noone and 7 by Martyn Imrie; all published by Mapa Mundi.

Recorded in St George’s Church, Chesterton, Cambridge, on 7–9 May 2019Recording Engineer ADRIAN HUNTERRecording Producer ADAM BINKSBooklet Editor TODD HARRIS

Executive Producer SIMON PERRYP & C Hyperion Records Ltd, London, MMXX

Front illustration: Allegory of the Camaldolese Order (detail, c1600) by Doménikos Theotokópoulos ‘El Greco’ (1541–1614)Instituto de Valencia de Don Juan, Madrid / akg-images

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SEBASTIÁN DE VIVANCO (c1551–1622)Missa Assumpsit Jesus & motets CDA68257DE PROFUNDIS / ROBERT HOLLINGWORTH‘It is entirely typical of Robert Hollingworth …that he should have taken his latest ensemble,De Profundis, on yet another intriguing journey ofdiscovery. The most impressive work here is theMass which is presented within a liturgical frameworkwith plainsongs and some interspersed motets’(BBC Music Magazine) ‘The ‘Hosanna’ of theMass is supremely inventive and worth the price ofadmission on its own, and the contrast between thetwo penitential motets and the brace of Song of Songsillustrates Vivanco’s range most eloquently’(Gramophone)

BERNARDINO DE RIBERA (c1520–?1580)Magnificats & motets CDA68141DE PROFUNDIS / DAVID SKINNER‘Led by David Skinner and two-dozen strong,De Profundis sound robust and solemn ratherthan mournful, their all-male line-up a welcomechange from today’s treble-dominated norm inlarger ensembles … these solid, well-judgedperformances elevate Ribera from a mere footnotein music history to something more substantial’(Gramophone) ‘The sonorous voices of DeProfundis perfectly suit the beguilingly opulenttextures and expressive lines’ (The Sunday Times)DIAPASON DÉCOUVERTE

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ESQUIVEL Missa Hortus conclusus, Magnificat & motets

LORSQUE ROBERT STEVENSON, le grand hispanisant,publia son ouvrage Spanish Cathedral Music inthe Golden Age en 1961, il consacra les principaux

chapitres à Cristóbal de Morales, Francisco Guerrero etTomás Luis de Victoria. En 1993, la traduction en espagnolfut publiée à Madrid (Alianza Música) et l’original largementmis à jour, principalement au profit d’un second trio decompositeurs auxquels Stevenson accorda un traitementspécifique : Alonso Lobo avec son petit répertoire de brillantschefs-d’œuvre ; Sebastián de Vivanco qui avait bénéficiéd’excellentes recherches et publications dans les années1970 et 1980 ; et Juan Esquivel, dont la renommée s’étaitbeaucoup améliorée grâce à la découverte d’un énormeouvrage, imprimé en 1613, contenant des psaumes, trentehymnes, seize Magnificat, des antiennes mariales et unTe Deum, ainsi que d’autres œuvres et un second livre demesses—six d’entre elles—plus une Missa pro defunctiset des Répons pour les défunts. L’ensemble constitue unseul grand volume de 598 pages, l’un des plus grandsrecueils de musique de l’époque. Cette découverte fut lefruit de l’éminent contemporain de Stevenson, RobertSnow, lorsqu’il se rendit à Ronda (dans les collines au-delàde Malaga) en 1973. À la collégiale de Santa María dela Encarnación, que l’on appelle là-bas « la catedral », ilrencontra le sacristain qui, dans sa jeunesse, avait cachéle volume d’Esquivel et quelques vieux livres de chant àl’époque des bandes destructrices de la guerre civile. C’estde cette corne d’abondance qu’une grande partie de lamusique de cet enregistrement a été transcrite.

Esquivel avait publié deux autres recueils : un livre desix messes (Missarum … liber primus) imprimé à Sala -manque en 1608, et un livre de soixante-dix motets, plusIn paradisum, paru la même année, tous deux réalisés parl’imprimeur Artus Taberniel dont le successeur Franciscode Cea Tesa fut chargé de l’énorme volume de 1613.

Juan Esquivel était originaire de Ciudad Rodrigo, villesituée à une centaine de kilomètres au sud-ouest deSalamanque, pas très loin de la frontière portugaise. Sonannée de naissance est incertaine mais pourrait être 1560,car il fut inscrit à la cathédrale en 1568 comme mozode coro. Cela voulait sans doute dire jeune choriste ; lesregistres ne faisaient souvent aucune distinction entrejeune choriste et enfant de chœur. Comme choriste, ildût normalement recevoir, quelques années durant,l’enseignement du maestro de capilla Juan Navarro qui,dix ans plus tôt, avait succédé à Ribera à Ávila ; les deuxmaîtres s’étaient occupés de Victoria et de Vivanco dansleur enfance.

On ne trouve aucune autre information sur Esquiveljusqu’à ce qu’il occupe son premier poste à la cathédraled’Oviedo. De là, il passa à Calahorra (La Rioja) en 1585. Ilretourna dans sa propre ville en 1591 et y resta jusqu’à lafin de ses jours, manifestement un fier citoyen, se désignantcomme Ioannis Esquivel Civitatensis (un citoyen de CiudadRodrigo). On le trouve parfois sous le nom de Juan Esquivel[de] Barahona, puisqu’en Espagne il est coutume d’ajouterle nom de famille de la mère. Tout au long de sa carrière, ilfut protégé par Don Pedro Ponce de León, évêque de CiudadRodrigo, puis de Zamora, un aristocrate et frère franciscain.Il est peu probable qu’Esquivel ait vécu au-delà de 1630mais, une fois encore, nous n’avons aucune certitude ;les archives de la cathédrale antérieures à 1640 restentperdues.

Nous commençons cet enregistrement avec Reginacaeli, qui devint l’antienne mariale officielle pour le tempspascal dans les réformes du rite romain en 1568. Mais enEspagne, ce texte était chanté comme entrée processionnellesur une mélodie locale. La musique entraînante d’Esquivelintroduit la séquence de musique pour la messe et l’officedivin.

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La dernière messe d’Esquivel dans le livre de 1613repose sur le motet Hortus conclusus de Rodrigo deCeballos. Cette œuvre magnifique était très connue enson temps et survécut dans des manuscrits conservésaujourd’hui à Grenade, Séville, Tolède etValladolid. Les paroles sont doucereusesavec amour : « Vos lèvres distillent dunectar » semble étrangement éloignéde la liturgie catholique. C’est un versetdu Cantique des cantiques bibliques,« Canticum Canticorum » dans la Vul -gate latine, mais il ne figure pas parmiceux choisis par l’Église pour servird’antienne lors des fêtes mariales—même si une adaptation médiévalerare com mence sur « Hortus conclususest Dei genitrix ». Le tendre motet deCeballos semble errer à la limite entrele profane et le sacré. Ce joyau est lui-même repris par Esquivel danssa messe. Quoique souvent considéréecomme une missa parodia, elle seraitpeut-être mieux décrite comme unemesse d’absorption, le matériel mélo -dique et contrapuntique de Ceballosétant avalé et assimilé pour réapparaître transformédans les créations compactes d’Esquivel : en fait un jardinclos.

Esquivel conserve les quatre voix de son modèle maisles réduit à trois dans le Benedictus, les élargit à cinq (avecdeux ténors en imitation canonique) dans le deuxièmeAgnus Dei, et il enjôle les brefs Osanna dans des salves derythme ternaire. De manière inhabituelle, Esquivel ajoutale répons « Deo gratias » qui devait suivre l’envoi ducélébrant : « Allez, la messe est dite » (« Ite, missa est ») ;nous l’avons rétabli.

Le Kyrie et le Gloria sont suivis d’un motet du livrede 1608, Veni, Domine : « Oh viens Seigneur, ne tardepas. » Une révision de cette antienne supprima cetteexhortation, mais les compositeurs l’aimaient tellement

que « noli tardare » fut conservé parMorales, Guerrero, Tejeda et Esquivel,qui gardèrent tous cette premièrephrase comme un osti nato à chanteralternativement à voix basse et à voixhaute par une seule voix du début à lafin. Chaque compositeur créa une formemélodique distincte et concise pour lemotif récurrent. Celle d’Esquivel estconfiée à la seconde des deux voixsupérieures.

Après le Credo, le chœur chante,comme d’habitude, un court motet decalme dévotion. Il célèbre la doctrine dela transubstantiation, si chère au cœurdes catholiques. Ego sum panis vivus,les propres mots du Christ, est utilisécomme antienne à Laudes lors de laFête-Dieu, qui convient parfaitementà un usage généralisé à la messe.Le Sanctus, le Benedictus et les deux

versions de l’Agnus Dei complètent la messe. Dans ledeuxième Agnus Dei, Esquivel fait chanter les deux ténorsen canon rapproché. Vient ensuite l’envoi : « Deo gratias. »

Après la messe, nous passons à la musique pour lesVêpres et les Complies. La liturgie romaine fut réforméeaprès le Concile de Trente et on fit par conséquent beaucoupd’efforts pour limiter les variantes régionales et pournormaliser les textes afin qu’ils se conforment à l’usageromain. En Espagne, l’Office de Complies du soir seterminait par le chant d’une antienne mariale, en généralle Salve regina. D’autres, de provenance locale, étaient

Psalmorum … et missarum tomus secundus (1613)

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aussi utilisées. Les pratiques variaient d’un diocèse àun autre. Un tel localismo fut réfréné par l’impositiond’un nouveau bréviaire romain en 1568. Dès 1575, presquetoutes les cathédrales espagnoles avaient accepté l’usageromain dans son ensemble. Dès lors, il y eut quatreantiennes mariales à chanter selon la saison : Almaredemptoris mater de l’Avent au début du mois defévrier ; Ave regina caelorum de la Purification à laSemaine sainte ; Regina caeli de Pâques à la Pentecôte ;et Salve regina, de la Pentecôte à l’Avent.

Ce que ne spécifiaient pas les nouvelles règles romaines,c’était le choix des mélodies de plain-chant. Les cathéd -rales d’Espagne conservèrent leurs variantes locales. Danscertains cas, elles furent utilisées jusqu’à la fin du XIXesiècle. Le chant de l’Ave regina caelorum était spécifique,mais la mélodie espagnole pour le Regina caeli étaitentièrement différente de la mélodie romaine. À partirdes années 1570, beaucoup de compositeurs ibériquesutilisèrent des mélodies espagnoles comme des mélodiesromaines (internationales). Alma redemptoris mater étaitnouveau pour la plupart des compositeurs espagnols mêmesi cette antienne avait été l’une des préférées de l’ordrefranciscain alors très influent, et dans les églises de Romeà partir de la fin du Moyen-Âge.

Le Magnificat quinti toni est spécifié dans le recueilde 1613 comme un cantique pour les Premières Vêpres ;les versets impairs sont mis en musique dans une poly -phonie à six voix alternant avec les versets pairs en plain-chant. Le verset 5 (« Et misericordia eius ») se réduit à troisvoix ; pour le onzième verset (« Gloria Patri »), le premierténor répète « saeculorum. Amen » successivement sur lescadences de chacun des huit tons. Ceci anticipe le dernier

verset en plain-chant. Il imite un procédé analogue à celuiqu’utilisa Vivanco dans son texte imprimé à Salamanque en1609.

Ave regina caelorum est écrit comme un écheveaupolyphonique continu dans le style d’un motet sous laforme d’une série ininterrompue d’éléments imitatifs.En contraste, le cantique de Siméon, le Nunc dimittis, estconcis et déclamatoire, présenté ici avec l’Alléluia pascal quilui sert d’antienne, avant et après, comme le dimanche dePâques. Le cantique lui-même a un style très harmonique,alternant avec le plain-chant.

Sancta Maria est une antienne de Magnificat pourles fêtes mariales que l’on peut utiliser toute l’annéedurant. Celui d’Esquivel est exceptionnel, car il s’agit del’une de ses rares excursions dans la musique pour doublechœur. Les huit voix produisent une riche harmonie pouraccompagner certaines phrases très expressives.

Te lucis ante terminum est un hymne comportant justetrois strophes qui est propre aux Complies chantées aprèsles psaumes mais avant le Nunc dimittis. Il est composésur l’un de ses nombreux airs de plain-chant, assorti d’unepolyphonie simple pour le verset central.

Le Salve regina était le point culminant du « Service deSalve » extra liturgique (comme on le désigne aujourd’hui),la dévotion mariale la plus populaire aux XVe et XVIe siècles.C’était en fait une conclusion aux Complies. En Espagne,des compositeurs mirent en musique le « Salve » plus quetoute autre prière à la Vierge. Publiés sans les sections deplain-chant, nous les avons rétablies à partir de la Breveinstruccion de canto llano de Villafranca (Séville, 1565).

BRUNO TURNER © 2020Traduction MARIE-STELLA PÂRIS

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ESQUIVEL Messe „Hortus conclusus“, Magnificat & Motetten

ALS DER GROSSE Musikwissenschaftler RobertStevenson, Fachmann für das spanischsprachigeRepertoire, 1961 seinen Band Spanish Cathedral

Music in the Golden Age veröffentlichte, widmete er dieHauptabschnitte Cristóbal de Morales, Francisco Guerreround Tomás Luis de Victoria. 1993 erschien das Werk inbedeutend erweiterter Form auf Spanisch (Madrid: AlianzaMúsica). Das kam vor allem einem zweiten Trio vonKomponisten zugute, die Stevenson gesondert behandelte.Alonso Lobo und sein schmales, aber glanzvolles Repertoirewaren zum Vorschein gekommen, Sebastián de Vivancohatte von der ausgezeichneten Forschung der Siebziger-und Achtzigerjahre profitiert, und Juan Esquivel hatte sehran Statur gewonnen, nachdem ein umfangreicher Druckvon 1613 aufgetaucht war; er enthielt Psalmen, dreißigHymnen, sechzehn Magnificats, marianische Antiphonen,ein Te Deum und weitere Stücke, dazu ein zweites Buch mitsechs Messen samt einer Missa pro defunctis und Trauer-Responsorien. Im Ganzen bildet der Band mit seinen 598Seiten eine der größten Musiksammlungen jener Zeit.Entdeckt hatte ihn Stevensons bedeutender ZeitgenosseRobert Snow, als er 1973 Ronda besuchte, gelegen imHügelland hinter Málaga. Er lernte den Küster der Kloster -kirche Santa Maria de la Encarnación, im Volksmund„catedral“, kennen; als dieser als Junge die wütendenPlünderungen des Bürgerkriegs erlebte, hatte er denEsquivel-Band und ein paar alte Bücher mit Gesängenversteckt. Aus diesem Schatz stammt ein großer Teil derhier aufgenommenen Werke.

Esquivel hatte zwei weitere Drucke herausgebracht: einBuch mit sechs Messen („Missarum … liber primus“,Salamanca 1608) und eines mit siebzig Motetten, dazu einIn paradisum, aus demselben Jahr. Beide wurden von ArtusTaberniel gedruckt, dessen Nachfolger Francisco de Cea Tesafür den mächtigen Band von 1613 verantwortlich war.

Juan Esquivel wurde in Ciudad Rodrigo geboren, gutehundert Kilometer südwestlich von Salamanca, unweitder Grenze zu Portugal. Sein Geburtsjahr ist ungewiss,doch spricht manches für 1560: 1568 wurde er „mozo decoro“ an der Kathedrale, was wohl Chorknabe bedeutet; inden Akten werden so allerdings auch die Ministrantenbezeichnet. Als Chorsänger dürfte er einige Jahre denUnterricht des „maestro de capilla“ Juan Navarro genossenhaben, der zehn Jahre zuvor in Ávila der Nachfolger Riberasgewesen war; beide waren auch Lehrer von Victoria undVivanco gewesen, als diese Chorknaben waren.

Über Esquivel erfahren wir nichts weiter, bis er an derKathedral von Oviedo seinen ersten Posten antritt. Von dortging er 1585 nach Calahorra (La Rioja). 1591 kehrte er inseine Heimatstadt zurück und blieb dort bis zu seinem Tod,offenbar als stolzer Bürger: Er nannte sich Ioannis EsquivelCivitatensis (Bürger von Ciudad Rodrigo). Bisweilen findetman auch den Namen Juan Esquivel [de] Barahona, wennnach spanischer Sitte der Familienname der Mutter ergänztwurde. Während seiner gesamten Berufslaufbahn wurdeer gefördert durch Don Pedro Ponce de León, den Bischofvon Ciudad Rodrigo und später von Zamore, einem Franzis -kaner adeliger Herkunft. Es ist unwahrscheinlich, dassEsquivel länger lebte als etwa bis 1630; abermals liegt dasDatum im Dunkel, denn die Akten der Kathedrale vor den1640er-Jahren sind verschollen.

Die Aufnahme beginnt mit Regina caeli, seit derReform des römischen Ritus 1568 die offizielle marianischeAntiphon für die Osterzeit. In Spanien wurde der Textallerdings zum Einzug auf eine eigene Melodie gesungen.Der kraftvolle Satz Esquivels eröffnet die Programmfolgeaus Musik für die Messe und für das Stundengebet.

Die letzte Messe in Esquivels Druck von 1613 basiert aufder Motette Hortus conclusus von Rodrigo de Ceballos.Diese herrliche Stück war seinerzeit weithin bekannt und

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findet sich in Manuskripten in Granada, Sevilla, Toledo undValladolid. Der zutiefst erotische Text mit Zeilen wie „DeineLippen träufeln Honigseim“ scheint weitab der katholischenLiturgie zu liegen. Der Vers entstammt dem biblischenHohelied, dem „Canticum Canticorum“ der Vulgata. Aller -dings zählt er nicht zu jenen Hoheliedversen, die von derKirche für die Marienfeste ausgewählt wurden—wenn eineentlegene mittelalterliche Bearbeitung auch mit den Worten„Hortus conclusus est Dei genitrix“ beginnt. Die zärtlicheMotette Ceballos ist in diesem Zwischenreich von Geist -lichem und Weltlichem angesiedelt. Esquivel übernimmtdie kostbare Komposition für seine Messe. Sie wird zwarhäufig als Parodiemesse bezeichnet; treffender wäre es,von Einverleibung zu sprechen: Das melodische undkontrapunktische Material Ceballos wird aufgenommen,verarbeitet und erscheint in den kompakten SchöpfungenEsquivels in neuer Gestalt—fürwahr ein „verschlossenerGarten“.

Esquivel behält die Vierstimmigkeit des Vorbilds bei,reduziert sie jedoch im Benedictus zur Drei- und erweitertsie im zweiten Agnus Dei zur Fünfstimmigkeit mit zwei imKanon geführten Tenorstimmen; die kurzen Osanna-Rufebrechen in freudigen Dreiertakt aus. Am Ende ergänzteEsquivel die Antwort „Deo gratias“, was ungewöhnlich ist;die Worte folgen eigentlich dem Entlassungsruf desZelebranten: „Geht, sie [die Gemeinde] ist entlassen “ („Ite,missa est“), den wir hier eingefügt haben.

In der Missa Hortus conclusus folgt nach Kyrie undGloria die Motette Veni, Domine aus dem Druck von 1608:„Komm, Herr, und zögere nicht.“ In einer Neufassungder Antiphon ist die mahnende Ergänzung gestrichen,doch schätzten die Komponisten sie so sehr, dass Morales,Guerrero, Tejeda und Esquivel sie beibehielten: Bei allenerklingt diese erste Phrase in einer der Stimmen als Ostinatoim Wechsel zwischen tiefer und hoher Lage. Für das wieder -kehrende Motiv erfand jeder Komponist eine prägnante

Formel. Bei Esquivel findet sie sich in der zweiten derbeiden Oberstimmen.

Nach dem Credo singt der Chor üblicherweise einekurze, andächtige Motette. Sie behandelt das Dogma derTranssubstantiation, die im katholischen Glauben eine sobedeutsame Rolle spielt. Das Christuswort Ego sum panisvivus ist als Antiphon zur Laudes-Hore am Fronleichnams -fest gebräuchlich; in die Messe fügt er sich hier perfektein. Sanctus, Benedictus und die beiden Sätze des AgnusDei vervollständigen die Messe. Im zweiten Agnus Deiführt Esquivel die beiden Tenorstimmen in dichtem Kanon.Es folgt die Entlassungs formel samt „Deo gratias.“

Auf die Messe lassen wir hier Musik zu Vesperund Komplet folgen. Nach dem Konzil von Trient wurdedie römische Liturgie reformiert; man bemühte sich,regionale Abweichungen einzuschränken und die Textedem Gebrauch in Rom anzugleichen. In Spanien wurdezum Schluss der Abendandacht zur Komplet eine marian -ische Antiphon gesungen, meist das Salve regina; je nachRegion oder Diözese waren auch andere in Gebrauch.Solchen „localismo“ sollte 1568 die Einführung desneuen Breviarium Romanum einschränken. Annäherndalle spanischen Kathedralen übernahmen bis 1575 dierömische Liturgie. Diese sah je nach Jahreszeit vier Marien-Antiphonen vor: Alma redemptoris mater von Advent bisFebruar; Ave regina caelorum von Mariä Reinigung biszur Karwoche; Regina caeli von Ostern bis Pfingsten; undSalve regina von Pfingsten bis Advent.

Dabei schrieb Rom allerdings nicht die gregorianischenMelodien fest. Hier blieben die spanischen Kathedralenbei ihrem jeweiligen lokalen Bräuchen, in einigen Fälle bisins späte 19. Jahrhundert hinein. Der unverwechselbareGesang Ave regina caelorum war zwar überall gleich, dochDas Regina caeli lautete in Spanien ganz anders als inRom. Von den 1570er-Jahren an schrieben viele iberischeKomponisten Musik sowohl auf die spanische als auch auf

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die römische, international verbreitete Melodie. Das Almaredemptoris mater war den meisten spanischen Kompo -nisten ganz neu, obgleich es seit dem Spätmittelalter immächtigen Franziskanerorden und in den Kirchen Romssehr beliebt war.

Die Lobgesang-Vertonung Magnificat quinti toni ist imDruck von 1613 für die Vesper am Vorabend eines hohenFeiertags vorgesehen; die ungeraden Verse sind für sechsStimmen gesetzt, die geraden wurden in gregorianischemGesang eingefügt. Der fünfte Vers „Et misericordia eius“wird auf drei Stimmen reduziert; im elften Vers „GloriaPatri“ singt der erste Tenor den Text „saeculorum. Amen“nacheinander auf die Kadenzen der acht Rezitationstöneund nimmt damit den abschließenden gregorianischenVers vorweg. Auf ähnliche Weise verfuhr Vivanco in seinemDruck von 1609.

Das Ave regina caelorum ist als durchgehendes poly -phones Gewebe in einer Abfolge von Imitationen gehalten.Das Nunc dimittis dagegen, der Lobgesang des Simeon,ist kompakt gesetzt und betont die Textdeklamation; hierhaben wir ihm, wie am Ostersonntag gebräuchlich, dasOster-Halleluja als Antiphon voran- und nachgestellt. Der

Lobgesang selber ist größtenteils akkordisch gehalten underklingt im Wechsel mit gregorianischem Gesang.

Das Sancta Maria ist eine Magnificat-Antiphon fürMarienfeste, die im gesamten Kirchenjahr gesungen werdenkann. Sie bildet im Schaffen Esquivels die seltene Ausnahmeeines Doppelchor-Satzes. Die acht Stimmen ergeben volleHarmonien zu äußerst ausdrucksstarken Phrasen.

Der dreistrophige Hymnus Te lucis ante terminumerklingt in der Komplet zwischen den Psalmen und demNunc dimittis. Dem Satz liegt eine der vielen dazugehörigengregorianischen Melodien zugrunde, die in der mittlerenStrophe in schlichter Polyphonie vertont ist.

Das Salve regina ist der Höhepunkt der außerliturg -ischen „Salve-Feier“, der beliebtesten Marien-Andacht im15. und 16. Jahrhundert. Eigentlich bildet es den Abschlussder Komplet. Spanische Komponisten vertonten es häufigerals jedes andere Mariengebet. Im Druck erschien es ohnedie gregorianischen Abschnitte; für die Aufnahme habenwir sie aus Villafrancas Breve instruccion de canto llano(Sevilla, 1565) ergänzt.

BRUNO TURNER © 2020Übersetzung FRIEDRICH SPRONDEL

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