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Early American History
American, Pre-1500
Origins of American Indians
• Traditional View– • Beringian Strait (Begins 12,000 to 40,000 years ago)• Why?• Push & Pull Pressures
Land bridge
Migration South
• How Long?• 500 to 1000 years to get to tip of
South America
• Evidence• DNA, Artifacts (e.g. Clovis &
Folsom Points)
Newer Theories
• Recent theory – SW Europe & Asia by sea (18,000 to 40,000 years ago)
• Finds in PA., VA., & Chile
South America
North America, Pre-1500
North American Indian Tribes -- 1500
Cibola
Ancestral Pueblo Cliff Dwellings
North American Indian Tribes -- 1500
North American Indian Tribes -- 1500
Europe before the Columbus Voyages
Conditions that encouraged exploration:• Renaissance- curiosity – • Marco Polo (1298) – Crusades (1095-1270)• Norse examples- Erik the Red, Leif Eriksson• Vinland (L’Anse aux Meadows) ~1001 CE• International trade and exploration• barriers that made sea path to Asia attractive• Science – navigation (compass & astrolabe)
• Gunpowder and technology• Trade – middle class & corporations
Conditions encouraging European exploration, cont.
Nation-states (resources and needs)• France- Charles VII 1453 (end of 100 Years War)• England- Henry VII 1485 (end of the War of Roses)• Portugal John I fought off Castillians • Spain- Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castille marry in
1469 and defeat the Muslims at Granada in 1492 (expansionists).
Religious zeal• Muslims & Sephardi Jews in Spain – convert or leave.• Hugenots in France.• Convert the nativesExploration of the Portugese – Prince Henry
• Diaz (Cape of Good Hope)