Early development and aging

I. Embryonic developmentA. Cleavage

1. zygote to morula to blastula2. blastocyst3. cleavage position and fate4. the beginning of differentiation5. accomplishments of cleavage

B. Gastrulation1. the main events2. 3 germ layers

a. endodermb. mesodermc. ectoderm

3. two great groups of animalsC. Neurulation

Day 1: fertilization

10 hours

1. Cleavage

Two accomplishments of cleavage

morula

blastula

1. Cleavage

2. Gastrulation

blastopore

ectoderm

endoderm

mesoderm

Germ layers

3. Fate of the germ layers

Blastopore?

Two great groups of animalsProtostomes: blastopore becomes a mouth

Deuterostomes: blastopore becomes an anus

Deuterostomes

Neurulation Neural tube develops from the endoderm

II. HOX genes

Evolutionarily conserved gene sequences

Genetic clock theory1. Protein in non dividing cells

2. Telomeres and embryonic cells3. Diseases of aging: Progeria and Alzheimer’s

5. Genes for aging in fruit flies and mice

Wear and tear theory

1. Errors in DNA replication

2. Accumulation of metabolic garbage

3. Environmental insultsReproductive obsolescence

4. Organs programmed

III. Theories of aging

6. Ink4 protein

The new generationJapan, Australia,France, Sweden,Spain, Italy

US: 24th

Lowest 23: sub-Saharan Africa

The End