Early English Early English SettlementsSettlements

Sir Walter Raleigh“The Unfortunate”

6 foot tall Englishman who won Queen Elizabeth’s affection

Legend says that he took off his cloak so that Queen Elizabeth could cross a puddle without getting wet.

Sir Walter RaleighSir Walter Raleigh

Sir Walter Raleigh also

won favor with Queen Elizabeth I

by informing her of a plot to take her

throne

Coronation portrait of w:en:Elizabeth I of England. Unknown painter, 1558. Public domain image

Mary I of Scotland in captivity, c.1580, unknown artist. Public domain image

Mary Queen of Scots was the niece of Queen Elizabeth’s father, Henry VIII

Many believed that she was the rightful heir to the throne after Mary I died.

Mary Queen of Scots had made many enemies.

• She was a Roman Catholic• She was believed to have been part of a conspiracy that led to the murder of her 2nd husbandMary Queen of Scots

Because of her unpopularity in Scotland, she went to Queen

Elizabeth for help

Instead, Elizabeth locked her in the Tower of London for 19 years

While there, Mary Queen of Scots is believed to have endorsed a plot to

overthrow Queen Elizabeth and install her as Queen

When Elizabeth was told of the plot, she ordered her execution (although

not enthusiastically)During her execution, she wore a scarlet garment that symbolized

Catholic martyrdom… The executioner was not able to sever

her head with one blow… it took two chops

The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots

by Robert Herdman

Interesting fact…Interesting fact…

After Queen Elizabeth After Queen Elizabeth died, James I died, James I succeeded hersucceeded her

James I was the son of James I was the son of Mary Queen of ScotsMary Queen of Scots

So… the successor of So… the successor of Elizabeth was the child Elizabeth was the child of a woman she put to of a woman she put to death.death.King James IKing James I

Raleigh sent out 2 explorers Raleigh sent out 2 explorers in 1584 who claimed a in 1584 who claimed a territory in the area of present territory in the area of present day N. Carolina… it was day N. Carolina… it was named in Queen Elizabeth’s named in Queen Elizabeth’s honor (Virginia).honor (Virginia).

Later, Raleigh asked Queen Later, Raleigh asked Queen Elizabeth to grant him a Elizabeth to grant him a CharterCharter

• She gave him the right She gave him the right to set up a colony in North to set up a colony in North AmericaAmerica•By 1585, he had enough By 1585, he had enough money to send 100 men.money to send 100 men.

They landed on an island off They landed on an island off of present-day North Carolina of present-day North Carolina called Roanokecalled Roanoke

Walter Raleigh, by Nicholas Hilliard, c.1585.

Raleigh himself did not go on the journey.

John White, an artist, did go

He drew very elaborate pictures of Native Americans and surrounding landscapesSource unknown

• The colonists searched for gold unsuccessfully• They ran out of food and demanded corn from Indians• Fighting broke out• The men of Roanoke were discouraged and ready to return to England• When Sir Francis Drake arrived with a ship in 1586, all of the settlers returned to England

1585 sketch by john white of Indians at RoanokePublic domain image

Raleigh was not discouraged

He asked White to return in 1587

White agreed to return to set up a farming community with several women

This included his daughter and son-in-law who gave birth to the first English child in the Americas- Virginia Dare

Virginia Dare’s BaptismVirginia Dare’s BaptismIn RoanokeIn Roanoke

Supplies ran low on Supplies ran low on Roanoke and White Roanoke and White decided to return to decided to return to England for suppliesEngland for supplies

• He left 117 settlers He left 117 settlers behind including his behind including his daughter and daughter and granddaughtergranddaughter• Before leaving, he Before leaving, he told the settlers to write told the settlers to write their location on a tree their location on a tree or draw a cross if or draw a cross if attackedattacked

Unfortunately, White returned as the Spanish Armada Unfortunately, White returned as the Spanish Armada attackedattacked

• The few months he promised the Roanoke settlers lasted The few months he promised the Roanoke settlers lasted 3 years3 years• Queen Elizabeth wanted all ships available to fight the Queen Elizabeth wanted all ships available to fight the SpanishSpanish

Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 8 August 1588 by Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg, painted 1796

depicts the battle of GravelinesPublic domain image

Upon White’s return, he fond his fort deserted• houses were empty• vines ran through windows• books were torn from covers

The word CROATOAN was carved on a tree• name of Indian tribe and nearby Island

White wanted to investigate, but a storm crept up on the sailors and they demanded to leave

White never saw his family

Roanoke is still a mystery and is referred to as the “Lost Colony”

After Queen Elizabeth After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh's died in 1603, Raleigh's life got even more life got even more difficult after he was difficult after he was locked in the Tower of locked in the Tower of LondonLondon

He was implicated in a He was implicated in a plot against James Iplot against James I

After being released he After being released he was rearrested years later was rearrested years later for the same crime and for the same crime and executedexecuted

His distraught wife His distraught wife carried his severed head carried his severed head in a sack for 29 years in a sack for 29 years until her deathuntil her death

Public domain image

In 1606, the Virginia Company received a charter from James I to set up a colony in Virginia.The Virginia Company was a joint stock company• merchants pooled money to form a company• merchants would get stock depending on amount invested… once they had enough capital they’d outfit ships

Source: National Park

ServiceVirginia

Company of London Seal

Public domain image

• In December 1606, the Virginia Company sent 144 men on 3 ships (Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the

Discovery ) to Virginia40 died during journey• Upon arrival in 1607, they faced many problems including swampy land filled with diseased mosquitoes• Many settlers died

Colonists in Colonists in Jamestown were Jamestown were led by a 13 man led by a 13 man councilcouncil

• poor poor leadership, did leadership, did not have a not have a “plan”“plan”• most colonists most colonists spent time spent time searching for searching for gold, neglected gold, neglected crop plantingcrop planting

By the summer of 1608, By the summer of 1608, Jamestown colony was failing.Jamestown colony was failing.

Captain John Smith decided to Captain John Smith decided to take charge.take charge.

Smith was an adventurous young Smith was an adventurous young man, who fought against the man, who fought against the Turks at age 20. He build a Turks at age 20. He build a reputation as a bold soldier.reputation as a bold soldier.

He was captured and sold to a He was captured and sold to a Turk. The Turk sent him home to Turk. The Turk sent him home to serve his girlfriend, who Smith serve his girlfriend, who Smith claimed fell in love with him.claimed fell in love with him.

She sent him to her brother who She sent him to her brother who promised to train Smith in the promised to train Smith in the Turkish Royal Service.Turkish Royal Service.

Smith murdered the brother and Smith murdered the brother and escaped.escaped.

Captain John Smith

Smith had little sympathy for the settlers and became angered by their greed

Smith decided to visit some friendly Indians who gave him some food and the grateful settlers made him leader of Jamestown Shortly after, he went into the woods with some friends and were ambushed by Indians

Smith was wounded and taken to Powhatan, an Algonquin chief who hated the English

Powhatan was impressed bySmith’s composure. It is believed that his 12 year old daughter Pocahontas saved Smith from execution (by bludgeoning) by begging her father to spare his life

Pocahontas saving the life of Capt. John Smith. Lithograph by the New Eng. Chromo.

Lith. Co., 1870. Library of Congress

Smith even Smith even succeeded in succeeded in

getting getting Powhatan to Powhatan to

sell the colony sell the colony food.food.

He instituted He instituted strict rules strict rules

including the including the famous edict, famous edict, “He that will “He that will

not work, shall not work, shall not eat.”not eat.”

In 1609, John Smith suffered from a serious gunpowder burn and had to return to England. The settlers forgot Smith’s lessons

The Starving Time (1609-1610)Settlers began eating dogs, cats, snakes, horses….Also began using wood from houses for firewoodOnly 60 people survived the winter

The Virginia CompanyThe Virginia Company sent Lord De Larr Ware to the their sent Lord De Larr Ware to the their colony to improve thingscolony to improve things

He was not successfulHe was not successful• His tactics were brutalHis tactics were brutal• executed a man for stealing a chickenexecuted a man for stealing a chicken• tied a man to a tree for taking a few cups of tied a man to a tree for taking a few cups of oatmeal (man starved to death)oatmeal (man starved to death)

Source: US Army National Guard

Eventually, there were 3 things that did save the Jamestown Colony

1. Tobacco Crops

2. Representative Government

3. Arrival of women

TOBACCOTOBACCO in in Jamestown- Jamestown- • In 1612, John Rolfe In 1612, John Rolfe discovered that the discovered that the Virginia soil was perfect Virginia soil was perfect for tobaccofor tobacco• Imported tobacco Imported tobacco seeds from West Indiesseeds from West Indies• King James I hated King James I hated tobacco calling it “a tobacco calling it “a stinking weed”stinking weed”• The Virginia Company The Virginia Company was now able to make was now able to make huge profitshuge profits

Source: unknown

• In 1619, the first In 1619, the first African slaves African slaves arrived in arrived in JamestownJamestown• About 20 were sold About 20 were sold to the English by to the English by Dutch sailorsDutch sailors• By the late 1600’s, By the late 1600’s, Virginia Plantation Virginia Plantation owners relied owners relied heavily on slave heavily on slave laborlabor

In 1619, the Virginia Company sent a governor to Jamestown with orders to consult the settlers on all matters

Settlers who were male property owners could vote for burgesses, or representatives

The burgesses met in an assem-bly called the House of Burgesses

The Virginia House of Burgesses becomes the first representative government in the English colonies

Representative government is one in which voters elect representatives to make laws.

It was deeply rooted in the ideas of the Magna Carta (1215) in which nobles forced King John I to consult a Great Council of nobles and Church leaders before raising or imposing taxes. It also guaranteed citizens a trial by jury. The Magna Carta held the King accountable and limited his powers.

Image from Cassell's History

of England - Century Edition - published circa

1902Public domain

image

The Arrival of WomenThe Arrival of Women

The Virginia Company decided that they needed to make colonists “more settled”

They sent their first shipload of 100 women to Jamestown in

1619 (some went voluntarily, others were convicts)

Each man who found a wife was required to pay the

Virginia Company 100-150 lbs. of tobacco

The presence of women did make life much better, but it

was still very tough

Women made everything from scratch

(food, clothes, medicine)

The most famous marriage in the colonies was between The most famous marriage in the colonies was between John Rolfe and Pocahontas, years before the first large John Rolfe and Pocahontas, years before the first large

groups of women arrivedgroups of women arrived

Pocahontas was kidnapped by settlers shortly after John Pocahontas was kidnapped by settlers shortly after John Smith left JamestownSmith left Jamestown

Pocahontas accepted Christianity (Anglican), was Pocahontas accepted Christianity (Anglican), was baptized, and changed her name to Rebeccabaptized, and changed her name to Rebecca

Shortly thereafter, she met John Rolfe and the two fell in love.

Both the Governor of Virginia and Powhatan gave their blessing and they were married in 1614.

They had their only child, Thomas, in 1615.

The wedding of Pocahontas with John Rolf. Lithograph by Joseph Hoover, 1867. Library of Congress

In 1616, they traveled to England where Pocahontas In 1616, they traveled to England where Pocahontas was the center of attention and even the King was the center of attention and even the King

requested a meeting with herrequested a meeting with her

Before returning to VA, she contracted small pox Before returning to VA, she contracted small pox and died in 1617and died in 1617

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Public domain image

Many hoped that the Many hoped that the marriage of Rolfe and marriage of Rolfe and

Pocahontas would lead to Pocahontas would lead to peace between English peace between English

settlers and Indianssettlers and Indians

The English scorned the The English scorned the Native Americans’ religion Native Americans’ religion

They also began moving They also began moving onto Indian landonto Indian land

The marriage of Pocahontas. Engraving by John C. McRae, 1855, after Henry Brueckner. Library of Congress

In 1622, Native Americans from around the In 1622, Native Americans from around the Chesapeake Bay attacked and massacred about 350 Chesapeake Bay attacked and massacred about 350 settlerssettlers

The settlers responded by attacking, killing and The settlers responded by attacking, killing and enslaving many Indiansenslaving many Indians

When King James When King James heard about the heard about the attack, he took attack, he took management of the management of the colony from the colony from the Virginia Company Virginia Company and made and made Jamestown a Jamestown a royal royal colonycolony, directly , directly under king’s controlunder king’s control

Theodore DeBry engraving of March 22, 1622, when Powhatan Indians massacred Jamestown and other Virginian settlers. De Bry's woodcut published 1628 in an account of the New World.

Review 2-3 1. Why was the Roanoke Colony unsuccessful during the first attempt to colonize it?2. What were the major differences between the 1st and 2nd attempt

to colonize Roanoke?3. Why was John White stranded in England for 3 years?4. What words were written on a tree discovered by John White

when he returned to Roanoke?5. In what year did English settlers arrive in Jamestown? 6. What edict (rule) was instituted by John Smith that helped save

the Jamestown colony?7. What were the three events that saved the Jamestown colony? 8. What man determined that tobacco could be a profitable crop

for Jamestown settlers?9. What was the Magna Carta?10. What is the name of the assembly set up in Virginia that served

as home of the first representative government in the Americas? 11.The marriage of what 2 people provided hope for peace between

the native Americans and English settlers?12. After Indians massacred 350 settlers in Jamestown, what action

did King James take?

In 1620 another band of 102 settlers set sail from England

Many were “Separatists”, or people that wanted to separate from the Church of England because they believed it was still too Catholic

They were persecuted terribly in England

Fugitives for conscience sake. Leaving the Flemish coast for America. Engraving by J. B. Hunt, 1880, after C. J. Staniland. Library of Congress

Being a Separatist was considered a criminal act in England.

The group secretly left England for Holland, where they stayed until 1620

Fearing that their children were becoming “too Dutch” they secured a charter to Virginia and left on the Mayflower in 1620

The Mayflower. Engraving published by John A. Lowell, 1905, after Marshall Johnson. Library of Congress

After a long, stormy journey across the ocean, the settlers After a long, stormy journey across the ocean, the settlers decided to settle near present-day Cape Cod, Massachusetts.decided to settle near present-day Cape Cod, Massachusetts.

Before heading to shore, the Pilgrims drew up the Before heading to shore, the Pilgrims drew up the Mayflower Mayflower CompactCompact in which the men promised to consult each other on in which the men promised to consult each other on laws and work together to create a successful colonylaws and work together to create a successful colony

The Pilgrims signing the compact on board the Mayflower, Nov. 11th, 1620. Engraving by Gauthier, 1859, after T. H. Matteson. Library of Congress. Public domain image

As the colony grew, the men decided to form a representative government

They named their colony Plymouth

Plymouth Rock, 1620. Engraving by J. Andrews, 1869, after P. F. Rothermel. Library of Congress

The first winter in Plymouth was horrible for the settlers.The first winter in Plymouth was horrible for the settlers.

They arrived in December 1620 and did not have time to build They arrived in December 1620 and did not have time to build sheltersshelters

• Most lived in sod housesMost lived in sod houses• Some lived in holes in the ground covered by tentsSome lived in holes in the ground covered by tents

Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, 11th Dec. 1620. Lithograph by N. Currier. Library of Congress

Nearly half of the settlers died during the first winter

Their strong religious faith kept them in Plymouth despite hardships

• In the Spring, the Pilgrims were surprised when an Indian named Samoset walked into their village and greeted them in English (learned from explorers along New England Coast)

• Many of the Pilgrims were initially terrified, but many spent all day talking to him

Samoset introduced the

Pilgrims to Massasoit, the sachem of the Wampanoag

IndiansThey made a

peace treaty and even agreed to

defend each other against enemies

Source: Library of Congress

The Indian who helped the

Pilgrims the most was a Patuxet tribe

member named Tisquantum (Squanto)

Squanto had lost his family to

disease, so he decided to live

with the Pilgrims and teach them how to survive

• Squanto was captured by English sailors and brought to England

• While there, he lived with Sir Ferdinando Gorges who taught him the English language.

• After learning English, he became a guide for English sea Captains. During one journey, he was released.

• Shortly after, he was captured by another English sailor who brought him to Spain in the hopes of selling him.

He was purchased by Spanish friars who

promptly freed him but Squanto stayed with them

for a few years.

He later boarded a ship that took him to England

where Sir Ferdinando Gorges helped him return

to America.

Upon his arrival, he learned from Samoset that his entire tribe had died of small pox in a week’s time

• Squanto taught the Pilgrims how to plant seeds for corn, beans, and pumpkins.• He also taught them how to fish for eels.• The settlers believed that God had sent Squanto to them.• If not for Squanto, it is likely that most of the Pilgrims would not have survived another year

Squanto also taught the

Pilgrims how to use manure as

fertilizer, different cooking

methods, and acted as a guide and interpreter

• With the help of Squanto, the Pilgrims had a great harvest With the help of Squanto, the Pilgrims had a great harvest in 1621 and invited Massasoit and his immediate family to a in 1621 and invited Massasoit and his immediate family to a Thanksgiving DinnerThanksgiving Dinner• Massasoit brought 90 braves with him… and there is no Massasoit brought 90 braves with him… and there is no evidence that any Indian women attended the Thanksgiving evidence that any Indian women attended the Thanksgiving DinnerDinner

The First Thanksgiving, after the painting by Jean Louis Gerome Ferris (1863–1930)Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington

The Pilgrims were not prepared for such a large group

Massasoit sent some of his braves back and they returned with five deer and many other wild game

The feast lasted for 3 straight days

Miles Standish was one of the most famous characters during the settlement of Plymouth. He was hired by the Pilgrims to accompany them on the Mayflower to the New World. Standish was the military leader of the new colony of Plymouth Massachusetts.

In 1621, where he explored the territory, tended the sick, trained a militia, and fought Indians.

He later served as assistant to the governor and as treasurer of Plymouth Colony. He helped establish the town of Duxbury in 1631.

President George Washington

The first Thanksgiving Proclamation was issued by President George Washington, months after his inauguration as president in 1789. It stated in part,

“Whereas it is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection and favor; and Whereas both Houses of Congress have, by their joint committee, requested me "to recommend to the people of the United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer, to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many and signal favors of Almighty God, especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness:"

It was to be celebrated every November 26… but was not as widely celebrated until an order by the 16th President 74 years later.

It was not until 1863, that Thanksgiving became an official holiday

Abraham Lincoln signed an Executive Order after the Battle of Gettysburg making Thanksgiving a national holiday to be celebrated annually on the last Thursday of November. It stated in part,

“I do therefore invite my fellow citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next, as a day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens. And I recommend to them that while offering up the ascriptions justly due to Him for such singular deliverances and blessings, they do also, with humble penitence for our national perverseness and disobedience, commend to His tender care all those who have become widows, orphans, mourners or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we are unavoidably engaged, and fervently implore the interposition of the Almighty Hand to heal the wounds of the nation and to restore it as soon as may be consistent with the Divine purposes to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony, tranquility and Union.”

Franklin Roosevelt later changed it to the 4th Thursday of each year.

Abraham Lincoln

Review 2-4 1. The Pilgrims were considered part of what religious movement?2. What was the purpose of the Mayflower Compact?3. In what year did the Pilgrims reach their destination?4. In what present-day state will you find Plymouth?5. What happened to the Pilgrims during their first winter? 6. What Native American did the Pilgrims first meet?7. Who was the chief of the Wampanoag Indians? 8. What Native American is credited with saving the

Plymouth settlers?9. How did Squanto learn English?10. Why were the Pilgrims ill prepared at the first

Thanksgiving dinner? 11. Who was the military leader hired by the Pilgrims?12. In what year was (a) the first Thanksgiving and (b)

which United States President made Thanksgiving an official U.S. holiday in 1863?