EARLY EXPLORERS & EARLY EXPLORERS & FAR EAST REFORMFAR EAST REFORM

EUROPEANS EXPLORE THE EASTEUROPEANS EXPLORE THE EAST

• 1100 EUROPEANS BATTLED THE MUSLIMS FOR THE HOLY LANDS.

• 1275 MARCO POLO REACHED THE COURT OF KUBLIA KHAN IN CHINA.

• WHY DID EUROPEANS EXPLORE? • 1. DESIRE FOR WEALTH

– SPICES & OTHER LUXURY ITEMS FROM THE EAST BROUGHT WEALTH.

– DEMAND GREATER THAN SUPPLY.– MUSLIMS & ITALIANS CONTROLLED

GOODS TRADED FROM THE EAST.

EASTERN TRADE ROUTESEASTERN TRADE ROUTES

WHY DID EUROPEANS EXPLORE?: WHY DID EUROPEANS EXPLORE?: CONT’DCONT’D

• 2. SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY.– EUROPEANS WANTED TO SPREAD

CHRISTIANITY; BOTH CATHOLIC AND PROTESTANT.

• 3. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES.– CARAVEL: A NEW SHIP W/ TRIANGULAR SAILS

THAT ENABLED IT TO SAIL AGAINST THE WIND.– ASTROLABE: INSTRUMENT THAT TELLS

DEGREES N&S OF THE EQUATOR.– COMPASS: INSTRUMENT THAT ALWAYS SHOWS

THE CARDINAL DIRECTION NORTH.

• CARAVEL• COMPASS

• ASTROLABE

PORTUGAL LEADS THE WAYPORTUGAL LEADS THE WAY• PORTUGAL LEADS IN DEVELOPING AND APPLYING

SAILING INNOVATIONS.• PORTUGUESE EXPLORE AFRICA:

– PRINCE HENRY: PORTUGUESE PRINCE THAT STRONGLY SUPPORTED OVERSEAS EXPLORATION.• FOUNDED A NAVIGATION SCHOOL IN PORTUGAL.

• PORTUGUESE SAILORS REACH ASIA:– BARTOLOMEU DIAS: 1ST EXPLORER TO SAIL

AROUND THE TIP OF AFRICA.– VASCO DE GAMA: 1ST EXPLORER TO REACH THE

PORT OF CALICUT.

SPANISH CLAIMSSPANISH CLAIMS• IN 1492 SPAIN HIRED AN ITALIAN SAILOR NAMED

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS TO FIND A DIRECT ROUTE EAST BY SAILING WEST.

• LINE OF DEMARCATION: LINE SUGGESTED BY POPE ALEXANDER VI TO KEEP PEACE B/N SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.

•The pope's line ran from the arctic pole to the Antarctic pole one-hundred leagues west of the Azores and Cape Verde Islands. Anything to the west of that line belonged to Spain. Anything to the east, belonged to Portugal. The exception was if any other Christian king or power already held lands within those areas by Christmas day, 1493.

LINE OF DEMARCATIONLINE OF DEMARCATION

TREATY OF TORDESILLASTREATY OF TORDESILLAS: TREATY : TREATY WHERE SPAIN AND PORTUGAL AGREED WHERE SPAIN AND PORTUGAL AGREED TO HONOR THE LINE OF DEMARCATION.TO HONOR THE LINE OF DEMARCATION.• CHRISTOPHER

COLUMBUS

PORTUGAL’S TRADING EMPIREPORTUGAL’S TRADING EMPIRE

• PORT. TOOK OVER MUSLIM TRADE IN AND AROUND THE INDIAN OCEAN.

• GOA: PORT. TRADING CAPITAL IN INDIA.• PORT. CONQUERS THE STRAIT OF

MALACCA, LATER KNOWN AS THE SPICE ISLANDS.

• FERDINAND MAGELLAN: SPANISH EXPLORER THAT SETTLED THE PHILLIPINES FOR SPAIN; 1ST TO CIRCUMNAVIGATE THE WORLD.

ENGLISH AND DUTCH DRIVE OUT THE ENGLISH AND DUTCH DRIVE OUT THE PORTUGUESEPORTUGUESE

• 1600 ENGLISH AND THE DUTCH CHALLENGE PORTUGAL.

• DUTCH AND ENGLISH FORM EAST INDIA COMPANIES.

• THREE POWERS OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY.– 1. MINT $– 2. MAKE TREATIES– 3. RAISE ARMIES

• DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY DRIVES OUT ENGLISH, THUS GIVING THE DUTCH CONTROL OF THE SPICE ISLANDS.

CHINA REJECTS EUROPEAN OUTREACHCHINA REJECTS EUROPEAN OUTREACH

• MING DYNASTY(1368-1644)– VASSALS FROM NEIGHBORING STATES PAID

TRIBUTE TO CHINA AND THEY EXPECTED PORT. TO DO THE SAME.

– TRIBUTE: A PAYMENT BY ONE TO ANOTHER TO ACKNOWLEDGE SUBMISSION.

• THE RISE OF THE MING:– HONGWU: COMMANDED THE REBEL ARMY

THAT DROVE THE MONGELS OUT OF CHINA.

• HONGWU’S AG. REFORMS:– 1. INCREASED RICE PRODUCTION– 2. IMPROVED IRRIGATION– 3. INTRO. FISH FARMING– 4. INTRO. COMMERCIAL CROPS (COTTON, SUGAR)

• HONGWU RESTORED CONFUCIAN MORAL STANDARDS AND MERIT BASED CIVIL SERVICE EXAMS.

• HONGWU BECAME A TYRANT AT THE END OF HIS REIGN.

• YONGLO,HONGWU’S SON, WON THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER AFTER HW DEATH.

• YONGLO LAUNCHED ZHENG HE ON VOYAGES TO EXPLORE NEW LANDS.

VOYAGES OF ZHENG HEVOYAGES OF ZHENG HE• ZHENG HE: MUSLIM

ADMIRAL THAT LED CHINESE EXPLORATION.

• YONGLO WANTED TO EXPRESS CHINA’S SUPERIORITY THRU VOYAGES.– 1. LARGE SHIPS AND

FLEETS– 2. DISTRIBUTED

GIFTS.

MING RELATIONS W/ FOREIGN COUNTRIESMING RELATIONS W/ FOREIGN COUNTRIES• TRADE POLICY:

– GOV’T ONLY TO CONDUCT FOREIGN TRADE– FOREIGN TRADE IN ONLY THREE PORTS

• SMUGGLING OF SILK AND PORCELAIN WAS A MAJOR PROBLEM.

• 2 MAIN REASONS CHINA DIDN’T BECOME INDUSTRIALIZED:– 1. IDEA OF COMMERCE OFFENDED

CONFUCIOUS BELIEFS– 2. CHINESE ECONOMIC POLICIES FAVORED AG.

MING RELATIONS W/ FOREIGN MING RELATIONS W/ FOREIGN COUNTRIESCOUNTRIES

• MATTEO RICCI: ITALIAN JESUIT THAT WAS THE FIRST CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY TO CHINA.

QING DYNASTYQING DYNASTY

• 3 REASONS THE MING DYNASTY FELL.– 1. INEFFECTIVE RULERS– 2. CORRUPT OFFICIALS– 3. GOV’T OUT OF MONEY

• MANCHUS: PEOPLE FROM MANCHURIA THAT INVADED CHINA AND TOOK OVER THE MING DYNASTY.

• QING DYNASTY: CHINESE NAME FOR MANCHUS ; RULED 260 YRS.

CHINA UNDER QING DYNASTYCHINA UNDER QING DYNASTY• MANY CHINESE REBELLED AGAINST NON-

CHINESE RULERS.• GOV’T FORCED MEN TO WEAR THEIR HAIR

IN PIGTAILS TO SHOW SUBMISSION.• 2 RULERS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO MANCHU

RULE:– 1. KANGXI: B/C EMPOROR IN 1661 AND

RULED FOR 60 YRS.• REDUCED GOV’T SPENDING• LOWERED TAXES

– 2. QIAN-LONG: KANGXI’S GRANDSON• RULED CHINA TO ITS GREATEST SIZE

AND PROSPERITY.

KANGXI QIAN-LONGKANGXI QIAN-LONG

MANCHU’S CONTINUE A POLICY OF MANCHU’S CONTINUE A POLICY OF ISOLATIONISOLATION

• TO TRADE YOU HAD TO GO TO A PARTICULAR PORT AND PAY TRIBUTE.

• DUTCH TRADED TO CHINA B/C THEY PAID TRIBUTE AND PERFORMED KOWTOW.

• BRITISH WANTED TO TRADE W/ CHINA.– SENT GEN. MACARTNEY W/ A LETTER

FROM GEORGE III TO QIAN-LONG.– MACARTNEY REFUSED TO KOWTOW AND

CHINA REFUSED TO TRADE.

• POPULATION DOUBLED• FAMILY AND THE ROLE OF WOMEN:

– CHINESE FAVORED SONS OVER DAUGHTERS.• ONLY SONS COULD CARRY ON VITAL RELIGIOUS

RITUALS.• SON COULD HELP PARENTS FARM.

– MANY FEMALE INFANTS WERE KILLED– WOMAN’S DUTIES:

• 1. WORK IN FIELDS• 2. SUPERVISE CHILD’S ED.• 3. MANAGE FINANCES

– 2/3 OF CHINESE WOMEN PRACTICED FOOT BINDING.

FOOT BINDINGFOOT BINDING

FOOT BINDINGFOOT BINDING

JAPAN LIMITS WESTERN CONTACTSJAPAN LIMITS WESTERN CONTACTS• 1467 CIVIL WAR SHATTERED JAPAN’S FUEDAL SYSTEM.• LOCAL LORDS RULE:

– SENGOKU: VIOLENT PERIOD OF WARRING STATES IN JAPAN FROM 1467-1568.

– DAIMYO: WARRIOR CHIEFTONS IN A NEW JAPANESE FUEDALISM.

• NEW LEADERS RESTORE ORDER:– ODA NOBUNAGA: AMBITIOUS DAIMYO THAT

DEFEATED HIS RIVALS AND TOOK KYOTO.• HE WAS NOT ABLE TO UNIFY JAPAN.• COMMITTED SUPPUKA( SUICIDE ).

CONT’DCONT’D– TOYOTOMI HIDEYOSHI: NOB. BEST GENERAL;

ASSUMED LEADERSHIP AFTER NOB. DEATH.• TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE: UNITES JAPAN.

– TOKUGAWA IEYASU: COMPLETED UNIFICATION OF JAPAN; MOVED CAPITAL TO EDO;FOUNDED TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE.

• TOKUGAWA SOCIETY AND CULTURE:– SOCIAL HISTORY:

• FARMERS FACED LARGE TAX BURDEN.• JAPAN SHIFTED FROM A RURAL SOCIETY TO

AN URBAN SOCIETY.

CONT’DCONT’D– ART UNDER TOK. SHO.

• KABUKI: DRAMA IN WHICH ACTORS PERFORMED SKITS ABOUT URBAN LIFE.

• HAIKU: UNRHYMED JAPANESE POEM WHERE NATURE IS LINKED TO HUMAN NATURE.

• CONTACT B/N EUROPE AND JAPAN:– AT FIRST, JAPAN WELCOMED EUROPEANS, BUT

EUROPEANS SHORTLY WORE OUT THIER WELCOME.

– PORTUGUESE SAILORS BROUGHT CLOCKS, GLASSES, TOBACCO, AND FIREARMS TO TRADE IN JAPAN.

CONT’DCONT’D

– FRANCIS XAVIER: JESUIT WHO LED THE 1ST CHRISTIAN MISSION TO JAPAN.

• THE CLOSED COUNTRY POLICY:– ALL CHRISTIANS WERE PERSECUTED.– ALL OUTSIDE TRADE WAS CUT OFF.