EARLY FEDERAL ERA POLITICS1792 - 1800

FEDERALISTS VERSUS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS

EUGENIA LANGANMATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOLHIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDATHANKS TO SUSAN POJER FOR ELECTION CHARTS AND MAPS

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:

NARROW:

WHY DID THE TWO-PARTY SYSTEM DEVELOP?

WHAT ISSUES DIVIDED THE FEDERALISTS AND DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS

BROAD;

HOW AND WHEN DID U.S. IDENTITY (NATIONALISM) ARISE?

WHAT CAUSED THE CIVIL WAR?

BACKGROUND/ REVIEW

CONSTITUTION DID NOT CONTEMPLATE POLITICAL PARTIES. EXAMPLE: ARTICLE II PROCEDURE FOR PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS:

1ST PLACE IN ELECTORAL COLLEGE = PRESIDENT

2ND PLACE = VICE PRESIDENT

IF TIE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES DECIDES

IN THE FEDERALIST HAMILTON AND MADISON REPEATEDLY SAID THERE’D BE NO PROBLEMS WITH “FACTIONS” BECAUSE U.S. = LARGE REPUBLIC (LOL!)

ALWAYS IN THE BACKGROUND: SECTIONAL (N/S) DIFFERENCES AND DISPUTE OVER FEDERALISM – STATE SOVEREIGNTY

ONLY EASY PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN U.S. HISTORY = 1788 – GEORGE WASHINTON ELECTED FIRST PRESIDENT, JOHN ADAMS = VICE PRESIDENT

WASHINGTON’S CABINET

• SECRETARY OF STATE- THOMAS JEFFERSON• SECRETARY OF WAR- HENRY KNOX• ATTORNEY GENERAL- EDMUND RANDOLPH• POSTMASTER GENERAL- SAMUEL OSGOOD• SECRETARY OF TREASURY- ALEXANDER

HAMILTON

HAMILTON VERSUS JEFFERSONNORTH VERSUS SOUTH

WHAT DID JEFFERSON AND HAMILTON ALMOST IMMEDIATELY DISAGREE OVER?

THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES

HAMILTON PROPOSED THE BANK :

CHARTERED BY CONGRESS BUT PRIVATE - $10 MILLION IN STOCK

• $ 8 MILLION - PRIVATE INVESTORS (IN SPECIE), $2 MILLION -- U.S., BORROWED FROM THE BANK

RUN MINT – UNIFORM CURRENCY COLLECT TAXES BORROW FOR AND LEND TO U.S.

BANK WOULD ASSUME ALL REVOLUTIONARY WAR DEBT (FEDERAL, STATE) -- FUNDING AT PAR = BANK WOULD BUY AT FACE VALUE

HAMILTON TIPPED OFF NEW YORK FINANCIERS – BOUGHT UP STATE WAR DEBT AT DISCOUNTS – A MESSAGE THAT U.S WOULD FAVOR INDUSTRY AND FINANCE BANK NEEDED $100 MILLION FOR ASSUMPTION OF WAR DEBT – HOW DID HAMILTON PROPOSE TO RAISE THAT $$?

EXCISE TAX ON WHISKEY AND TARIFFS ON IMPORTS

HAMILTON ALSO SAID THESE TAXES WOULD BE A “DISCIPLINE” ON PEOPLE TO SHOW POWER OF FED. GOV’T

HAMILTON’S AND JEFFERSON’S ARGUMENTS ON THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE BANK

(PHD 7-4) – LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION VERSUS STRICT CONSTRUCTION

HAMILTON – LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION OF COMMERCE AND NECESSARY AND PROPER CLAUSES

JEFFERSON – STRICT CONSTRUCTION OF BOTH

WASHINGTON SIDED WITH HAMILTON

COMPROMISE OF 1790: JEFFERSON AND MADISON AGREED SOUTHERN STATES WOULD VOTE FOR BANK, HAMILTON AGREED CAPITOL WOULD BE IN THE SOUTH (WASHINGTON, D.C. LATER CARVED OUT OF VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND)

THE FIRST BANK OF THE UNITED STATES, PHILADELPHIA.CHARTERED BY CONGRESS, 1790, ESTABLISHED 1791.

BANK, ASSUMPTION, EXCISE TAX, TARIFFS = MAJOR POWER GRAB BY FEDERAL GOV’T, INCURSION ON STATES’ RIGHTS

THE OTHER MAJOR DISAGREEMENT BETWEEN HAMILTON AND JEFFERSON: “OPPOSING VISIONS FOR THE NEW NATION “, PHD 7-5

HAMILTON’S REPORT ON MANUFACTURERS (1791) U.S . SHOULD BE A GREAT INDUSTRIAL NATION.

CONGRESS SHOULD ENCOURAGE MFGR. – TARIFFS, SUBSIDIES, IMMIGRATION POLICY

GREAT FALLS OF PATERSON, N.J. (ACROSS FROM NYC) – HAMILTON KNEW U.S. HAD THE ENERGY SOURCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES TO BECOME GREATEST INDUSTRIAL NATION AND BELIEVED THAT WOULD MAKE U.S. MORE POWERFUL THAN PLANTATION AGRICULTURE

JEFFERSON (NOTES ON THE STATE OF VIRGINIA) –

U.S. SHOULD BE AN AGRICULTURAL NATION, AVOID INDUSTRY:

“YEOMAN FARMERS” ARE THE BACKBONE OF DEMOCRACY [RECALL, JEFFERSON WAS A RICH PLANTATION OWNER!] -- PEOPLE WHO WORK FOR WAGES BECOME “SUBSERVIENT”

“THOSE WHO LABOUR IN THE EARTH ARE THE CHOSEN OF GOD [RECALL, JEFFERSON WAS A DEIST!]

“THE MOBS OF GREAT CITIES ADD JUST SO MUCH TO THE SUPPORT OF PURE GOVERNMENT AS SORES TO TO THE STRENGTH OF THE HUMAN BODY [LOVER OF DEMOCRACY!]

HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC POLICIES CLEARLY WORKED – BUT BY 1792 THERE WAS AN OPPOSITION PARTY ! HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES REJECTED HAMILTON’S REPORT ON MFG.WERE THE DEM-REPS CONCERNED ABOUT THE NATION, OR ABOUT POWER?

1792 Election Results (16 states in the Union)

George Washington Virginia Federalist 132

97.8%

John Adams Massachusetts Federalist

77 57.0%

George Clinton New York Democratic-Republican

50 37.0%

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican

4 3.0%

Aaron Burr New York Federalist 1 0.7%

Electoral Votes Not Cast

--- -----

6 4.4%

Total Number of Electors 132

Total Electoral Votes Cast 264

Number of Votes for a Majority 67

1792 Election Results (16 states in the Union)

George Washington Virginia Federalist 132

97.8%

John Adams Massachusetts Federalist

77 57.0%

George Clinton New York Democratic-Republican

50 37.0%

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican

4 3.0%

Aaron Burr New York Federalist 1 0.7%

Electoral Votes Not Cast

--- -----

6 4.4%

Total Number of Electors 132

Total Electoral Votes Cast 264

Number of Votes for a Majority 67

1792 Election Results

1792 Election Results

CHALLENGES (AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR POLITICAL DISPUTES) DURING SECOND WASHINGTON ADMINISTRATION

1. LAYING DOWN THE LAW AND SHOWING THE POWER OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: THE WHISKEY REBELLION (1791-94)

THE EXCISE TAX ON WHISKEY HIT WESTERN FARMERS HARDEST

RICH COMMERCIAL DISTILLERS (LIKE GEORGE WASHINGTON) COULD PAY FLAT FEE = LESS PER GALLON THE MORE WHISKEY THEY MADE

POOR WESTERN FARMERS WHO RAN THEIR OWN LITTLE STILLS PAID PER GALLON = MORE

“HARD LIQUOR IS A NECESSITY OF LIFE IN THE SOUTH. ” ANDREW JACKSON.* TRUE – NOT JUST TO DRINK, AS MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE

OTHER PROBLEMS FOR WESTERN FARMERS: SPAIN CLOSED OFF MISSISSIPPI RIVER; NORTHWEST INDIAN WAR

1791-94 – INCIDENTS ON FRONTIER, ESP. WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA (OHIO VALLEY) – HARASSING, TARRING AND FEATHERING FEDERAL REVENUE AGENTS (REVENUERS – “REVENOORS”)

HAMILTON PUBLISHED ESSAYS UNDER PSEUDONYM “TULLY” BLAMING UNREST ON DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS

BUT HE MIGHT HAVE PROVOKED ARMED REBELLION – SENT OUT WRITS REQUIRING FRONTIER DISTILLERS TO COME TO PHILADELPHIA FOR TRIALS

JULY 1794 – ARMED REVOLT IN W. PA. BY ABOUT 500 FARMERS – TRYING TO ARREST FEDERAL REVENUE AGENTS, BURNING HOUSES ETC.

GAVE WASHINGTON AND HAMILTON THE (WELCOME) OPPORTUNITY TO CALL OUT MILITIAS, DRAFT ≈ 30,000 FEDERAL TROOPS MARCH TO W. PA. TO PUT DOWN REBELLION

FEWER THAN 5 KILLED – BUT MAJOR DEMONSTRATION OF POWER OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT (AND FODDER FOR JEFFERSON, TOO!)

2. FOREIGN AFFAIRS – THE PROBLEM OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION & YET ANOTHER ANGLO-FRENCH WAR

FRENCH REVOLUTION “REIGN OF TERROR” – HOT TOPIC IN U.S. – DEMOCRACY GONE WILD – COULD IT HAPPEN HERE? FODDER FOR FEDERALISTS.

THE U.S. DILEMMA – MAYBE OUR REVOLUTIONARY WAR TREATY / ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE (1778_ REQUIRED US TO SIDE WITH FRANCE (COMMERCIALLY) – BUT WE RELIED ON EXPORTS TO AND SOME EXPORTS FROM BRITAIN

BRITAIN HAD THE BRITISH NAVY – STOPPED OUR SHIPS, IMPRESSED SAILORS, ETC. -- AND STILL HAD FORTS IN WESTERN U.S.

DOMESTIC POLITICAL DISPUTE:

JEFFERSON: TRADE CONCESSIONS TO FRANCE IF BRITAIN REFUSED TO ACCEPT U.S. SOVEREIGNTY

HAMILTON: TREATY WITH BRITAIN. U.S. COULDN’T TAKE ON BRITAIN

CITIZEN GENÉT AFFAIR – FRENCH MINISTER TO U.S. ORGANIZED U.S. PRIVATEERS TO ATTACK BRITISH SHIPS -- DANGER!!

APRIL 22, 1793 – WASHINGTON ISSUED PROCLAMATION OF NEUTRALITY

DIDN’T WORK – BRITAIN CLOSED OFF WEST INDIES TO U.S. SHIPS HAMILTON GOT HIS WAY!

JAY’S TREATY (HAMILTON). SIGNED 1794, RATIFIED 1796)

BRITAIN AGREED TO TURN OVER FORTS IN U.S. TERRITORY

U.S. AGREED TO GRANT BRITAIN MOST-FAVORED NATION TRADE STATUS

U.S. GOT RIGHT TO EXPORT

MFG. GOODS TO WEST INDIES AND INDIA (GREAT FOR NORTH) -- IN EXCHANGE FOR LIMITING COTTON EXPORTS TO BRITAN (BAD FOR SOUTH)

ALSO BRITAIN DID NOT AGREE TO COMPENSATION FOR SLAVES IT FREED DURING REVOLUTION

PINCKNEY’S TREATY AKA TREATY OF SAN LORENZO (1796) – JAY’S TREATY SCARED SPAIN INTO THINKING U.S. AND BRITAIN WOULD ALLY TO DRIVE SPAIN OUT OF NORTH AMERICA

SPAIN AGREED TO OPEN MISSISSIPPI – GAVE U.S. RIGHT OF DEPOSIT AT NEW ORLEANS (DUTY-FREE LADING)

SPAIN CEDED “WEST FLORIDA” TO U.S.

CHARLES PINCKNEY

3. NORTHWEST INDIAN WAR AKA “LITTLE TURTLE’S WAR” (THIS HAS FOREIGN RELATIONS ELEMENT, TOO)

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE PROMISED NOT TO TAKE INDIAN LANDS (LOL). BRITISH TROOPS IN U.S. TERRITORY AIDED MIAMI NDIAN RESISTANCE TO U.S.

A LESSON ABOUT HISTORIOGRAPHY:

WAR ACTUALLY BEGAN IN 1790 – WASHINGTON ORDERED WAR AGAINST MIAMIS

1791 – 1792 – U.S. TROOPS UNDER GENERAL JOSHUA HARMAR AND GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR SUFFER CRUSHING DEFEATS – HUNDREDS OF SOLDIERS KILLED

THOSE BATTLES HAVE NO NAMES: AS IF THEY NEVER HAPPENED (NO MENTION IN U.S. HISTORY TEXTBOOKS UNTIL RECENTLY)

IT WAS A CRISIS IN WASHINGTON’S SECOND ADMINISTRATION – U.S. HAD TO WIN WAR – KICK BRITISH OUT OF OUR TERRITORY

THE BATTLE THE U.S. WON HAS A NAME = “BATTLE OF FALLEN TIMBERS” (1794) U.S. TROOPS UNDER GENERAL “MAD ANTHONY” WAYNE DEFEATED MIAMIS AND ALLIES

WAYNE – DEVELOPED MORE “PROFESSIONAL, “ DISCIPLINED TROOPS

TREATY OF GREENVILLE (1795): FOR ≈ $20,000 WORTH OF BLANKETS, POTS AND PANS, ETC. INDIANS CEDE MOST OF OHIO, ILLIINOIS (ALL U.S. WANTED AT THE MOMENT

IN THE END, IT BECAME JUST ANOTHER BROKEN TREATY, BUT . . .

TREATY OF GREENVILLE IS SIGNICANT BECAUSE IT CREATED INDIAN ANNUITY SYSTEM – ANNUAL PAYMENTS OF $ AND CALICO CLOTH TO TREATY INDIANS INCREASED FEDERAL CONTROL OF THEIR LIVES (THE KIND OF THING COLLEGE BOARD THINKS IS IMPORTANT!)

ALSO, ALL BRITISH TROOPS OUT OF U.S. TERRITORY (FOR A WHILE) – JAY’S TREATY

MEANWHILE, JEFFERSON: DON’T FIGHT INDIANS! TEACH THEM TO FARM AND THEY’LL BE GOOD CITIZENS [N.B. – NO PROBLEMS W/ INDIANS IN VIRGINIA!]

ELECTION OF 1796 – ADAMS V. JEFFERSONONCE FRIENDS AND ALLIES DURING REVOLUTION – NOW BITTER

POLITICAL ENEMIES

HAMILTON SCHEMED TO GET PINCKNEY RATHER THAN ADAMS ELECTED – BACKFIRED PRESIDENT AND V.P. OF DIFFERENT PARTIES

1796 Election Results (16 states in the Union)

John Adams Massachusetts

Federalist 17 51.4%

Thomas Jefferson

Virginia Democratic-Republican

68 49.3%

Thomas Pinckney

South Carolina

Federalist 59 42.8%

Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican

30 21.7%

Samuel Adams

Massachusetts

Federalist 15 10.9%

Oliver Ellsworth

Connecticut Federalist 11 8.0%

George Clinton

New York Democratic-Republican

7 5.1%

Other - - 15 10.9%

Total Number of Electors 138

Total Electoral Votes Cast 276

Number of Votes for a Majority 70

1796 ELECTION RESULTS – NOTICE

ANYTHING?

WASHINGTON’S “FAREWELL ADDRESS” (PHD 7-8)(1796)ADVOCATED ISOLATIONISM (NO “FOREIGN ENTANGLEMENTS” TO AVOID FACTIONALISM AND FOREIGN INFLUENCEFREQUENTLY CITED BY MODERN REPUBLICANS

JOHN ADAMS• SECOND PRESIDENT (1797 – 1801)

• PROTECTED AMERICAN INTERESTS BY WAGING THE QUASI-WAR WITH FRANCE

• TRIED TO WALK MIDDLE COURSE BETWEEN “HIGH FEDERALISTS” AND DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS, ESP. ON FOREIGN POLICY

• DISCREDITED BY ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS

• THE FIRST ONE-TERM PRESIDENT

THE “QUASI-WAR” WITH FRANCE (1798 – 1800)

CAUSES: FRENCH RETALIATION FOR JAY’S TREATY –

SEIZED OVER 300 U.S. SHIPS (U.S. STILL HAD NO NAVY!)

ADAMS SENT DELEGATION TO FRANCE TO NEGOTIATE – JOHN MARSHALL, ELBRIDGE GERRY AND CHARLES PINCKNEY

THE “XYZ” AFFAIR: 3 FRENCH AGENTS (X. Y AND Z) DEMANDED $12 MILLION LOAN TO FRANCE AND $250,000 “TRIBUTE” TO FRENCH MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS CHARLES TALLEYRAND – OTHERWISE NO NEGOTIATIONS

“MILLIONS FOR DEFENSE, NOT ONE PENNY FOR TRIBUTE” – UTTERED BY FEDERALIST FROM S. CAROLINA, IT BECOMES MANTRA FOR DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS NO TREATY, QUASI WAR

TALLEYRAND

THE XYZ AFFAIRA BRITISH CARTOON SHOWS THE UNITED STATES (YOUNG LADY IN FEATHERED INDIAN

HEADDRESS) BEING ACCOSTED BY IMPERTINENT AND AVARICIOUS DIPLOMATS REPRESENTING REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE.

BEGINNINGS OF NAVY (AND MARINES)

NAVY ACT OF 1794 DEPARTMENT OF NAVY CREATED (UNDER WAR

DEPARTMENT) AUTHORIZED 6 FRIGATES FOR DEFENSE OF

SHIPPING IN MEDITERRANEAN (BARBARY PIRATE PROBLEM)

BY 1797 – THREE 44-GUN FRIGATES: U.S.S. CONSTITUTION; U.S.S. CONSTELLATION; U.S.S. UNITED STATES, MORE PLANNED

MARINE CORPS – MARINES ON EVERY FRIGATE (BRITISH NAVY MODEL)

1799 – CONGRESS APPROPRIATES $$$ FOR MORE FRIGATES

U.S.S. CONSTELLATION

THE BIRTH OF THE U.S. MARINE CORPS, 1798

QUASI-WAR (UNDECLARED WAR) AGAINST FRANCE, 1797 – 1800

= NAVAL WAR (MOSTLY IN WEST INDIES)

WAR OVERVIEW:

BRITAIN HAD MOST OF FRENCH NAVY BOTTLED UP IN EUROPE – ALLOWED U.S. TO USE W. INDIES PORTS

INCONCLUSIVE :

FRENCH CAPTURED ONE U.S. FRIGATE (U.S.S. RETALIATION), U.S. CAPTURED ONE FRENCH FRIGATE

EACH CAPTURED MANY MERCHANTMEN

PROBABLY FRANCE CAPTURED MORE ≈ 2,000

DOMESTICALLY – WAR = MAJOR POLITICAL ISSUE.

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS OBJECT TO UNDECLARED WAR -- STRICT CONSTRUCTION OF ART. I OF CONSTITUTION: ONLY CONGRESS HAS THE POWER TO DECLARE WAR

FAVOR FRANCE OVER BRITAIN

COMPLAIN ADAMS IS MISMANAGING WAR

AND U.S. WASN’T “WINNING” WAR UNPOPULAR = MORE SUPPORT FOR D-Rs

ADAMS AND FEDERALISTS IN CONGRESS USE “NATIONAL SECURITY” AS EXCUSE TO PASS ALIEN ACTS AND SEDITION ACT

DOES THIS SOUND FAMILIAR?9-11 ATTACK HOMELAND SECURITY ACT AND P.A.T.R.I.O.T. ACT (+ WARRANTLESS WIRETAPS, “WITCHUNT” AGAINST MUSLIM AMERICANS, ETC.)

ALIEN ACTS (JUNE ‘78) – USED AGAINST FRENCH AMERICANS:

NATURALIZATION ACT (14 YEARS RESIDENCY REQ. TO BECOME CITIZEN) +

ALIEN ACT (PRESIDENT COULD IMPRISON/ EXPEL “ENEMY ALIENS”)

SEDITION ACT(JULY ‘78) – USED AGAINST DEMOCRATIC –REPUBLICANS

MADE IT A CRIME (SEDITIOUS LIBEL) TO CRITICIZE THE GOVERNMENT OR FEDERAL OFFICERS – “"FALSE, SCANDALOUS, AND MALICIOUS” STATEMENTS”

IRONY – REMEMBER THE TRIAL OF JOHN PETER ZENGER!

LED TO TRIALS, FINES AND IMPRISONMENT OF DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS, INCLUDING MATTHEW LYON, MEMBER OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES FROM VERMONT ($1,000 + 4 MONTHS IN PRISON)

CARTOON DEPICTING FISTFIGHT IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES BETWEEN MATTHEW (“THE SPITTING”) LYON(D-R) & ROGER GRISWOLD (F)

DEM-REPS ABLE TO MOBILIZE CONSIDERABLE OPPOSITION TO FEDERALISTS DUE TO A & S ACTS

THE KENTUCKY AND VIRGINIA RESOLVES (JEFFERSON/ MADISON, 1798 & 1799) – PHD 7-10

BASED ON COMPACT THEORY - CONSTITUTION IS

A COMPACT (CONTRACT) AMONG SOVEREIGN STATES

NULLIFICATION THEORY – EACH SOVEREIGN STATE HAS RIGHT TO NULLIFY FEDERAL LAWS STATE DEEMS UNCONSTITITUTIONAL)

THE RESOLVES WERE A PLOY TO JUMP-START JEFFERSON’S PRESIDENTIAL 1800 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN – BUT PLAYING WITH FIRE:

COMPACT THEORY = IMPLICIT SECESSION THREAT – THEORETICAL BASIS FOR IT

RESOLVES PROVIDE BASIS FOR NULLIFICATION CRISIS OF 1832-33

NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING, 18TH-C. STYLE!

BRANDING JEFFERSON AS A DANGEROUS RADICAL – “MAD TOM”

FEDERALIST CARTOON DEPICTS THOMAS JEFFERSON AN ENEMY OF RELIGION, LAWFUL GOVERNMENT, AND THE CONSTITUTION, WHO WANTED TO IMPORT FRENCH REVOLUTION/ REIGN OF TERROR TO AMERICA.

FEDERALIST CARTOON HIGHLIGHTS THE RUMORS THAT THE VIRGINIA POLITICIAN KEPT A BLACK MISTRESS. I

IN THE LATE 20TH CENTURY, DNA EVIDENCE PROV ED THAT JEFFERSON DID INDEED FATHER CHILDREN WITH SALLY HEMINGS, HIS SLAVE AND ALSO HIS WIFE’S HALF-SISTER.

HIS WILL MANUMITTED SOME OF HIS SLAVES – BUT NOT SALLY!

CONVENTION OF 1800 (SEPTEMBER 30) AKA TREATY OF MONTFORTAINE

ENDED UNPOPULAR QUASI WAR – TOO LATE TO HELP ADAMS IN ELECTION

DISSOLVED ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE – END OF U.S. ALLIANCES UNTIL LATE 19TH C. (INFLUENCE OF WASHINGTON AND ADAMS)

DISSOLVED PRIOR TRADE PACTS NO CLAIMS AGAINST FRANCE FOR MERCHANTMEN, CARGO SEIZED PETITIONS TO CONGRESS AND SUITS AGAINST U.S. THROUGH 1919

BUT NOT LOSING QUASI WAR EMERGENCE OF U.S. NATIONALISM

THE ELECTION OF 1800JOHN ADAMS (LEFT) AND THOMAS JEFFERSON (RIGHT) SQUARED OFF FOR THE PRESIDENCY FOR A SECOND TIME IN 1800. IT WAS THE FIRST

AND ONLY INSTANCE IN AMERICAN HISTORY WHEN A SITTING PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT RAN AGAINST EACH OTHER.

1800 Election Results (16 states in the Union)1800 Election Results

(16 states in the Union)

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic

-Republican 73 52.9%

Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican 73 52.9%

John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 65 47.1%

Charles Pinckney South Carolina Federalist 64 46.4%

John Jay New York Federalist 1 0.7%

Total Number of Electors 138

Total Electoral Votes Cast 276

Number of Votes for a Majority 70

A TIE! WHAT HAPPENED NEXT?

1800 Election Results1800 Election Results

Adams

Jefferson

1800 ELECTION RESULTS DECIDED BY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIIVES!

1 vote for each State

36 BALLOTS REQUIRED!

1800 ELECTION RESULTS DECIDED BY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIIVES!

1 vote for each State

36 BALLOTS REQUIRED!

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 10 62.5%

Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican 4 25.0%

Blank ------- 2 12.5%

PRESIDENT JEFFERSON AND VICE PRESIDENT BURR -- VERY BITTER ENEMIES

RECALL THAT BURR RAN AS A FEDERALIST IN ‘92. HE WAS REGARDED AS AN “INTRIGUER” (G. WASHINGTON)

THE “REVOLUTION OF 1800”

DESPITE EXTREME BITTERNESS OF PARTISAN POLITICS 1796 – 1800 – WHEN ADAMS AND FEDERALISTS IN CONGRESS LOST ELECTION THEY STEPPED DOWN!

IMPORTANT NEW PRECEDENT – PEACEFUL TRANSITION OF POLITICAL POWER

CONCEPTS OF TWO-PARTY SYSTEM AND “LOYAL OPPOSITION” EMERGE

NEW SPIRIT OF NATIONALISM – MAYBE THIS COUNTRY WILL LAST!

“REMEMBER THE LADIES”

“REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD”

A TERM COINED BY 20TH CENTURY FEMINIST HISTORIANS TO REFER TO LATE 18TH – EARLY 19TH C. IDEA THAT:

WOMEN SHOULD BE EDUCATED SO THEY COULD TRAIN CHLDREN TO BE GOOD CITIZENS IN THE REPUBLIC

ADVOCATED BY PROTESTANT MINISTERS AND SOME EDUCATED WOMEN (ABIGAIL ADAMS, CATHERINE MARIA SEDGEWICK, ETC.)

LED TO WOMEN’S COLLEGES AND SEMINARIES (MT. HOLYOKE, 1837) IN NORTH EAST

WOMENS’ EDUCATION TEMPERANCE AND ABOLITIONIST WOMENS’ MOVEMENTS SENECA FALLS CONVENTION (BIRTH OF WOMENS’ SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT)

CONCEPT OF REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD DID NOT INCLUDE SLAVES, FACTORY GIRLS, ETC!

JAMES PEALE, THE ARTIST AND HIS FAMILY (1795)

FOOTNOTE: THE CAPITAL MOVES SOUTH (COMPROMISE OF 1790)

.

CONSTRUCTION OF WASHINGTON D.C. BEGAN 1792 (WITH SLAVE LABOR)

ABOVE, OPENING OF CAPITOL – 1800

LEGACY OF FRENCH REVOLUTION IN U.S.

THE WIDE AVENUES OF D.C. (PENNSYLVANIA AVE. ABOVE) – DESIGNED TO PREVENT BARRICADES AND MAKE SURE CAISSONS COULD GET THROUGH – UNLIKE PARIS! RIGHT, PIERRE CHARLES L’ENFANT,ARCHITECT AND CIVIL ENGINEER WHO DESIGNED D.C.