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Early Native American Civilizations. The Western Gulf Culture. The Karankawa Lived on the coast from p.d . Galveston to Corpus Christi. Both hunted and fished for Food, and gathered for food as well. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Early Native American Civilizations
The Western Gulf Culture
The Karankawa Lived on the coast from p.d. Galveston to Corpus Christi. Both hunted and fished forFood, and gathered for food as well. Nomadic: during the winter they lived along the
coast, fishing and hunting sea turtles, and gathering shellfish. Also hunted birds eggs and hunted deer and small animals.
During the spring and summer, the Karankawa moved inland and camped near rivers on the coastal prairie. “I passed the entire summer in this country with them
in going everywhere in search of food because they possess no cabins or fields. That is why they travel in this manner the entire summer. The men kill a few deer and a few buffaloes and the women search for wild potatoes.”
• FRENCH EXPLORER SIMARS DE BELLISLE
Hunted with large wooden bows and arrows and fished with bows and arrows and fish traps.
Karankawa women collected plants, cooked the food, and took care of the camp.
Lived in portable wigwams, or circular huts from bent poles covered with animal skins and reed mats. They could house 7-8 people.
Daily life of the Karankawa
Clothing: Since life on the coast has hot summers and mild
winters, they didn’t need much clothing. Some wore nothing, some wore a deerskin “breechcloth”,
which is worn around the waist. Women wore skirts of deerskin or grass. Painted themselves with bright colors To keep insects away, they rubbed alligator fat and dirt
on their skin
Children: Treated their children with kindness Gave them two names: one which was known only to
close family members and one that was widely known. Belived that a secret name protected them from danger
Because they had never been exposed to European diseases, they quickly fell ill when Europeans arrived.
Coahuiltecan
South Texas IndiansHunter-gatherers (too dry to farm)Nomads. Covered lots of
Territory looking for food: buffalo,Deer, small mamals.
Diets also included ant eggs, lizards, snakes, spiders and worms.
Used small tools and bows and arrows to hunt.
They didn’t live in permanent houses, they placed skins over bent branches for shelter.
Held festivals and celebrations called mitotes Celebrated important events, such as special religious
occasions, victory in battle, or a plentiful food supply.Very similar culture to the Karankawa.Many died when Europeans arrived. Many
assimilated into Spanish culture and abandoned their own culture.
Southeastern Culture Area
CaddoWichitaAtakapa
Caddo
East Texas IndiansLived in permanent villages and
Farmed the land. The soil was perfect for this.
Used crop rotation—a system for growing different crops on the same land over a period of years—to prevent the soil from wearing out.
They also set extra seeds aside for the next years crop and burned forests to provide lands for growing crops.
Grew beans, corn, squash, sunflower seeds, and tobacco.
Men and women shared the responsibility for farming.
Large population due to the overabundance of food. Developed a large, complex civilization that was split
into three confederacies: Hasinai, Kadohadaco, Natchitoches. Built temples and mounds used for religious events (still
here)Matrilineal society. Clothing similar to “typical” Indians:
deerskin and grass clothing. They also painted their bodies.
Wichita
West of the Caddo in North CentralBroken into four groups:
Waco, Taovaya, Tawakoni, WichitaLived along creeks and rivers. Farmers and
hunters.Lived in permanent houses. (p. 77)Tattooed their bodies.
Atakapa
Coastal tribe in between KarankawaAlso ran into p.d. LouisianaFarmers: grew veggies and corn
Corn was a very important crop. You could do many different things with it, like make flour and dough and popcorn.
Some think they learned to farm from the Caddo.Also used bows and arrows to hunt game, like
small animals and buffalo, and alligators.
Lived in huts made of brush.Made pottery and wove baskets.Similar clothing to other tribes of the
Southeastern Culture: animal skin breechcloth and grass skirts.
Tatooed their faces and bodies.Same fate as other coastal tribes: European
disease killed many and almost none were left.
Today, the Atakapa-Ishak nation is stationed in Port Arthur, TX.
Pueblo Culture
JumanoWest Texas IndiansDescendants of the Pueblo people of
Northern New Mexico. Adobe houses Moved south around 1000-1200 and crossed into p.d.
Texas, settling along the Rio Grande River. Grew corn along the riverbed.
Also gathered wild plants for food and hunted buffalo.
Lived in large villages 10,000 strong Little cities. They’d build cities around a central
plaza, like a town square. 30-40 people lived in one house. Lived in adobe-brick homes and painted the walls.
Some Jumano hunters lived as nomads on the plains of W. Texas as well..
Used bows and arrows to hunt. Wore clothing and shoes made of animal hide, and
made jewelry from copper, coral and turquoise. Tattooed their faces with lines. Hair, pg. 80.
Troubled times
Traded goods when Spanish arrived. The Spanish brought horses, which the Jumano wanted. Many Jumano, like other Indians, died from illness
Early 1500s: a horrible drought in Texas caused hardships for Jumano. Many moved away.
Faced attacks by Apache (plains). Many left Texas and joined other Native American groups.
The Plains Tribes
TonkawaApacheComanche Kiowa
Indians moved onto the Plains of Texas after the Spanish arrived and brought horses.
Each share many characteristics
The Tonkawa
North-Central TexasDepended on buffalo for everything: food,
clothing, shelter. Lived on the southern edge of buffalo herds Also gathered for foods: berries, fruits, nuts Hunted small animals: rabbits, rattlesnakes, skunks
Hair was long and parted in the middle. Both men and women painted their bodies.
Late 1700s: Tonkawa driven from their land by other Plains Indians. By 1900 the Tonkawa did not exist as a separate Indian
group.
Tonkawas, 1898
Apache
Originally from p.d. Canada, the Apache migrated to SW United States between 1000 and 1400. Two groups made it to Texas Lepan: western edge of the hill country to West Texas Mescalero: West Texas to New Mexico
Organized into family groups, or bands Families would travel and hunt together Hunted buffalo (pg 84)
Some Lipan Apache farmed Beans, corn, pumpkins, watermelons. They always
moved with the buffalo thoughHair was worn long on one side but short on
the other. Plucked out all their beard and eyebrow hair. Wore
earrings and bracelets.Often raided neighboring Indian tribes for
goods Very non-friendly Fought with Comanche and Spanish and were driven
from Texas.
Comanche
Took over a great amount of land in the Plains of Texas.
Lived in bands led by a chief and a war chief.Very skilled at riding horses. Very wealthy
tribe and very skilled at fighting. Their land was called “Comancheria”
Kiowa
Last Plains group to arrive in Texas. Northern Plains (present day panhandle)
Hunted buffalo and gathered berries, fruits and nuts. Also traded with other Indians.
Became allies with Comanche and controlled “Comancheria” with them.
