View
223
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Easy babies (40% of original study)Difficult babies (10% of original study)Slow-to-warm-up babies (15% of original study)(The rest did not fit into a category)
•Temperament and Social AdjustmentTemperament is predictive of later behaviors
•Children who are negative, impulsive, and unregulated tend to have poor peer relations and get in trouble with the law. They are difficult partners and roommates.
•Behaviorally inhibited children are more likely to experience anxiety, depression, and phobias.
3 Temperament Types
Temperament Dimensions
1. Reactivity or negative emotionality• Irritability, negative mood, intensity of reactions (anger/fear)
2. Self regulation• Amount of control over attention and emotions
3. Approach/Withdrawal• Sociability
Nature and Nurture• Parents can modulate children’s temperament.
– If parents are supportive and consistent with difficult children, negative behaviors may moderate.
– If parents are harsh and punitive, undesirable behaviors can worsen.
• The influence is bi-directional! Child’s temperament in turn can influence parents’ reaction
• Direct vs. Indirect Effects (e.g. fearful/inhibited leads to social withdrawal vs. negativity elicits negativity from others which in turn effects the child)
• Most people get a “double whammy”• Self-fulfilling prophecy• “Goodness of fit” Model = compatibility between temperament
and social environment.• “Transactional” Model
– Continuous interaction between temperament and env’mt– Temperament = risk or protective factor (starts a chain of events)
Precursors
• Prefer the smell and taste of mom (breast milk, amniotic fluid)
• Prefer moving entities• Prefer voices
– Infant directed speech (IDS)• Characteristics: Emotional tone, Slow and clear, exaggerated speech,
exaggerated facial expressions• Infants like IDS better than regular speech• Infants learn more words in IDS
• Prefer faces over other similar stimuli
Preference for Faces
Newborn infants preferred standard faces over scrambled -- infants followed the standard face further than the control stimuli
Face Perception
• Infants quickly develop preferences for faces (12 hours after birth prefer Mom’s face)
• No initial preferences for particular facial expressions, but around 1 year infant has learned emotional significance of expressions and prefers smiling over angry expressions
• Even newborns prefer to look at attractive faces• Attractive mask = more pleasure, more active and
involved in play, less withdrawal than less attractive mask.