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8/14/2019 Early tech of Plant TC
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Early history of in vitro
techniques
M C Mohamed Zakeel
Faculty of Agriculture
Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
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Attempts were made by the great German
botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt (1854-1945) toculture isolated vegetative cells from higher
plants in simple nutrient solutions
Haberlandt was the first person to culture
isolated fully differentiated cells as early as 1898
For his experiment in 1902 he grew palisade
tissue ofLamium purpureum and Eichornia
crassipes on Knops salt solution with sucrose The cells grew in size but none of them divided
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Despitethe failure to achieve his goals,Haberlandt made several predictions in his
paper in 1902 It was unfortunate that he did not test hispostulates experimentally
Instead, he devoted his time to sensory
physiological investigations He stated that growth of cell simply stops after
acquiring the features required to meet the needof the whole organism
This happens not because the cells lose theirpotential capacity for further growth, but becausea stimulus is altered from the whole organism orfrom particular part of it
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The isolated cell is then capable then of
resuming uninterrupted growth
He had also perceived the concept of growthhormones, which he called growth enzymes
Based on Winklers (1901) observations that
pollen tubes stimulate growth in ovules and
ovary, Haberlandt finally stated that withoutpermitting myself to pose further questions, I
believe, in conclusion, that I am not making too
bold a prediction if I point to the possibility that in
this way, one could successfully cultivate
artificial embryos from vegetative cells
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During 1902 to 1934 hardly any progress wasmade in the field of plant tissue culture asconceived by Haberlandt.
In 1904, Hannig excised mature embryo of somecrucifers (Raphanus sativus, R. landra, andCochlearia danica) and grew them to maturity onmineral salts and sugar solution.
In 1941 Van Overbeek and co-workersdemonstrated the stimulatory effect of coconutmilk
Laibath (1925, 1929) demonstrated the practicalapplication of embryo culture in the field of plant
breeding.
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Gottlieb Haberlandt (1854-1945)
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Two important discoveries made in the mid
1930s which gave a big push to the
development of plant tissue culture were:Identification of auxin as a natural growth
regulator and recognition of the importance of B-
vitamins in plant growth
In 1934, Gautheret had cultured cambium cellsof some tree species (Salix capraea and
Populus nigra) on Knops solution containing
glucose and cysteine hydrochloride and
proliferated for a few months
Gautheret established continuously growing
tissue culture from carrot root cambium in 1939
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Philip R. White (1901-1968)
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Roger J. Gautheret (Born 1910)
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Same year White reported establishment ofsimilar cultures from tumour tissues of hybridNicotiana glauca x N. longsdorffii.
Skoog (1944) and Skoog and Tsui (1951) haddemonstrated that the addition of adenine andhigh level of Phosphate increased callus growthin tobacco pith culture.
Milleret al(1955) separated the first knownCytokinins from the DNA of herring sperm andnamed it Kinetin.
In 1953, Muir demonstrated the breakage oftissue into singe cells by the use of liquidmedium with agitation.
In 1960, Jones et al. designed a micro culturemethod for growing single cells in a conditionalmedium.
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Using this technique but using fresh medium, in1965 Vasil and Hildebrandt raised whole plantsstarting from single cells of tobacco.
In 1960 Bergmann developed biologicaltechnique of cloning large number of single cellsof higher plants.
In 1966, Kohlenbach successfully cultivatedmature mesophyll cells from Macleaya cordataand subsequently differentiated into somaticembryo.
In 1957 Skoog and Miller put forth the concept ofhormonal control of organ formation.
In 1946, Ball successfully raised transplantablewhole plants ofLupinus and Tropaeolum by
culturing shoot tips with couple of leaf primordia.
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Morel and Martin (1952) demonstrated the
practical application of this technique to get virus
free plants from infected individuals
Murashige was instrumental in giving the
technique ofin vitro culture
By the early 1960s, P. Maheshwari became
actively engaged with in vitro culture ofreproductive organs
Kanda developed the technique of test tube
fertilization in 1962
Zenkteler and co-workers developed
interspecific and intergenic hybrids
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Folke Skoog (Born 1908)
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Panchanan Maheshwari (1904-1966)
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Georges Morel (1916-1973)
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In 1966, Guha and Maheshwari demonstrated
the possibility of raising large number of haploid
plantlets from pollen grains ofDatura innoxia. work by Bourgin and Nitsch (1967) confirmed
the totipotency of pollen grains.
Another area ofin vitro studies which is rapidly
developing is that of protoplast culture.
In 1972, Carlson et al. produced the first somatic
hybrid between Nicotiana glauca x N. langsdorffii
by fusing protoplasts. These in brief are some of the milestones in the
development of plant tissue culture techniques.
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Jean P. Nitsch (1921-1971)
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Like any other area of science, it started as an
academic exercise to answer some questions
related to plant growth and development, but
proved to be of immense practical value, as an aidto plant propagation, raising and maintenance of
high health-status plants, germplasm storage and
a valuable adjunct to the conventional methods of
plant improvement.
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hank you