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DistancesDistances
24,901.55 miles24,901.55 miles 24,859.82 miles24,859.82 miles 7,926 miles7,926 miles 3,452 miles3,452 miles
Diameter of EarthDiameter of Earth Distance from the Distance from the
North to South PoleNorth to South Pole Distance across the Distance across the
United StatesUnited States Circumference Circumference
around the equatoraround the equator
Water VolumeWater Volume 50 gallons50 gallons 70 gallons70 gallons 14600 gallons14600 gallons 4 trillion gallons4 trillion gallons 326,000,000,000,000,326,000,000,000,000,
000,000 (million 000,000 (million trillion) gallonstrillion) gallons
Emitted from a tree Emitted from a tree dailydaily
Amount of water in Amount of water in the ocean’s of the the ocean’s of the EarthEarth
An average American An average American uses dailyuses daily
An average human An average human will drink in 80 yearswill drink in 80 years
Falls to Earth each Falls to Earth each dayday
SpeedSpeed
67,000 mph67,000 mph 1,000 mph1,000 mph 4,520 mph4,520 mph
Revolution of Earth Revolution of Earth around the Sunaround the Sun
Speed of Rocket Speed of Rocket Plane (fastest plane)Plane (fastest plane)
Rotation of Earth Rotation of Earth (Day/Night)(Day/Night)
PopulationPopulation 6,692,030,2776,692,030,277 1,325,639,9821,325,639,982 731,000,000731,000,000 680,000,000680,000,000 304,059,724304,059,724 8,682,6618,682,661
New JerseyNew Jersey ChinaChina AfricaAfrica EarthEarth EuropeEurope Unite StatesUnite States
ANSWERS: DistanceANSWERS: Distance
24,901.55 miles: Equatorial Circumference24,901.55 miles: Equatorial Circumference24,859.82 miles: Circumference from 24,859.82 miles: Circumference from
North to South PoleNorth to South Pole7,926 miles: Diameter of Earth7,926 miles: Diameter of Earth3,452 miles: USA3,452 miles: USA
ANSWERS: Water VolumeANSWERS: Water Volume50 gallons: Daily Activities50 gallons: Daily Activities70 gallons: Daily tree emits70 gallons: Daily tree emits14600 gallons: Lifetime human consumes14600 gallons: Lifetime human consumes4 trillion gallons: Daily Earth precipitation4 trillion gallons: Daily Earth precipitation326,000,000,000,000,000,000 (million 326,000,000,000,000,000,000 (million
trillion) gallons: Earth’s Ocean volumetrillion) gallons: Earth’s Ocean volume
ANSWERS: SpeedANSWERS: Speed
67,000 mph: Earth’s revolution around the 67,000 mph: Earth’s revolution around the SunSun
1,000 mph: Earth’s rotation1,000 mph: Earth’s rotation4,520 mph: Rocket Plane4,520 mph: Rocket Plane
ANSWERS: PopulationANSWERS: Population
6,692,030,277: Earth6,692,030,277: Earth1,325,639,982: China1,325,639,982: China731,000,000: Europe731,000,000: Europe680,000,000: Africa680,000,000: Africa304,059,724: USA304,059,724: USA8,682,661: NJ8,682,661: NJ
Earth is a SYSTEMEarth is a SYSTEM
GeosphereGeosphere HydrosphereHydrosphere AtmosphereAtmosphere BiosphereBiosphere
Earth InteriorEarth Interior
Seismic waves used Seismic waves used to study interiorto study interior
Seismic waves Seismic waves change is the material change is the material they travel through they travel through changechange
Seismologist measure Seismologist measure the change in speed the change in speed and direction of and direction of seismic wavesseismic waves
CrustCrustOuter layerOuter layerThinnest layerThinnest layer5km to 8km thick beneath 5km to 8km thick beneath
oceansoceans20km to 70km think 20km to 70km think
beneath continentsbeneath continentsMade of light elementsMade of light elements1% of planet’s mass1% of planet’s mass
Mantle Mantle
Beneath crustBeneath crust64% of planet’s 64% of planet’s
massmass2,900km thick2,900km thickMade of rocks of Made of rocks of
medium densitymedium density
CoreCore
Inner most layerInner most layerComposed of Composed of
densest densest elementselements
Radius of Radius of 3,400km thick3,400km thick
Structure of EarthStructure of EarthLithosphereLithosphere
Cool, rigid layerCool, rigid layer15km to 300km thick15km to 300km thick Include crust and upper Include crust and upper
mantlemantleDivided into Divided into tectonic platestectonic plates
AsthenosphereAsthenospherePlastic, solid layer of mantlePlastic, solid layer of mantle250km thick250km thickMade of rock that flows slowlyMade of rock that flows slowlyAllows tectonic plates to moveAllows tectonic plates to move
Structure of EarthStructure of Earth MesosphereMesosphere
Lower part of mantleLower part of mantle 2,550km thick2,550km thick
Outer coreOuter core Outer shell of Earth’s Outer shell of Earth’s
corecore 2,220km thick2,220km thick Made of liquid nickel &Made of liquid nickel &
iron iron Inner coreInner core
1,228 km thick1,228 km thick 4,000-5,0004,000-5,000°°CC Made of solid nickel and ironMade of solid nickel and iron Why solid?Why solid?
Plate TectonicsPlate TectonicsTectonic plates glide on top of Tectonic plates glide on top of
asthenosphereasthenosphereMajor platesMajor plates
North AmericanNorth AmericanSouth AmericanSouth AmericanAfricanAfricanPacific Pacific EurasianEurasianAntarcticAntarctic
Plate BoundariesPlate BoundariesTypes of movement:Types of movement:
CollideCollideSeparateSeparateSlide past one Slide past one
anotheranotherCan form:Can form:
MountainsMountainsEx: Himalayan MntsEx: Himalayan Mnts
50 Million Years ago50 Million Years ago
EarthquakesEarthquakesVolcanoes Volcanoes
EarthquakesEarthquakes FaultFault- break in Earth’s crust - break in Earth’s crust
where blocks of crust slide past where blocks of crust slide past one anotherone another
When block of rocks suddenly When block of rocks suddenly slip under the pressure the slip under the pressure the vibrations felt throughout Earthvibrations felt throughout Earth
Richter Scale measures Richter Scale measures earthquake's earthquake's magnitudemagnitude (energy)(energy) 2.0-9.5 can be felt2.0-9.5 can be felt Scale increases by 31.7Scale increases by 31.7 7.0+ results in widespread 7.0+ results in widespread
damagedamage
Where do Earthquakes Occur?Where do Earthquakes Occur?
Mostly at or near Mostly at or near tectonic plates tectonic plates due to the due to the enormous stressenormous stress
Many Many earthquakes in earthquakes in past 15 to 20 past 15 to 20 million years million years along San along San Andreas faultAndreas fault
Earthquake HazardEarthquake HazardArea’s earthquake Area’s earthquake
hazard level determined hazard level determined by past and present by past and present activityactivity
Not only high risk areas Not only high risk areas in dangerin dangerCharleston, SC 1886Charleston, SC 1886Sandy, loose soil= Sandy, loose soil=
EXTENSIVE damageEXTENSIVE damageEarthquake-resistant Earthquake-resistant
buildings are slightly buildings are slightly flexibleflexible
VolcanoesVolcanoesA mountain built from A mountain built from
magma (melted rock) magma (melted rock) that rises from Earth’s that rises from Earth’s interiorinterior
Usually near plate Usually near plate division or collisiondivision or collision
Can be on land or Can be on land or under waterunder water
Under water may lead Under water may lead to island formationto island formation
Local Effects of EruptionLocal Effects of EruptionClouds of hot ash, dust, and gasses flow down Clouds of hot ash, dust, and gasses flow down
slope up to 200km/hr (124.3 miles/hr!)slope up to 200km/hr (124.3 miles/hr!)Volcanic ash + water = mudflowVolcanic ash + water = mudflowAsh falls to ground; building collapse under Ash falls to ground; building collapse under
weight, bury crops, damage engines, and weight, bury crops, damage engines, and cause breathing difficultiescause breathing difficulties
Global Effect of EruptionGlobal Effect of Eruption
Climate changes for several yearsClimate changes for several yearsVolcanic ash and sulfur-rich gases spread Volcanic ash and sulfur-rich gases spread
across planet in atmosphere across planet in atmosphere Block Block some sun some sun lower temperature lower temperature
Water ErosionWater Erosion
Rivers- create deep gouges through Rivers- create deep gouges through mountains mountains
Oceans- water continually beat surfaceOceans- water continually beat surface