EARTH SCIENCE

SECOND QUARTER

TEST

REVIEW

•SOME STUDY IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED

BY THE MANAGEMENT

•What is “Chemical Weathering?”

• When chemical reactions, caused by chemicals in the environment cause rock to break down

•What is one type of chemical weathering?

•ACID RAIN

•What is another type of chemical weathering?

• When oxygen combines with metal in a rock. Generally called rust or corrosion

•What types of rock are most affected by acid rain?

•Limestone

•Marble

•What is a “sinkhole?”

•A weak spot in the roof of a cave that collapses

•What type of rock tends to support sinkholes?

•Limestone•Marble•Which are affected by acid rain

•What is “Biological Weathering?”

•Weathering caused by living things.

•How do lichens start the weathering process in rocks?

•Plants that give off acid that etches the rock

Biological Weathering

•What is “Root Wedging?”

• Plant roots grow in small rock cracks. The roots grow and break the rock.

• Biological Weathering

• What type of sedimentary rock was precipitated from evaporating water, but WAS NEVER ALIVE?

•CHEMICAL Sedimentary Rock

•What is one example of CHEMICAL

sedimentary rock?

•What is another example of CHEMICAL

sedimentary rock?

• Why are lignite and bituminous coal consiered to be Organic sedimentary rocks?

•Because they were made from plants that fossilized.

•What steps MUST happen for plants to become coal?

1. Thick layer of plants grew

2. Plants were flooded under water

3. Layers of sediment covered the plants, compressing them and squeezing out everything but the carbon

•Why is Limestone considered to be organic?

• Limestone is dissolved seashells (lime) that precipitated out of evaporating seawater. Since the shells came from animals, the resulting rock is considered organic.

•What is amber?

• Fossilized tree sap. It often contains bugs that got caught in the sap. Clear pieces of amber are often made into jewelry.

Metamorphic Rock Quiz Prep

• If a rock totally melts while it is changing, what type of rock does it become?

•Igneous

•When pressure causes foliation, which way do the bands go?

• Sideways to the pressure, just like if you squash a ball of clay

•What is Contact metamorphosis?

•Metamorphosis caused by contact with heat, such as rock near a volcano

• Where is contact metamorphism most likely to cause metamorphic rocks to form?

• In Small areas, like near the volcano

• Metamorphic Rocks that have bands of crystals OR many layers are what class of metamorphic Rock?

•FOLIATED metamorphic rock

•What type of foliation ( Banding) does Gneiss have?

•NICE easy to see bands of color

•Schist, gneiss, mica, slate and phylite are all what class of metamorphic rocks?

•FOLIATED

•Foliation occurs when pressure causes what to happen to the crystals in the rock?

•The crystals flatten and fuse together

•What is regional metamorphosis?

•Metamorphosis caused across a large region

•What could cause regional metamorphosis?

•Continental collision

• Regional metamorphism is most likely to cause what type of metamorphic rocks to form?

Rocks that need high pressure to form such as all of the foliated rocks.

•Melting heat must occur for what type of rock to form?

•Igneous rock

•Pressurized hot water can cause what type of rock to form?

•Metamorphic, like Quartzite

•Pressure can cause what type of rock to form?

•Metamorphic

•Weathering must occur for what type of rock to form?

•SEDIMENTARY

•Marble, amphibolite and quartzite are all what class of metamorphic rocks?

•NON-FOLIATED

•Limestone becomes what metamorphic rock?

•Marble

•Basalt becomes what metamorphic rock?

•Amphibolite

•Claystone becomes what metamorphic rock?

•

Slate

Slate

becomes what metamorphic rock?

•Phylite

•Phylite becomes what metamorphic rock?

•Schist or Mica

•What kind of foliation does schist have?

•Often very fine hard to see foliation

Volcano, Mountain, Glacier

& History Quiz Prep

•SOME STUDY IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED

BY THE MANAGEMENT

What Type of Volcano?

•Cinder Cone

•What are cinder cones made of?

•Loose bubbly light weight chunks of rocks

•Rubble

•Why are cinder cones not steeper?

•Cinder Cones have moderately sloping sides because loose rubble doesn’t stack well.

What Type of Volcano?

Composite

•Why are composite volcanoes named composite?

They are composed of many different types of layers

•What is the tallest type of mountain on Earth?

• A shield Volcano named Mona Loa in the Hawaiian Islands.

•Which type of volcano is most likely to blow up?

•Composite

•Why do Composite volcanoes tend to blow up?

• They are very weak because many of their layers are nothing but ash or cinder. When too much pressure builds up, they blow their layers apart.

•Which type of volcano makes a lot of noise and fireworks, but isn’t too likely to explode?

•Cinder Cone

•Where can we find some composite volcanoes in the USA?

• Along the Pacific coast in Washington and Oregon.

•What caused these coastal volcanoes to form?

• The Cascade range was formed by a subduction zone where the oceanic plate is sliding under the continental plate.

•What cause the heat in a subduction zone that causes the volcano to form?

•Extreme Friction heats the rock to the boiling point

•What does ISOSTASY refer to?

• The balance of the weight of a mountain against the buoyancy of its base which is submerged in the Earth’s mantle

•The Appalachian Mountains are what type of mountains?

•Folded Mountains

•Where are the Appalachian Mountains?

• They run from Georgia to Maine parallel to the Atlantic Coast

•What caused the Appalachian Mountains to form?

• They formed by continental/continental convergence when North America crashed into Africa.

•What causes peaks and valleys in folded mountains?

• The softer layers of uplifted rock wear away quicker than the harder layers

What is an uplifted mountain?

• A mountain that was formed by being pushed upward by currents in the Earth’s mantle.

Uplifted Mountain

•Where can you find uplifted mountains?

•The closest ones are the Adirondacks in New York State.

• Why are the Adirondack mountains not in long chains like the Appalachian mountains?

• The Adirondacks were uplifted while the long folds of the Appalachians were caused by a collision of the whole coast of the continent.

•What causes a fault block mountain?

• Fault block mountains are caused by a continental plate that is trying to split apart. The mantle pushes it up and spreads it. As the 2 sides pull apart, huge blocks of rock drop along the fault lines, leaving mountains on one side of the fault.

•Where in the US can we find fault block mountains?

•Mountains in the great basin of Utah

• If very humid warm air hits very cold humid air, what kind of weather is most likely to occur?

Precipitation of some sort, depending on the temperature

• In a fluid mixture, (liquid or gas) the LEAST DENSE fluid --.

•Floats to the top

• If you mix 3 colored fluids together, how can you tell which one is the least dense?

•The one that floats to the top is the least dense

• What time if year is a temperature inversion most likely to occur in Denver?

•Late winter or early spring

• (Cold ground, and possibility of warm air from the desert

• What weather conditions do you need for an inversion to occur?

•Cold Ground

•Warm upper air from somewhere else

•Fairly calm air

• Why does the smoke stop rising in an inversion?

• As the smoke rises through the cold air it cools and becomes more dense. When it reaches the warm air the smoke is denser than the warm air and cannot float through it.

• For a temperature inversion to occur, Why must the ground be cold?

•The cold ground makes the air that touches it cold.

•How does the warm upper layer of air in a temperature inversion get there?

• It is heated in somewhere else and the wind carries it to the place of the inversion.

• What’s the most serious problem with temperature inversions?

• It holds in air pollution causes illness, deaths, and property damage

• What most directly controls the temperature of the lower air in a temperature inversion?

•The cold ground keeps robs the heat from the air that touches it.

•What is El Nino?

• An abnormal current that brings warm water to the coast of Northern South America from Australia

• Compare the weather in South America during El Nino to its normal weather.

• During El Nino the warm current brings hot humid air to South America from Australia. Normally, a cold current from Antarctica causes cool dry air to develop in the region

•What most directly starts and drives warm ocean currents?

•The Wind

• How does the sun cause warm currents to eventually sink in warmer parts of the world?

• It keeps heating the water until some of it evaporates causing the salt content to increase, making it too dense to float

• H1N1 shots are extra points

• In our experiment, what happened when we poured cold dyed water into a tube of warm water?

•It sank to the bottom

•In our experiment, when hot water is poured into cold, why did it float on top?

•The warm water was less dense than the cold water, so it floated.

• What happens when salt water is poured into cold water?

• It sank to the bottom because it was more dense than the cold water. (Salt is a rock, after all)

•How can we tell that muddy water is more dense than clean water?

•Because muddy water always sinks in clean water.

•How does El Nino effect the weather in the United States?

•It makes dry areas wet and wet areas dry

•The densest currents travel the ____

•Farthest and the fastest

• In our lab, the dense slurries slowed down as they traveled down the tube. Why is that different from muddy currents in the ocean?

• In the ocean, dense currents stir up the bottom sediments and become more dense as they travel, so they speed up as they go.

•Why does the smoke not rise through the warm layer of air at the top of an inversion?

•The smoke cools in the cold bottom air and becomes more dense than the warm upper air. The warm air floats on top of the smoke

When the slope is steeper, why do density currents travel fastest in the ocean, but slowest in our lab?

• In the lab the steeper we made the tube, the larger an area of the tube the slurry used. The upward current slowed the density current by bumping against it and by mixing with it to make it less dense.

• In the ocean, the displaced water simply moves out of the way.

•SOME STUDY IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED

BY THE MANAGEMENT

•GOOD LUCK!