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Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 1 - Scientific Investigation Part I: Match the correct term with the following definitions:
conclusion independent variable purpose controlled conditions law results data mass scientific method density observation theory dependent variable phenomenon trial experiment prediction volume hypothesis procedure
1. ____________________- a process in which a series of experimental steps are
followed in order to solve problems
2. ____________________- an answer to a question based on analyzing data and
observations gathered in an experiment
3. ____________________- the act of making and recording a measurement
4. ____________________- each time an experiment is repeated
5. ____________________- steps that are followed during an experiment
6. ____________________- a test designed to demonstrate the validity of a
hypothesis
7. ____________________- the measure of a body’s resistance to acceleration and
may be expressed in mass units such as kilograms
8. ____________________- a list of all of the things that the experimenter make sure
are kept the same during an experiment.
9. ____________________- recorded observations and measurements
10. ____________________- a predicted solution to a scientific problem
11. ____________________- the mass per unit volume of a substance
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Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 1 - Scientific Investigation Part I: Continued
12. ____________________- factor in an experiment which the experimenter changes
13. ____________________- summarizing statement of observed experimental facts
that have been tested many times and is generally
accepted as true
14. ____________________- an occurrence or fact directly perceptible by the senses
15. ____________________- a logical assertion or affirmation made before hand and
based on knowledge
16. ____________________- factor in an experiment that changes as a result of the
change in the variable which the experimenter changes
(independent variable)
17. ____________________- reason for conducting an experiment
18. ____________________- the data collected during an experiment expressed in
paragraph form
19. ____________________- logical explanation, supported by evidence, for events
that occur in nature
20. ____________________- the size or extent of a three dimensional object or region
in space; the capacity of such a region or of a specified
container
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Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 1 - Scientific Investigation Part II: Application
Use this situation with questions 1, 2 & 3: A student wanted to conduct an experiment to find out how the mass of the cargo that a truck was carrying, affected the gasoline consumption of the vehicle.
1. Write a possible hypothesis for the student's purpose (problem) shown above. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. List the independent variable and the dependent variable for the experiment above. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. List at least three things that must remain "constant" (controlled conditions) for the experiment above to be valid. _____________________ ______________________ ______________________ 4. Explain the difference between "results" and "conclusion". ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. List the steps (procedure) in finding the density of an irregularly shaped object. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
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Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 1 - Scientific Investigation Part III: SOL Vocabulary Practice Questions 1. One step in determining the metal content of a ring is to find the volume of the ring. What is the volume of this ring?
Ax 1.7 mL _ B 3.0 mL C 4.7 mL D 7.1 mL 2. A student set up an experiment to test the effects of soil compaction on plant growth. The student put equal weights of moist soil into 10 containers, planted a bean seed one inch deep in each container, and then firmly compacted the soil in 5 of the containers. After the seeds sprouted, the student measured the height of each plant every day and kept a record of the results. What else must the student do over time to ensure a valid experiment? A Water any container in which the
soil feels dry Bx Water all of the containers the
same amount and at the same time
C Water any of the plants that seem to be growing more slowly than the others
D Water the plants in compacted soil more than those in uncompacted soil
3. When placed in water, ice rises to the top of the liquid. Unlike most solids that sink when placed in their liquid forms, ice floats because– A It is colder than water Bx It is less dense than water _ C The pressure of the water holds it
up D Gases inside the ice make it
buoyant 4. Observe the data shown in this graph:
Hypothesis: The average relative humidity decreases north and south of the equator.
The hypothesis shown is only correct for latitudes– AX Up to 40˚from the equator B From the poles to 40˚ from the equator C Between 20˚ and 60˚ from the equator D Farthest from the equator
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Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 2 - Meteorology / Atmosphere Part I: Match the correct term with the following definitions:
atmosphere greenhouse effect photosynthesis air mass humidity relative humidity carbon dioxide isobar saturation value clouds isotherms troposphere convection nitrogen water vapor cyanobacteria oxygen wind fronts ozone
1. - blue green algae; a simple photosynthetic life form
that helped introduce oxygen into Earth’s ancient
atmosphere
2. - gas in Earth’s atmosphere formed when three atoms
of oxygen combine, absorbs ultraviolet radiation
3. - movement of air from an area of higher pressure to
an area of lower pressure
4. - the blanket of air (mixture of gases) surrounding the earth
5. - condensed water droplets held suspended in the air
6. - the temperature at which the relative humidity is
100%, the air is saturated, and condensation occurs
7. - the gas that makes up 78% of Earth's atmosphere
8. - weather term for boundary between different air masses
9. - a body of air that has the same properties as the
region over which it develops
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Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 2 - Meteorology / Atmosphere Part I: Continued
10. - the process that plants use to make food, using light,
energy, carbon dioxide, and water
11. - line on a weather map that connects locations with
the same air pressure
12. - CO2; a gas that is naturally found in the air, also
comes from burning wood, from running vehicles on
gasoline, and from exhaling
13. - lines drawn to connect points of equal temperature
14. - the actual amount of water vapor in the air
compared to the greatest amount the air can hold
15. - transfer of heat energy in a fluid (gas or liquid) by currents
16. - the layer of the atmosphere closest to the earth’s surface
17. - process in which carbon dioxide and other gases in
the atmosphere absorb infrared radiation from the
sun, forming a “heat blanket” around Earth
18. - the gaseous state of H2O
19. - the amount of water vapor in the air
20. - the gas that makes up 21% of Earth's atmosphere
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57 59 58
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58 59 60
Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 2 - Meteorology / Atmosphere Part II: Application
1. Explain why car windows sometimes fog up in the winter. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain the differences between a cP air mass and an mT air mass. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain what is meant by this statement, "the relative humidity is 80%". ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Construct a temperature field by drawing isotherms on the following map.
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Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 2 - Meteorology / Atmosphere Part III: SOL Vocabulary Practice Questions 1. Which factor would best explain why Charlottesville is clear while Norfolk has mist?
Weather at Charlottesville Temperature 23°C Humidity 38% Dew point 8°C Wind East at 9.7 kph Pressure 1020 mb Sky Condition Clear Visibility 24 kilometers
Weather at Norfolk
Temperature 13°C Humidity 89% Dew point 11°C Wind East at 12.9 kph Pressure 1020 mb Sky Condition Mist Visibility 10 kilometers
A Temperature BX Humidity _ C Wind speed D Pressure
2. The ozone layer protects life on Earth from– Ax Ultraviolet rays _ B Gamma rays C Infrared rays D X-rays
3. The countries shown here released much more CO2 than the rest of the world because these countries have the largest–
Worldwide CO2 Release Country Tons/Year
(per capita) United States 5.9 Canada 5.2 Germany 3.1 United Kingdom 2.9 Japan 2.3 France 2.0 Italy 2.0 World Average 1.2 A Number of people B Amount of rainfall CX Number of heavy industries _ D Amount of land per person 4. Which diagram correctly shows wind motion between pressure areas? A B C DX
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Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 3 - Meteorology / Weather Part I: Match the correct term with the following definitions:
barometer dew point stratus cirrus hurricane temperate climate climate nimbostratus thermometer condensation nuclei polar climate tornado cumulonimbus precipitation tropical climate cumulus psychrometer weather cyclone radiation 1. - energy transmitted as rays or waves without the
need of a substance to conduct the energy
2. - the temperature at which condensation develops
3. - an instrument used to measure air pressure
4. - any form of water that returns from the atmosphere to
Earth’s surface including: rain, snow, sleet, and hail
5. - a powerful cyclone that forms over the ocean in
tropical air
6. - a climate from the pole 60°-90° latitude, average
temperatures below freezing and little precipitation
7. - day to day changes in wind, temperature, humidity,
and pressure
8. - a high, feathery cloud made of ice crystals
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Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 3 - Meteorology / Weather Part I: Continued
9. - a fluffy, heaped cloud
10. - a device used by meteorologists to measure relative
humidity
11. - a climate from 0º-30° latitude, high average
temperature and humidity
12. - any particle onto which water vapor condenses
13. - a climate found from 30°-60° latitude, average
temperatures from about 5°C to 20°C
14. - the sum of all weather events occurring over many years
15. - a small destructive storm with a spinning, funnel-
shaped cloud and wind speeds as high as 500 km/hr
16. - any wind system rotating counterclockwise with low
pressure at the center
17. - a cloud that produces precipitation, thunder, and lightning
18. - an instrument to measure temperature
19. - low, flat clouds that are associated with rain or snow
20. - a layered cloud, often covering the whole sky
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A B C
Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 3 - Meteorology / Weather Part II: Application
1. Explain why and how clouds form. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain why Hampton usually receives less snow than cities to the west of Hampton. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain why deserts are often found on the east side of mountain ranges in the United States. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
4. The diagram below shows a hurricane approaching three cities. Explain what the winds would be like (direction and speed) at each of the cities.
_________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________
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Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 3 - Meteorology / Weather Part III: SOL Vocabulary Practice Questions 1. In which of the graphs would the precipitation at ground level most likely be rain? AX B C D 2. What causes wind currents in the atmosphere? A Ocean waves and currents B Pressure from the ozone layer C Solar heating of the upper
atmosphere DX Warm air rising and cold air
sinking _
3. Which element in Earth’s atmosphere is essential for human life and is extremely rare or nonexistent in the atmospheres of other planets in our solar system? A Carbon dioxide B Hydrogen C Nitrogen Dx Oxygen 4. According to this map, the mean annual temperature for most of the eastern half of Virginia is between– A 450F and 500F B 500F and 550F CX 550F and 600F _ D 650F and 700F
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Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 4 Astronomy Part I: Match the correct term with the following definitions:
Apollo 11 light year rotation asteroids lunar eclipse solar eclipse Big Bang Theory meteor solar system comet Milky Way solstices equinox nebula stars galaxy nebula theory stellar evolution H-R Diagram revolution
1. - the longest and shortest days of the year
2. - times of the year when the sun is located directly
above the equator so that day and night are of equal
length around the world
3. - the 1st manned landing on the moon
4. - billions of stars grouped together
5. - the stages of development and duration of stars,
some of which appear on the H – R diagram
6. - the turning motion of an object on its axis
7. - occurs when Earth blocks sunlight from the moon’s surface
8. - the name of the galaxy to which our solar system belongs
9. - fragments of matter similar to planetary matter that orbit
between Mars and Jupiter
10. - the most accepted theory for the origin of the universe
11. - the sun and everything that revolves around it
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Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 4 Astronomy Part I: Continued
12. - members of the solar system made of ice, gas, and dust
13. - the solar system condensed from a cloud of dust
and gases
14. - a diagram that shows the relationships between a
star's color, its absolute magnitude, and its temperature
15. - self luminous bodies of hydrogen and helium
16. - a huge cloud of dust and gases; condense to form stars
17. - the circling of one object about another, the motion
of the planets around the sun and satellites (moons)
around the planets
18. - streaks of light produced by a meteoroid as it burns
up in Earth’s atmosphere
19. - occurs when the moon blocks sunlight from Earth’s surface
20. - the distance that light can travel in a year;
approximately 6 trillion miles (~ 9 trillion kilometers)
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-5
0
+5
+10
+15
Temperature (C°)
Hertzsprung - Russell (H-R) Diagram
ROYGBIV
Red Giants
Super Giants
White Dwarfs
Main Sequence
Sun
Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 4 Astronomy Part II: Application
1. Explain the relationship between stars, planets, galaxies, moons and the universe. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain what is meant by this statement. "When you look at a star, it might not actually be there." ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain how Earth's atmosphere became 21% oxygen. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Use the H-R Diagram to determine the following. Temperature of the sun. ____________________ Absolute magnitude of a red giant. ____________________ Color of a 4,500°C star. ____________________ Absolute magnitude of a violet main sequence star. _________________
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Earth Science Vocabulary First Nine Weeks Unit 4 Astronomy Part III: SOL Vocabulary Practice Questions 1. The moon rotates on its axis at the same rate that it revolves around the Earth. This causes– A Very high tides B The phases of the moon C Partial eclipses of the moon DX One side of the moon to always
face the Earth _ 2. At the time of year shown by this diagram, the areas receiving the most direct sunlight will be near the– A Arctic Circle B Tropic of Cancer C Equator DX Tropic of Capricorn _
3. What powers stars? A Combustion B Fission CX Fusion _ D Radioactivity
4. The planet Uranus is unusual because its axis of rotation lies almost in the plane of its revolution. If the axis is pointing toward the sun as in the picture, what would occur at point X when the planet turns once on its axis? AX The point would be in darkness for
the complete rotation of the planet. B The point would be in daylight for
the full rotation. C The point would be in twilight for
the full rotation. D The point would be in daylight for
half the time and in darkness for half the time.
5. A star might be much brighter than it appears to be. This is called the star’s absolute magnitude. The difference in apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude is due primarily to the star’s– A Surface temperature B Motion through the universe C Diameter DX Distance from the Earth _
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Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 5 - Mapping
Part I: Match the correct term with the following definitions:
contour line latitude Prime Meridian contour interval legend scale elevation longitude sea level equator Mercator projection South Pole GPS meridian topographic map hachure lines North Pole topographic profile International Date Line parallel
1. ____________________- meridian that runs through Greenwich, England; 0˚ longitude
2. ____________________- the difference in elevation between two consecutive contour lines
3. ____________________- height above sea level
4. ____________________- lines going from east to west across a map or globe that crosses
a meridian at right angles
5. ____________________- line that runs between the points on a globe or map that
represent the geographic north and south poles of the earth
6. ____________________- an explanatory accompanying a map, chart, or illustration
7. ____________________- Global Positioning System
8. ____________________- line located along the 180th meridian; when the line is crossed
going west, one day is added; when it is crossed going east,
one day is subtracted
9. ____________________- short dashed lines drawn perpendicular to an enclosed contour
line which are used to indicate a depression, always point
toward lower elevations
10. ____________________- the measurement north and south of the equator
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Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 5 - Mapping Part I: Continued 11. ____________________- lines that pass through points on a map that have the same
elevation
12. ____________________- a common type of map made as though the Earth were a
cylinder; poles are distorted
13. ____________________- 90° north latitude
14. ____________________- a fixed ratio between the size of a real object and the size of a
model of the same object
15. ____________________- the measurement east and west of the Prime Meridian
16. ____________________- level of the surface of the sea midway between the average high
and low tides
17. ____________________- map that shows the different shapes and sizes of a land surface
using contour lines
18. ____________________- imaginary line around the earth that divided the earth into two
hemispheres; located halfway between the north and south
poles
19. ____________________- a side view of an area taken from a topographic map
20. ____________________- 90° south latitude
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Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 5 - Mapping Part II: Application
1. What information can be determined by observing the spacing of contour lines? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain what happens to contour lines when they cross a stream. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Use these terms and coordinates to label the map below:
Prime Meridian 90o N 45o N 45o S
0o Latitude 90o S 135o W 90o W
45o W 45º E 90º E 135º E
180o
180o
0o
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Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 5 - Mapping Part III: SOL Vocabulary Practice Questions 1. What type of map is shown here? A Bathymetric Map B Geologic Map C Weather Map DX Topographic Map 2. The wireless operator aboard the Titanic signaled for help and gave the ship’s location as 410 45'N and 50014'W. Which area shown on the map is most likely where the Titanic struck the iceberg? AX A _ B B C C D D
3. What is Oo latitude called? A prime meridian B International Date Line C Tropic of Capricorn DX equator 4. What is the actual distance represented by 1 inch on this map?
A 24 feet B 40 feet CX 24,000 inches _ D 48,000 inches
5. Which area of this map has the steepest slope? A A B B CX C _ D D
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Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 6 - Minerals Part I: Match the correct term with the following definitions:
calcite magnetism quartz cleavage metallic rock diamond mineral silicates feldspar mica silicon fracture Moh's Scale specific gravity halite ore streak luster oxygen
1. ____________________- tendency of a mineral to break along smooth, flat, definite
surfaces
2. ____________________- the mineral salt; NaCl; cubic cleavage
3. ____________________- naturally occurring, inorganic, solid that has a definite
chemical composition and crystal shape
4. ____________________- SiO2 a pure silicate; one of most common minerals
5. ____________________- natural substance composed of one or more minerals
6. ____________________- CaCO3 ; common carbonate that fizzes with acid
7. ____________________- mineral or rock from which useful metals or nonmetals
can be profitably removed
8. ____________________- the most common mineral group; those minerals
containing silicon and oxygen
9. ____________________- color of the powder left by a mineral when it is rubbed
against a hard, rough surface (streak plate)
10. ____________________- silicate mineral; one of the most common minerals; H6
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Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 6 - Minerals Part I: Continued
11. ____________________- break or crack in rock; in minerals, the way a mineral that
does not cleave breaks; breaks with a rough or jagged
surface
12. ____________________- ten common minerals with increasing hardness from talc
to diamond that is used to rate the hardness of all other
minerals
13. ____________________- the way in which a mineral reflects light from its surface
14. ____________________- special property of certain minerals containing iron which
will exhibit a magnetic attraction
15. ____________________- silicate mineral with perfect basal cleavage
16. ____________________- the gas that makes up 21% of Earth's atmosphere
17. ____________________- second most abundant element in the crust
18. ____________________- the comparison of the density of a mineral to the density
of water
19. ____________________- a type of luster; the look of metal
20. ____________________- the hardest known mineral
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Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 6 - Minerals Part II: Application
1. If you wanted to sand down a piece of very hard steel, which would be the better choice to use, quartz sandpaper or corundum sandpaper? Explain. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain why only minerals softer than 6 will leave a streak on a porcelain streak plate. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. List at least three things (not minerals) in the classroom that have a metallic luster. _____________________ ______________________ ______________________ 4. Explain the relationship between rocks and minerals. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. List the steps (procedure) in calculating the hardness of a mineral. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
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Mineral Hardness Test
Talc
Gypsum
Calcite
Fluorite
Apatite
Feldspar
Quartz
Topaz
Corundum
Diamond
Moh!s Scale of Hardness
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
scratched by afingernail
scratched by acopper penny
scratched by anail
scratches a knife blade
scratches allmaterials
Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 6 - Minerals Part III: SOL Vocabulary Practice Questions 1. Each mineral has a unique crystal shape because of the– AX Arrangement of its atoms B Hardness being between 1 and
10 C Streak being constant D Variations in its color 2. Glass is chemically related to what mineral? A Fluorite BX Quartz _ C Pyrite D Halite 3. Using this procedure, what property of a mineral can be found? A Crystal arrangement BX Specific gravity _ C Brittleness D Fracture
4. Which of the following minerals found in Virginia's Piedmont province is known as “fool’s gold”?
AX Pyrite _ B Hematite C Galena D Limonite
5. Which conclusion can be made based on the information in the chart?
A Quartz is harder than topaz. B Calcite is harder than apatite. C Fluorite is harder than feldspar. Dx Gypsum is harder than talc. _
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Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 7 - Rocks Part I: Match the correct term with the following definitions:
basalt intrusive rock cycle clastic limestone sandstone extrusive marble sedimentary rock foliated metamorphic rock shale gneiss obsidian slate granite pumice unfoliated igneous rock quartzite
1. ____________________- extrusive igneous rock with a glassy texture
2. ____________________- sedimentary rock formed from fragments of other rocks
3. ____________________- igneous formed from lava that cools on the earth’s surface
4. ____________________- metamorphic rock whose minerals are arranged in parallel layers
5. ____________________- a dark colored extrusive igneous rock composed chiefly
of calcium plagioclase and pyroxene
6. ____________________- a diagram showing how the formation of igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are interrelated
7. ____________________- rock formed from molten lava or magma
8. ____________________- rock formed by the compacting and/or cementing of sediments
9. ____________________- igneous rock formed from magma that cools beneath the
earth’s surface
10. ____________________- rock changed in form as a result of chemical reactions,
heat, and/or pressure
11. ____________________- also called nonfoliated or recrystalized; a type of
metamorphic rock formed mainly by heat
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Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 7 - Rocks Part I: Continued
12. ____________________- a metamorphic rock formed from limestone (nonfoliated)
13. ____________________- a compact, fine-grained metamorphic rock that is
characterized by nearly sheet-like planes of breakage
(foliated); forms from shale
14. ____________________- a coarse, foliated metamorphic rock formed from granite,
in which bands of granular minerals alternate with bands
of flaky or elongate minerals
15. ____________________- light colored, coarse grained, intrusive igneous rock
characterized by the minerals orthoclase and quartz
16. ____________________- nonclastic sedimentary rock form either by the
precipitation of CaCO3 in the deep ocean or from the
accumulation of microscopic shells
17. ____________________- extrusive igneous glass with lots of holes that remained in a rock
after trapped gas was unable to escape; floats
18. ____________________- metamorphic form of sandstone (nonfoliated)
19. ____________________- a clastic sedimentary rock in which the particles are dominantly
of sand size, from 0.062 mm to 2 mm in diameter
20. ____________________- a clastic sedimentary rock (mudstone) that splits or
fractures easily
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Cooling
Melting
Heat &Pressure
Weathering
Compaction & Cementation
Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 7 - Rocks Part II: Application
1. List three examples of clastic sedimentary rocks. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. List three sedimentary rocks and the names of the new rocks that form after metamorphism occurs. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. List three differences between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. At the Morefield Mine in Virginia, there are igneous rocks with mineral crystals several inches in length. Explain how the crystals could have grown to be so large. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. Fill in the missing parts of the rock cycle.
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Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 7 - Rocks Part III: SOL Vocabulary Practice Questions 1. Because granite cools below the surface of the Earth, it is– A An igneous extrusive rock Bx An igneous intrusive rock _ C A sedimentary rock D A metamorphic rock 2. All of the following are characteristics of metamorphic rocks except– A Flattened crystals B Colored, parallel layers C Bending from pressure Dx Holes from trapped gases 3. At which location are metamorphic rocks most likely to be found? A A B B Cx C _ D D
4. Igneous rocks are formed by– A Heat and pressure on existing
rocks B Evaporation of water, leaving
solids behind Cx Cooling and hardening of molten
rock _ D Layers of mud on the bottom of a
lake
5. Which of these can determine the size of grains in igneous rocks? A Amount of rare minerals B Distance from a plate boundary C Size of the volcano Dx Cooling rate of molten rock _ 6. Which of these is most important in determining how a rock was formed? A Color and shape B Luster and hardness Cx Composition and texture _ D Size and weight 7. Metamorphic rocks whose minerals are arranged in layers or bands are called– A Unfoliated B Nonclastic C Clastic Dx Foliated _
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Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 8 - Natural Resources Part I: Match the correct term with the following definitions:
coal geothermal energy pollution conservation hydroelectric energy renewable resource deforestation nonrenewable resource solar energy environment nuclear energy windmill fossil fuels oil
1. ____________________- the sum of all the external conditions that affect an
organism or community
2. ____________________- the removal of forests, mostly by people who are clearing
land for farming or construction
3. ____________________- energy locked within the atomic nucleus
4. ____________________- energy generated by moving water
5. ____________________- a sedimentary rock composed of combustible matter
derived from the partial decomposition of plant material
6. ____________________- wise use of natural resources so they will not be used up too
quickly
7. ____________________- a device used to capture the wind's energy
8. ____________________- substances released into the environment that change
the environment for the worse
9. ____________________- any resource that can be replaced by nature, such as
water, soil, and living resources
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Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 8 - Natural Resources Part I: Continued
10. ____________________- sources of energy formed hundreds of millions of years
ago from the remains of dead plants and animals; coal,
oil, or natural gas
11. ____________________- energy produced from the heat energy within the earth
12. ____________________- any resource that cannot be replaced by nature, such as
fossil fuels and minerals
13. ____________________- energy from the sun
14. ____________________- a liquid formed as ancient plants and animals decayed;
burned as a fossil fuel and used to make lubricants and
plastics
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Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 8 - Natural Resources Part II: Application
1. List five natural resources found in Virginia. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. List three examples of renewable resources. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. List three examples of nonrenewable resources. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. What are the disadvantages of a dependence on fossil fuels? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. Give three reasons why deforestation is bad for the environment. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
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Earth Elements Percentage in Crust
Oxygen
Silicon
Aluminum
Iron
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
All others
Total
46.6
27.7
8.1
5.0
3.6
2.8
2.6
2.1
1.5
100.0
Earth Science Vocabulary Second Nine Weeks Unit 8 - Natural Resources Part III: SOL Vocabulary Practice Questions 1. Which is a renewable energy source? A Coal B Uranium C Oil Dx Wood 2. The table shows the most common elements in the Earth’s crust and the approximate percentage by weight that each one represents. Which statement is true? A Iron is the most common metal in
the crust. B All eight elements are metals. Cx Two elements comprise nearly
75% of the crust. _ D Oxygen and silicon are found in
equal amounts.
3. Some towns in the United States have had to limit the number of wood-burning stoves for environmental reasons. What is the greatest problem caused by the use of wood-burning stoves? A The manufacture of the stoves
requires iron, which is a rare metal.
B The heat from the stoves causes thermal pollution.
Cx The smoke from the stoves contributes to air pollution. _
D The wood is a scarce fossil fuel. 4. Which of the following are some of the major mineral resources of Virginia? A Diamonds, sapphires, and rubies Bx Coal, granite, and limestone _ C Sulfur, fluorite, and cobalt D Gold, silver, and copper
5. In which province would clay, sand, and gravel deposits be found? A Appalachian Plateau B Valley and Ridge C Blue Ridge Dx Coastal Plain _
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Earth Science Vocabulary Third Nine Weeks Unit 9 - Geology / Weathering and Erosion Part I: Match the correct term with the following definitions:
aquifer impermeable tributary cave karst topography watershed chemical weathering permeability water table deposition physical weathering weathering erosion sediments zone of aeration ground water sinkhole zone of saturation hydrologic cycle soil
1. ____________________- the process by which sediments are laid down
2. ____________________- natural processes that takes big rocks and turn them into
small rocks or sediments (rain, wind ice-wedging etc.)
3. ____________________- the process by which Earth materials are carried away
(transported) by wind, water, gravity, or ice
4. ____________________- the underground region where the pores are filled mostly
with air
5. ____________________- the water cycle; the never-ending movement of water
from one part of the hydrosphere to another, including
evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation,
and sublimation
6. ____________________- describes a rock material through which water does not pass
7. ____________________- a landscape that develops from the action of groundwater
in areas of easily soluble rocks characterized by caves,
underground drainage, and sinkholes
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Earth Science Vocabulary Third Nine Weeks Unit 9 - Geology / Weathering and Erosion Part I: Continued
8. ____________________- the underground region where all of the pores are filled
with water
9. ____________________- permeable rocks containing water
10. ____________________- breaking down of rocks and other material at the Earth’s surface
11. ____________________- water located underground in the zone of saturation
12. ____________________- the rate at which a fluid can move through a material
13. ____________________- small pieces of rock, shell, and other material that are
broken down by the processes of weathering
14. ____________________- an underground hollow; two or more connected caverns
15. ____________________- when a rock's composition is altered and broken down by
acids in the environment
16. ____________________- all of the land or area that drains into a specific river
system
17. ____________________- a mixture of weathered rock and decayed organic material
18. ____________________- a large stream or small river that flows into an area’s main river
19. ____________________- the upper surface of a zone of saturation
20. ____________________- funnel-shaped depressions that result from the
dissolution of limestone along cracks and joints, causing
the collapse of a cave or cavern roof
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Groundwater
The Hydrologic Cycle
Earth Science Vocabulary Third Nine Weeks Unit 9 - Geology / Weathering and Erosion Part II: Application
1. Explain how this could be a true statement. "We drink the same water that the dinosaurs drank, 250 million years ago." ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain the relationship between the following terms: permeable, aquifer and zone of saturation ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. List three methods of physical weathering that occur in nature. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Explain how and where a cavern would form. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. Fill in the missing parts of the hydrologic cycle.
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Earth Science Vocabulary Third Nine Weeks Unit 9 - Geology / Weathering and Erosion Part III: SOL Vocabulary Practice Questions 1. During a flood, which sand grain size will stay suspended in water for the longest period of time? A Coarse (76.0 mm to 4.7 mm) B Medium (4.6 mm to 1.5 mm) C Fine (1.4 mm to 0.05 mm) DX Silt (0.06 mm to 0.0004 mm) 2. Which of these can cause the water table in an aquifer to rise? A Existing wells being pumped B Few wells being drilled CX Precipitation D Natural springs 3. Which type of rock appears to be the most easily eroded by the river in this area? A Limestone B Shale C Basalt DX Sandstone _
4. Which of the following can result when underground water is heated by hot igneous rock? A Metamorphism BX Geysers _ C Salt domes D Karst topography 5. The picture shows the layers in the bank of a river. The differences in the size of the particles in the layers are most likely caused by differences in the– AX Speed of the water carrying the
sediments _ B Types of plants living on the bank C Types of animals digging in the
sediments D Thickness of winter ice in the
river 6. Sinkholes associated with natural processes are characteristic of what type of bedrock? AX Limestone _ B Granite C Basalt D Gneiss
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Earth Science Vocabulary Third Nine Weeks Unit 10 - Geology / Plate Tectonics Part I: Match the correct term with the following definitions:
Appalachian Plateau fault plate tectonics Blue Ridge Mountains inner core rift zone Coastal Plain lithosphere subduction convergent boundary mantle trench crust mid-ocean ridge Valley and Ridge divergent boundary outer core volcano earthquake Piedmont
1. ____________________- tallest mountains in Va.; folded and faulted igneous rock formed
when Africa and North America collided
2. ____________________- long parallel ridges and valleys to the west of the Blue Ridge
mountains which are part of the major landform feature of North
America; the Great Valley which stretches from New York to
Alabama, a region of karst topography
3. ____________________- layer of the Earth that extends from the bottom of the crust to the
outer core
4. ____________________- a crack in Earth's crust along which movement has occurred
5. ____________________- the largest physiographic province in Virginia; between the fall
zone and the mountains of the Blue Ridge
6. ____________________- where two tectonic plates are moving towards each other
7. ____________________- theory of the formation and movement of the rigid pieces, or
plates, that cover Earth's surface explains movements of
continents and changes in Earth’s crust caused by internal forces
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Earth Science Vocabulary Third Nine Weeks Unit 10 - Geology / Plate Tectonics Part I: Continued
8. ____________________- the youngest province in Virginia; from the fall line eastward to
the Atlantic Ocean; a broad, flat area along a coastline
9. ____________________- thin, outermost layer of the Earth
10. ____________________- layer of the Earth surrounding the inner core; liquid iron and nickel
11. ____________________- vibrations caused by the sudden movement of Earth’s crust
12. ____________________- outer solid shell of Earth that extends to a depth of about 100 km
13. ____________________- also called a spreading center; where two adjacent plates are
moving away from each other
14. ____________________- a system of cracks in Earth’s crust through which molten material
rises
15. ____________________- Virginia province which lies to the west of the Valley and Ridge;
source of coal (Virginia’s most valuable mineral resource)
16. ____________________- solid, innermost center of the Earth
17. ____________________- undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced; a
constructive (divergent) plate boundary
18. ____________________- the deepest feature of the ocean floor; forms at subduction zones
19. ____________________- an opening in Earth's crust through which an eruption occurs
20. ____________________- process in which crust plunges back into Earth’s interior
39
?
Earth Science Vocabulary Third Nine Weeks Unit 10 - Geology / Plate Tectonics Part II: Application
1. What causes the movement of the plates across Earth's surface? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. List three pieces of evidence that scientists have gathered that support Continental Drift / Plate Tectonics. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe the changing terrain as you travel westward across Virginia as you pass from one Province to the next. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Explain the difference between a divergent and convergent plate boundary. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. Explain what features would be found at the plate boundary shown below. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
40
Earth Science Vocabulary Third Nine Weeks Unit 10 - Geology / Plate Tectonics Part III: SOL Vocabulary Practice Questions 1. Geologists think that parts of the Appalachian Mountains formed originally from sediments accumulating in shallow swamps. The weight of the sediments caused the area beneath them to sink, allowing more sediments to accumulate. The process continued until many layers had formed. Then tectonic processes folded the layered sediments into a range of mountains. What evidence for this theory can be found in the current structure of these mountains? A Some rocks making up these
mountains show signs of volcanism.
B The form of these mountains is very eroded.
CX The mountains exhibit folded layers of rocks containing fossils from shallow water. _
D The mountain range consists of parallel ridges of different ages.
2. What is the fewest number of seismographic stations that must record the arrival time of P and S waves in order for the epicenter of an earthquake to be located?
A 2 BX 3 _ C 5 D 10
3. Even though the Earth’s inner core is hotter than the liquid outer core, it is still solid because– A The heat rising from the inner
core is melting the outer core B There is more water in the outer
core and it dilutes the materials C The outer core is farther from the
center, and there is less gravity holding it together
DX The pressure from all of Earth’s layers keeps it solid _
4. The edges of moving crustal plates are often defined by– A Ocean basins BX Frequent seismic activity _ C Intercontinental plains D Earth’s largest rivers 5. All of the following features of the ocean indicate tectonic activity except– AX Abyssal plains _ B Mid-ocean ridges C Seamounts D Trenches
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Earth Science Vocabulary Fourth Nine Weeks Unit 11 - Geology / Paleontology Part I: Match the correct term with the following definitions:
absolute dating fossil original remains carbon 14 half-life Paleozoic cast index fossil period Cenozoic Law of Crosscutting Relationships Precambrian epoch Law of Superposition relative dating era mold radioactive decay extinct Mesozoic
1. - a unit of geologic time; a division of a period
2. - when interpreting a geologic column, if one event
cuts through or affects another, it must be younger
than the one it cut through
3. - the release of subatomic particles from the nuclei of
radioactive elements until a stable non-radioactive element
is produced
4. - parent material used in radiometric dating of organic remains
5. - a fossil used to determine the age of other fossils or rocks
6. - a unit of geologic time; a division of an era
7. - oldest and longest era which started approximately
4.6 billion years ago and lasted until the beginning of
the Paleozoic era
8. - calculating age in years
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Earth Science Vocabulary Fourth Nine Weeks Unit 11 - Geology / Paleontology Part I: Continued
9. - bones, shells, teeth, and in some cases entire bodies
that are preserved without changing the original material
10. - era containing life from trilobites to reptiles
11. - current era; Age of Mammals
12. - era when dinosaurs were dominant
13. - when a species no longer exists
14. - a dent or a hollow in a rock in the shape of an organism
15. - any direct evidence of life that lived before recorded history
16. - the time it takes for one half of the radioactive
material to decay
17. - a large unit of geologic time; contains periods
18. - in a series of undisturbed strata, the oldest layer is
on the bottom and the youngest is on the top
19. - a model of an organism formed when a mold fills
with sediment
20. - finding the order of a series of events
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A
C
D
J
E GF
H
I
B
River Valley
Earth Science Vocabulary Fourth Nine Weeks Unit 11 - Geology / Paleontology Part II: Application
1. Explain the relationship between fossil molds and casts. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. How are the lengths (duration) of geologic time units determined? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. If you tested a fossil mastodon leg bone and found that it contained only 25% of its original Carbon 14, how old would it be? Show your work. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. List the events in order from oldest to newest. 1. ___ 6. ___ 2. ___ 7. ___ 3. ___ 8. ___ 4. ___ 9. ___ 5. ___ 10. ___
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Earth Science Vocabulary Fourth Nine Weeks Unit 11 - Geology / Paleontology Part III: SOL Vocabulary Practice Questions 1. Mud cracks found in the shale road cuts near Gate City, Virginia, would show that before the sediments were buried the Gate City area was– A A migration route for animals B An active earthquake zone CX A wet area exposed to air D A sand-covered beachfront 2. Study the chart below. Which layer is the oldest? A Basalt B Sandstone C Shale DX Limestone
3. Which observation best shows that the limestone was formed from ocean sediments? A The thickness of the rock layers B The number of fossils CX The type of fossils _ D The size of the fossils
4. The graph shows the decay of radioactive isotopes. What approximate amount of the element remains after 3 half-lives have elapsed? A 50.0% B 25.0% CX 12.50% _ D 6.25% 5. Explorers in Siberia have discovered the bodies of ancient mammoths so well-preserved that the flesh could be eaten. What do you think preserved the mammoths in such a perfect state? A Water BX Ice _ C Leaf mold D Carbon dioxide
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Earth Science Vocabulary Fourth Nine Weeks Unit 12 - Oceanography Part I: Match the correct term with the following definitions:
abyssal plain echo sounding spring tide bathymetric map estuary tides continental margin guyot trench continental shelf mid-ocean ridge tsunami continental slope neap tide upwelling Coriolis effect salinity waves currents seamount
1. - the zone separating the continents from the deep
ocean bottom, includes the shelf, slope, and rise
2. - undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is
created; a constructive (divergent) plate boundary
3. - the relatively flat deep ocean floor
4. - circular movement of water particles; usually due to wind
5. - an underwater volcano
6. - the periodic rise and fall of water level caused by the
gravitational pull of the moon and sun as well as
forces of circular motion
7. - a fluid (wind or water) moving in a particular direction
8. - low tide that occurs when the sun, Earth and the
moon form a right angle; characterized by a lower
than normal tidal range
9. - map that shows the depths and features of the ocean floor
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Earth Science Vocabulary Fourth Nine Weeks Unit 12 - Oceanography Part I: Continued
10. - a long wave caused by sudden undersea
movements due to earthquakes, volcanoes, or
landslides
11. - change in direction of a moving object as a result of
the earth’s rotation
12. - the rising of deep water to the surface
13. - a zone of shallow water fringing most continents
14. - the number of grams of dissolved salt in one
kilogram of seawater
15. - a process of measuring ocean depth using sound waves
16. - tides that occur when the sun, moon, and Earth align;
characterized by a higher than normal tidal range
17. - the zone of steeply sloped sea floor leading from the
continent shelf toward the ocean bottom
18. - deepest feature in the ocean; forms at subduction zones
19. - a flat-topped seamount that used to be an island
20. - semi-isolated area of the ocean, which is diluted by
freshwater drainage from the land
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XY
Earth Science Vocabulary Fourth Nine Weeks Unit 12 - Oceanography Part II: Application
1. Explain why the currents in the Northern Hemisphere travel in clockwise loops and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain why the tides are greater during full and new moons. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain how a guyot gets its flat top. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Using the picture below, which location would have the highest salinity?
A water near the surface at location X B water near the bottom at location X C water near the surface at location Y D water near the bottom at location Y
5. Observe the diagram below. Explain what is occurring and in which ocean this feature can be found.
______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________
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Environment Salinity (ppt)
open ocean
shallow coastal waters
estuaries
semi-enclosed seas
hypersaline areas(rock pools, lagoons etc.)
32-38
27-30
0-30
25 or less
40 or more
Earth Science Vocabulary Fourth Nine Weeks Unit 12 - Oceanography Part III: SOL Vocabulary Practice Questions 1. The surface of the sea is not level due to all of the following except– A Currents B Tides CX Salinity _ D Winds 2. The accumulated salts in seawater make the seawater much more dense than fresh water. One of the characteristics of salt water is that it has– A Higher levels of dissolved oxygen
than fresh water BX A lower freezing point than fresh
water _ C Decreased buoyancy for
swimmers D Ninety elements that are easily
extracted from seawater
3. Which of the choices would have the greatest salinity? A Arctic B Atlantic CX Mediterranean _ D Pacific
4. London and Irkutsk are located at approximately the same latitude. What would help explain why London experiences a more moderate range of temperatures than does Irkutsk? A A large lake keeps Irkutsk cool. B Irkutsk has fewer trees than
London has. C High mountains near London
block cold winds. DX Warm ocean currents influence
London’s climate. _ 5. Fish are abundant in areas where the ocean is upwelling because it– A Causes currents that carry fish
into the area BX Brings nutrients to the surface _ C Causes surface turbulence that
attracts fish D Changes tidal flow in that area
