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Earthquake Seismology
Lars Ottemöller
University of Bergen, Norway
Earthquakes• What are they?• Where do they occur?• When do they destroy?• What do we learn from them?• How are they measured?
Seismology
Study of :• Earthquakes• Elastic wave propagation
Results are:• Images and Dynamics of Earth interior • Basic understanding of the earthquake process
Applications:• Academic, Seismic hazard, hydrocarbon production,
nuclear explosion monitoring, ...
•Analogy to sound and light: reflection, refraction, diffraction
•P, S and surface waves
Seismic monitoring
(Linton and Stein, SRL 2012)
Earthquake simulation
Elastic rebound model
Fault geometry Plate tectonis
Loma Prieta 1989 (Wald et al, 1991)
Northridge 1994 (Dreger, 1995)
Prediction – Forecast
Earthquake cycle
Earthquake hazard
Secondary Hazards
• Landslides• Tsunamis• Soil liquefaction• Fire
Concluding remarks on earthquake monitoring• important in regions of low and moderate
seismicity to understand the hazard• requires long term commitment• high quality monitoring required to understand
the earthquake source • results: earthquake distribution, earthquake
source processes, stress pattern, earth structure, local site effects, ...