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EarthquakesEarthquakes
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• Write everything you know about Write everything you know about earthquakes in bullets.earthquakes in bullets.
Play Earthquake video’s Play Earthquake video’s
Fault:Fault:
• A break in the rocks that make up A break in the rocks that make up the Earth’s crust, along which rocks the Earth’s crust, along which rocks on either side have moved past each on either side have moved past each other.other.
• When the movement of rock on When the movement of rock on either side is sudden, the released either side is sudden, the released energy causes an earthquake. energy causes an earthquake.
Earthquake:Earthquake:
• Movement of the ground, caused by Movement of the ground, caused by waves from energy released as rocks waves from energy released as rocks move along faults. move along faults.
3 Types of Faults3 Types of Faults
• 1. 1. Normal Fault:Normal Fault: – Rocks are pulled apart. Rocks are pulled apart. – Rocks undergo tension. Rocks undergo tension.
Refer to usgs favorites site. Refer to usgs favorites site.
• 2. Reverse Fault:2. Reverse Fault:– Compression forces push on rocks Compression forces push on rocks
causing them to bend and break. causing them to bend and break. – Rocks above fault surface are forced up. Rocks above fault surface are forced up.
Refer to usgs favorites site. Refer to usgs favorites site.
• Strike-Slip fault:Strike-Slip fault: – Result from shear forces. Result from shear forces. – Two plates are moving sideways past Two plates are moving sideways past
each other. each other.
Journal Journal
• Why is it important to learn about the Why is it important to learn about the different types of faults?different types of faults?
Focus:Focus:
• The point under the ground where The point under the ground where earthquake energy is released. earthquake energy is released.
Seismic Waves:Seismic Waves:
• Waves that move outward from the Waves that move outward from the earthquake focus and make the earthquake focus and make the ground shake. ground shake.
Epicenter:Epicenter:
• The point that is on top of the The point that is on top of the ground. Directly above the focus. ground. Directly above the focus.
• This is the closest scientists can get This is the closest scientists can get to the focus. to the focus.
3 Types of Seismic 3 Types of Seismic WavesWaves
•1. Primary waves (P-waves): •Waves that move through Earth by causing
particles in rocks to move back and forth.
•Begin at focus and travels to epicenter.
•Fastest waves.
•It travels through solids, liquids, and gases.These waves slow down at outer core but, do not stop. They travel through solid inner core.
• 2. 2. Secondary Waves (S-waves):Secondary Waves (S-waves):•Move through Earth by causing particles in Move through Earth by causing particles in
rocks to move up and down. rocks to move up and down.
•Begin at focus and travels to epicenter.Begin at focus and travels to epicenter.
•These waves only travel through solids. These waves only travel through solids. Don’t move through liquids or gases. They Don’t move through liquids or gases. They stop completely when they hit liquid outer stop completely when they hit liquid outer core. core.
Surface waves (L-Surface waves (L-waves):waves):
• Begin at the epicenter and travel Begin at the epicenter and travel outward in a elliptical and side to outward in a elliptical and side to side motion. side motion.
• Travel outward from epicenter.Travel outward from epicenter.
• Slowest waves. Cause most of the Slowest waves. Cause most of the destruction during an earthquake.destruction during an earthquake.
JournalJournal
• Why is learning about the three Why is learning about the three types of waves (P, S, and L-waves) so types of waves (P, S, and L-waves) so important?important?
Seismologist:Seismologist:
• A scientist that studies earthquakes A scientist that studies earthquakes and seismic waves. and seismic waves.
Seismograph:Seismograph:
• An instrument that detects An instrument that detects earthquakes. It also, records earthquakes. It also, records primary, secondary, and surface primary, secondary, and surface waves. waves.
Seismograph Reading Seismograph Reading
• Pgs. 246-247Pgs. 246-247
Magnitude:Magnitude:
• It’s the measurement of the size or It’s the measurement of the size or (strength) amount of energy that was (strength) amount of energy that was released during the earthquake. released during the earthquake.
Richter Scale:Richter Scale:
• Measures energy released by the earthquake.Measures energy released by the earthquake.
• Standard scale used to compare earthquakes. Standard scale used to compare earthquakes.
• Scale ranges from 1-10. A 1.0 to 2.0 Scale ranges from 1-10. A 1.0 to 2.0 earthquake is not noticeable. A 10.0 is the earthquake is not noticeable. A 10.0 is the strongest. strongest.
• It is 32 times stronger than the preceding It is 32 times stronger than the preceding number. (Ex. 4.0 earthquake is about 32 times number. (Ex. 4.0 earthquake is about 32 times stronger than a 3.0 earthquake).stronger than a 3.0 earthquake).
Tsunami:Tsunami:
• Huge waves that can cause great Huge waves that can cause great devastation and loss of life when devastation and loss of life when they strike a coast. they strike a coast.
• Caused by an underwater Caused by an underwater earthquake. earthquake.
• caused by an underwater caused by an underwater earthquake, earthquake,
• How are earthquakes measured?How are earthquakes measured?• • A seismometer is an instrument that senses the earth's motion; a seismograph combines a seismometer with recording A seismometer is an instrument that senses the earth's motion; a seismograph combines a seismometer with recording
equipment to obtain a permanent record of the motion. From this record scientists can calculate how much energy was equipment to obtain a permanent record of the motion. From this record scientists can calculate how much energy was released in an earthquake, which is one way to decide its magnitude. Calculations are made from several different released in an earthquake, which is one way to decide its magnitude. Calculations are made from several different seismograms, both close to and far from an earthquake source to determine its magnitude. Calculations from various seismograms, both close to and far from an earthquake source to determine its magnitude. Calculations from various seismic stations and seismographs should give the same magnitude, with only one magnitude for any given earthquake. seismic stations and seismographs should give the same magnitude, with only one magnitude for any given earthquake.
• To determine the strength and location of earthquakes, scientists use a recording instrument known as a seismograph. To determine the strength and location of earthquakes, scientists use a recording instrument known as a seismograph. A seismograph is equipped with sensors called seismometers that can detect ground motions caused by seismic waves A seismograph is equipped with sensors called seismometers that can detect ground motions caused by seismic waves from both near and distant earthquakes. Some seismometers are capable of detecting ground motion as small as 1 from both near and distant earthquakes. Some seismometers are capable of detecting ground motion as small as 1 billionth of a meter, or about 40 billionth of an inch. billionth of a meter, or about 40 billionth of an inch.
A seismograph produces wavy lines that reflect the size of seismic waves passing beneath it. The record of the wave, A seismograph produces wavy lines that reflect the size of seismic waves passing beneath it. The record of the wave, called a seismogram, is imprinted on paper, film, or recording tape or is stored and displayed by computerscalled a seismogram, is imprinted on paper, film, or recording tape or is stored and displayed by computers
• The Richter scale is a standard scale used to compare earthquakes. It is a logarithmic scale, meaning that the numbers The Richter scale is a standard scale used to compare earthquakes. It is a logarithmic scale, meaning that the numbers on the scale measure factors of 10. So, for example, an earthquake that measures 4.0 on the Richter scale is 10 times on the scale measure factors of 10. So, for example, an earthquake that measures 4.0 on the Richter scale is 10 times larger than one that measures 3.0. On the Richter scale, anything below 2.0 is undetectable to a normal person and is larger than one that measures 3.0. On the Richter scale, anything below 2.0 is undetectable to a normal person and is called a microquake. Microquakes occur constantly. Moderate earthquakes measure less than 6.0 or so on the Richter called a microquake. Microquakes occur constantly. Moderate earthquakes measure less than 6.0 or so on the Richter scale. Earthquakes measuring more than 6.0 can cause significant damage. The maximum quake rating ever measured scale. Earthquakes measuring more than 6.0 can cause significant damage. The maximum quake rating ever measured is about 8.9. is about 8.9.
• The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale uses Roman Numerals from I to XII to describe different earthquake effects is The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale uses Roman Numerals from I to XII to describe different earthquake effects is commonly used.commonly used.
• •
• How are earthquakes measured?How are earthquakes measured?• • A seismometer is an instrument that senses the earth's motion; a seismograph combines a seismometer with recording equipment to A seismometer is an instrument that senses the earth's motion; a seismograph combines a seismometer with recording equipment to
obtain a permanent record of the motion. From this record scientists can calculate how much energy was released in an earthquake, obtain a permanent record of the motion. From this record scientists can calculate how much energy was released in an earthquake, which is one way to decide its magnitude. Calculations are made from several different seismograms, both close to and far from an which is one way to decide its magnitude. Calculations are made from several different seismograms, both close to and far from an earthquake source to determine its magnitude. Calculations from various seismic stations and seismographs should give the same earthquake source to determine its magnitude. Calculations from various seismic stations and seismographs should give the same magnitude, with only one magnitude for any given earthquake. magnitude, with only one magnitude for any given earthquake.
• To determine the strength and location of earthquakes, scientists use a recording instrument known as a seismograph. A To determine the strength and location of earthquakes, scientists use a recording instrument known as a seismograph. A seismograph is equipped with sensors called seismometers that can detect ground motions caused by seismic waves from both near seismograph is equipped with sensors called seismometers that can detect ground motions caused by seismic waves from both near and distant earthquakes. Some seismometers are capable of detecting ground motion as small as 1 billionth of a meter, or about 40 and distant earthquakes. Some seismometers are capable of detecting ground motion as small as 1 billionth of a meter, or about 40 billionth of an inch. billionth of an inch.
A seismograph produces wavy lines that reflect the size of seismic waves passing beneath it. The record of the wave, called a A seismograph produces wavy lines that reflect the size of seismic waves passing beneath it. The record of the wave, called a seismogram, is imprinted on paper, film, or recording tape or is stored and displayed by computersseismogram, is imprinted on paper, film, or recording tape or is stored and displayed by computers
• The Richter scale is a standard scale used to compare earthquakes. It is a logarithmic scale, meaning that the numbers on the scale The Richter scale is a standard scale used to compare earthquakes. It is a logarithmic scale, meaning that the numbers on the scale measure factors of 10. So, for example, an earthquake that measures 4.0 on the Richter scale is 10 times larger than one that measure factors of 10. So, for example, an earthquake that measures 4.0 on the Richter scale is 10 times larger than one that measures 3.0. On the Richter scale, anything below 2.0 is undetectable to a normal person and is called a microquake. Microquakes measures 3.0. On the Richter scale, anything below 2.0 is undetectable to a normal person and is called a microquake. Microquakes occur constantly. Moderate earthquakes measure less than 6.0 or so on the Richter scale. Earthquakes measuring more than 6.0 can occur constantly. Moderate earthquakes measure less than 6.0 or so on the Richter scale. Earthquakes measuring more than 6.0 can cause significant damage. The maximum quake rating ever measured is about 8.9. cause significant damage. The maximum quake rating ever measured is about 8.9.
• The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale uses Roman Numerals from I to XII to describe different earthquake effects is commonly used.The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale uses Roman Numerals from I to XII to describe different earthquake effects is commonly used.• • BackBack• • 7,000+ sites7,000+ sites
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