Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget (Kiehl and Trenberth, 1997 )

Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget (Kiehl and Trenberth, 1997 )

http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/abstracts/files/kevin1997_1.html








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Energy Use per Capita and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1970-2030 (index, 1970=1)

Energy Prices, 1970-2030 (2003 dollars per million Btu)

Energy Consumption by Fuel, 1970-2030quadrillion BTU)

BTU = heat required to raise 1 lb of water 1 degree F

11. The global carbon cycle shows the carbon reservoirs in GtC (gigatonne= one thousand million tonnes) and fluxes in GtC/year. The indicated figures are annual averages over the period 1980 to 1989. The component cycles are simplified and the figures present average values. The riverine flux, particularly the anthropogenic portion, is currently very poorly quantified and is not shown here.





Diagram of the carbon cycle. The black numbers indicate how much carbon is stored in various reservoirs, in billions of tons ("GtC" stands for GigaTons of Carbon). The blue numbers indicate how much carbon moves between reservoirs each year. The sediments, as defined in this diagram, do not include the ~70 million GtC of carbonate rock and kerogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle



http://science.hq.nasa.gov/oceans/system/carbon.html



http://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/fossilfuels.htm





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CatReformer.png




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Peat => Lignite => Bitumous => Anthracite



http://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/fossilfuels.htm



€

15kJ + 2C + 2H2O =CH4 +CO2



http://peakoildebunked.blogspot.com/2005/09/94-energy-flow-diagrams.html

Combustion Efficiency

http://www.bacharach-training.com/Combustion%20Zone/Comb/combustion.htm

€

n ≡Wout

Qin=Qin −QoutQin

=1−QoutQin

Spontaneous reactions increase the entropy of the universe

€

S =Q

TQcTc

>QhTh

n <1−TcTh

Putting in some numbers:Tc = 300Th = 823n < 0.64





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Example Fuels

Hydrogen H2

Gas CH4

Petroleum -CH2-

Coal -CH-

Ethanol C2H5OH

Nuclear Powerhttp://reactor.engr.wisc.edu/power.html





http://reactor.engr.wisc.edu/power.html







CANDU



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CANDU_reactor_schematic.png

Nuclear Reactors

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANDU_reactor



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANDU_reactor





Breeder Reactor



www.wikipedia.org

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_breeder_reactor

Solar Energy



http://www.nrel.gov/

Solar Heating





http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=12850

http://www.energylan.sandia.gov/sunlab/research.htm







• http://www.solarserver.de/wissen/photovoltaik-e.html



Photovoltaics

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Wind





http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/wres/pow/index.htm










Energy Flow in the US



2005 (Quadrillion Btu)

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/contents.html



Electricity Flow, 2005(Quadrillion Btu)



Oil Millions of Barrels per day!



Natural Gas Flow, 2005

(Trillion Cubic Feet)



Coal Flow, 2005(Million Short Tons)







The campus uses 1.7x1011 J of electrical work per day.

Petroleum: kJ/gram = 43.6Solar: Insulation 4 kW hr/m2/dayWind: Energy density 200W/m2

kW-hour = 3,600,000 joules

Documents

Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget (Kiehl and Trenberth, 1997 )