Anatomy of Earth Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core
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Crust Mostly made up of rocks and minerals covered by water,
sand, soil, and ice This layer is solid Thinnest layer; Makes up
less than 1% of the earths mass
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Crust 3-25 miles thick It is the least dense layer Temperature
is the same as the air because it meets with our atmosphere
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Crust The crust consists of continental plates and oceanic
plates When continental crust (6 to 47 miles thick) meets oceanic
crust (4 miles thick) it forms a subduction zone (when two plate
tectonics collide)
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Questions What is the density of the crust? It is the least
dense layer of the earth, makes up less than 1% of Earths mass What
does it mean when we say less dense or more dense? Density is mass/
volume. When something is less dense it tends to float, whereas
more dense objects tend to sink How thick is the crust? It is the
thinnest layer of the earth, 3-25 miles thick Is the crust solid,
liquid, or gas? Solid What is the crust made of? Rocks and minerals
What is the crusts temperature? The same temperature as the
atmosphere
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Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
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Lithosphere/ Asthenosphere Lithosphere Is the crust and
uppermost part of the mantle Forms a rigid shell on the outside of
Earth. The rocks in the lithosphere are strong and do not bend
easily It is broken into large pieces called tectonic plates
Asthenosphere Is the partially melted portion of the mantle below
the lithosphere It is hotter than the lithosphere and can bend more
easily. The ability of the asthenosphere to bend is related to
tectonic plate movement.
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Naming tectonic plates Tectonic plates are named based on its
ability to move in relation to another plate. There are over 30
tectonic plates but scientist have identified 15 large plates. We
live on the North American plate which is made up of: Oceanic Crust
Continental Crust Tectonic plates are called: Divergent: two plates
move away from each other Convergent: two plates move toward each
other Transform: two plates slide past each other.
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Convergent Boundaries: The plates become crumpled and deformed.
Due to neither plate subducting, blocks of crust slide upwards
creating tall mountains. The plates do not crumple or deform as
they push towards each other. As the mantle near the subducted
plate melts, magma rises and forms a volcanic arc on the plate that
does not subduct. No subduction Subduction Zone When tectonic
plates move under another plate
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Convergent Subduction Zone Oceanic and Continental Plates When
an oceanic plate encounters a continental plate, the oceanic plate
plunges beneath the other plate.
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Oceanic Plate Tectonics
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Continental Tectonic Plates No Subduction Zone
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The effects of subduction zones Mountain ranges can be created
by subduction zones. Subduction zones are at high risk for
earthquakes.
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Transform Boundaries: Creates Earthquakes Divergent
BoundariesDivergent Boundaries: Forms valleys
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What causes tectonic plates to move? They move because of
convection, which happens in the Earths asthenosphere. Convection
in the mantle can drag plates over Earths surface. The rocks in the
mantle are not hot enough to bend easily but they can flow in away
similar to fluids.
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Mantle Layer between crust and core Thickest layer of the earth
1800 miles thick Made up of dense, hot molten rock (mainly iron and
magnesium) Between 1112-2192 degrees F A convection current takes
place in the mantle Causes pieces of the crust to move It is mostly
solid
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Mantle The mantle is split into upper mantle and lower mantle
The lithosphere is made up of the upper mantle and the crust The
asthenosphere is below the lithosphere
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Mantle The lithosphere contains ridged rocks The asthenosphere
contains rocks that can flow like a liquid In the mantle we have
two layers of solid rock with heated flowing rock between them
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Lets Review
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The Earths crust is divided into 12 major tectonic plates These
plates sit on the dense, hot, layer of the earth known as the
lithosphere Lithosphere = the crust and upper portion of the
mantle
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The Earths plates move about 2 inches per year (5 centimeters)
Convective currents within the mantle cause the plates to move As
they move, the plates: Press against one another (convergent
boundary) Pull apart from one another (divergent boundary) Scrape
against one another (transform boundary)
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Plate boundaries
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What is convection? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEDUtS0I Mws
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEDUtS0I Mws
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Convection currents in the earth
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkKlGXG4lG 8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkKlGXG4lG 8
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Continental Drift Continental Drift Alfred Wegener was a
meteorologist that believed that at one period of time the
continents were all connected. People didnt believe him because he
didnt have enough evidence to support his theory of the continents
were moving because people couldnt feel it. He believed over time
the continents split into separate pieces and shifted around the
world. His theory was called the Continental Drift. He wasnt the
first to announce this theory; however, he was the first to have
evidence: Plants and animals Pangea
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Effects of Tectonic Plate Boundaries Major geological events
occur at these plate boundaries: Earthquakes Earthquakes Volcanic
Eruptions Volcanic Eruptions Mountain Building
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New mountain ranges are being formed where: two continental
plates press against one another An oceanic plate and a continental
plate press against one another
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Thin oceanic plates spread outward at areas known as mid-ocean
rift zones.
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Scientists who study how wave energy travels through the
different layers of the Earth are called Seismologists.
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Remember. Waves have characteristics such as: the number of
waves that pass a given point in 1 second Frequency (speed of the
wave) the height from the rest position to the bottom of the trough
or from the rest position to the top of the crest Amplitude
Distance from crest to crest or trough to trough Wavelength
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Transverse waves..
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Earthquake: Seismic Waves Earthquake: Seismic Waves Write in
notebook. During an earthquake, energy is released into the Earth
as: -Primary waves (compression waves) -Secondary waves (shear
waves) -Surface waves
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Write in notebook Write in notebook Primary (P) waves travel
through both solid rock (granite mountains) and liquid regions
(volcanic magma or water of the oceans) on the Earth These waves
are like sound waves (compression waves) Travel the fastest
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Write in notebook Write in notebook Secondary (S) waves only
travel through rock Move twice as slow as P waves Moves at right
angles to the direction of travel (transverse waves)
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Write in notebook Surface wave Motion is felt along the ground
and Earths surface. Appear like waves or ripples of water that
travel across a lake
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Types of earthquake waves Types Of Earthquake Waves
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Questions What are two parts of the mantle? Upper mantle and
lower mantle What is the lithosphere? Rocky outer parts of the
planet. Makes up the upper mantle and the crust How thick is the
mantle? It is the thickest layer of the earth, 1800 miles thick Is
the crust solid, liquid, or gas? Mostly solid What is the
asthenosphere made of? Rocks that can flow like a liquid What is
the crusts temperature? 1112-2192 degrees F
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Outer Core Made up of liquid iron and nickel, or molten metal
7232 degrees F 1400 miles thick Causes pieces of the crust to move
It is liquid More dense than crust and mantle Less dense than inner
core
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Inner Core Inner Core Made up of solid iron and nickel Densest
layer 9032 degrees F, just as hot as the sun! Its not liquid. The
pressure causes the iron and nickel to solidify
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Inner Core The pressure comes from the weight of the entire
world Where the magnetic field lies This protects us from deadly
solar winds from the sun
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Inner Core
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Questions Which part of the core is solid and which part is
liquid? Outer core is liquid, inner core is solid What are the
inner core and outer core made of? Nickel and iron What is the
outer cores temperature? 7232 degrees F What is the inner cores
temperature? 9032 degrees F