ec.europa.eu Main … · Web viewA significant improvement was observed in 2011, when the number of zones with exceedances decreased by 7 compared to the previous year. 19 zones

ANNEX

Common format for the national air pollution control programme pursuant to Article 6 of Directive (EU) 2016/2284

1. FIELD DESCRIPTIONS

All fields in this common format that are marked (M) are mandatory and those marked (O) are optional.

2 COMMON FORMAT

2.1.Title of the programme, contact information and websites

2.1.1. Title of the programme, contact information and websites (M)

Programme title National Air Pollution Control ProgrammeDate 29.04.2019Member State concerned: PolandName of the competent authority responsible for drawing up the programme

Minister of the Environment

Telephone number of the responsible service +48 22 36 92 327Email address of the responsible service [email protected] to the website where the programme is published http://monitorpolski.gov.pl/mp/2019/572/1Link(s) to the website(s) on the consultation(s) on the programme

https://bip.mos.gov.pl/pl/prawo/inne-projekty/krajowy-program-ograniczania-zanieczyszczenia-powietrza-projekt/

2.2 Executive summary (O)

The executive summary can also be a standalone document (ideally of no more than 10 pages). It should be a concise summary of sections 2.3 to 2.8. Where possible, consider the use of graphics to illustrate the executive summary.

2.2.1. The national air quality and pollution policy framework

Policy priorities and their relationship to priorities set in other relevant policy areas

The main objective of the NAPCP is to ensure fulfilment of the national emission reduction commitments for individual pollutants. The fulfilment of the commitments must lead to sustainable reduction of emissions as a result of the adoption or updating of policies and measures that stimulate activities targeting emission sources. The above main objective will be attainted through specific objectives defined by the following policies and legislative acts:

■ National Air Quality Programme;■ Air Quality Programmes;

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http://monitorpolski.gov.pl/mp/2019/572/1

■ Draft Energy Policy of Poland until 2040;■ Draft National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030;■ Responsible Development Strategy until 2020 (with an outlook to 2030);■ Strategy for Innovation and Efficiency of the Economy “Dynamic Poland 2020”;■ National Framework for Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Development Policy;■ National Energy Efficiency Action Plan for Poland 2014;■ National Plan for Increasing the Number of Low-Energy Buildings;■ Transport Development Strategy until 2020 (with an outlook to 2030);■ Draft Sustainable Transport Development Strategy until 2030;■ National Railway Programme until 2023 (including updates);■ National Road Construction Programme for 2014-2023 (with an outlook to 2025);■ Airport Network and Aviation Ground Facilities Development Programme;■ Electromobility Development Plan for Poland;■ Plan for sustainable development of public collective transport within the inter-province and

international rail passenger transport network;■ Transitional National Plan;■ Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 1 March 2018 on emission standards for certain

types of installations, fuel combustion plants and waste incineration or co-incineration plants;■ Regulation of the Minister of Energy of 27 September 2018 on the quality requirements for solid

fuels;■ Regulation of the Minister of Energy of 18 May 2017 on detailed scope of obligations and

technical conditions for the purchase of heat from renewable energy sources and conditions under which installations can be connected to the network1;

■ Act of 14 December 2018 on promoting electricity from high-efficiency cogeneration2;■ Regulation of the Minister of Economic Development and Finance of 1 August 2017 on the

requirements for solid fuel boilers3;■ Act of 21 November 2008 on supporting thermomodernisation and renovations4;■ The provisions of the Environmental Protection Law of 27 April 2001175 (EPL) which apply to

integrated permits and permits to discharge gases or PM to air, as well as those which address air protection – provisions of Section II;

■ Strategy for Sustainable Development of Agriculture, Rural Areas and Fisheries;■ Regulation of the Council of Ministers of 5 June 2018 on the adoption of “Action programme to

reduce water pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources and to prevent further pollution”6;■ National Waste Management Plan 2022;■ Strategic adaptation plan for sectors and areas vulnerable to climate change until 2020 with an

1 Journal of Laws of 2017, item 1084.2 Journal of Laws of 2019, item 42.3 Journal of Laws of 2017, item 1690, as amended.4 Journal of Laws of 2018, item 966.5 Journal of Laws of 2018, item 799, as amended.6 Journal of Laws of 2018, item 1339.

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outlook to 2030;■ Draft National Environmental Policy;■ Strategy for Energy Security and the Environment – Outlook to 2020.

The above documents and legislative acts are the key documents which provide for actions whose reduction potential will work towards achieving the national emission reduction commitments specified in the NEC Directive. The list of documents is not exhaustive and contains only the documents which contain measures and activities that directly generate emission reductions. Please note that not all the actions envisaged by the documents will be implemented or the implementation of some of them will be put off, and the effects of some reduction measures will only be noticeable in the long term.

The national commitments to reduce SO2, NOx, NMVOCs, PM2.5, NH3 emissions at the levels indicated in Table 1 will be attained through activities that ensue from specific lines for actions at national, regional and local levels, the responsibility for which rests on the respective authorities.

The delivery of the objective has been based on actions set out in existing policies, programmes, plans and strategies or their drafts dedicated to particular types of air pollution sources.

The Draft Energy Policy of Poland until 2040 is the key document taken into account in determining the lines of intervention towards reducing air pollution emissions (EPP2040). The Policy is also the basis for drawing up the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP). The NECP is a document presenting the Polish climate and energy policy. Its preparation ensues from Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, amending Regulations (EC) No 663/2009 and (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Directives 94/22/EC, 98/70/EC, 2009/31/EC, 2009/73/EC, 2010/31/EU, 2012/27/EU and 2013/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 2009/119/EC and (EU) 2015/652 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Regulation 2018/1999)7.

The above approach follows from the fact that according to the NEC Directive Member States can demonstrate achieving their national emission reduction commitments both by reference to the LRTAP Convention and the NEC Directive based on the fuels used. Pursuant to the Energy Law of 10 April 19978, the state’s energy policy constitutes the development strategy for the energy sector and guides the fuel policy making. Once adopted, the draft EPP2040 will set the development lines and management policy for fuels. The Policy provides that by 2030 the total share of coal in electricity generation will be around 60%, with a 21% increase in the share of RES in the gross final energy consumption9 in 2030, which according to EPP2040 will translate into a 27% share of RES in

7 OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 1.8 Journal of Laws of 2018, item 755, as amended.9 Gross final energy consumption consists of electricity consumption in the heating and transport sectors.

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electricity generation.Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities

2.2.2. Progress made since 2005 by current policies and measures in reducing emissions and improving air quality

Achieved emission reductionsProgress against air quality objectives The assessment of air quality for the purposes of preparing the NAPCP is based on 2010-2017 air

quality data from the State Environmental Monitoring (SEM) system, which complies with the requirements of Directive 2008/50/EC. Since 2010, the system has been based on air quality measurements in 46 State Environmental Monitoring zones: 12 agglomerations, 18 cities with a population of more than 100 000, 16 areas of provinces (województwa) not included in agglomerations and cities with a population of more than 100 000 (pursuant to Article 87(2) of the EPL). Annual assessments were carried out in line with the criteria set for the protection of health and comprises the following substances: sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter, as well as the following determined in PM10: lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), as well as carbon monoxide (CO). Annual air quality assessments are also carried out in the context of the protection of vegetation for the following substances: (sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3).

Based on the results of the annual air quality assessment, zone classification is carried out for each substance:

■ Class A – concentrations of pollutants within the zone do not exceed the limit values/target values;

■ Class C – there are concentrations above the limit values/target values.

In addition, the results of mathematical modelling were used for the needs of air quality measurements. Air quality simulations were carried out by means of the latest available version of the CAMx 6.30 model (August 2016) with the grid having a resolution of 5x5km and sized 187/179 (number of grid cells). CAMx calculations were also completed for a resolution of 15x15km. In addition, use was made of the CALPUFF model with a different resolution.

When analysing the health protection-related annual assessments of air quality in Poland, it can be seen that the number of zones with exceedances, i.e. the number of class C zones, has been decreasing from year to year.

Notwithstanding the continuous improvement of air quality, Poland still faces such major problems as exceeded concentration limits for PM10 and PM2.5 and benzo(a)pyrene in winter, and exceeded

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tropospheric ozone concentrations in summer.

In 2018, the Court of Justice ruled that Poland infringed Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe by failing to comply with the daily and annual air quality standards for PM10. In addition, infringements in respect of exceedance of annual values for B(a)P and NO2 have been found (cases pending).

Table 10 presents the number of zones assigned into class C based on the health protection criterion for 2010-2017.

As can be seen, in all the years in question all the zones in the country were assigned into class A for carbon monoxide (CO), as well as for lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) measured in PM10, which proves that Poland fully complies with the requirements set out in EU legislation for these pollutants.

Exceedances of the limit/target values for these pollutants were recorded in the early years (in 2010 and 2011, the CO limit value for health resorts was exceeded in one zone, but this was based on a stricter domestic CO value). The CO limit value provided for by Directive 2008/50/EC was not exceeded at the time.

For benzene (C6H6), in the early years of the analysed period, a low percentage of the zones were class C, but over the years, the situation was remedied. The concentration for benzene still poses a problem in the Opole zone. As a result of the exceedances of the C6H6 limit value, the zone was assigned into class C in the 2016 assessment.

For sulphur dioxide (SO2), exceedances were found in 1 zone of the Śląskie Province in 2010, in 2 zones of the Śląskie Province in 2012, and in 1 zone of the Małopolskie and Śląskie Provinces in 2017. From 2013 to 2016, no exceedances for this pollutant were observed in Poland. For benzene, in 2010, exceeded limit values were found for 3 zones: 2 zones of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Province, and 1 zone in the Opolskie Province. Exceedance in the Opolskie Province persisted until 2012 and was also recorded in 2016, while in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Province no exceeded values were observed from 2011 onwards.

In 2 zones, exceeded target levels of arsenic are recorded every year in the Lubuskie Province (1 zone) and Dolnośląskie Province (2 zones). In both cases, the annual mean limit for arsenic is exceeded as a result of emissions from industrial plants, heating plants and power plants located within the zone.

Improvement was also seen for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), in respect of which the limit value for the protection of human health was set, and for nitrogen oxides (NOx), with regard to which the limit value

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was established for the protection of vegetation. The highest number of zones with exceedances (6) was recorded in 2012, but from 2013, the number of zones with exceeded limit values remained constant – 4 zones (Śląskie, Dolnośląskie, Małopolskie and Mazowieckie Provinces), which represents less than 9% of all the zones. In Poland, the exceedances of the annual mean limit values are attributable to emissions from transport, i.e. intensive road traffic in city centres and traffic on major roads.

The ozone target values are slightly exceeded on a nationwide scale, too. Over the years, the situation has not changed significantly. In 2010, the number of class C zones was 5, which constituted 9% of the total number of zones in the country. In 2017, there were 6 such zones, which were located in the south and southwest of Poland. From 2010, the greatest number of zones with exceeded ozone levels was recorded in 2016 (8 zones). Compared with previous years, the exceedance also occurred in the central part of Poland (in the Mazowieckie Province). It is worth emphasising that ozone and some PM emissions (e.g. lift of PM in road traffic) represent secondary pollution, and are characterised by different distribution of concentrations in the air than the other pollutants in question. Typically, the exceedances of the limit concentration of ozone recorded at a sampling location cover a larger area of the zone than for primary pollutants. It must also be stressed that ozone concentrations in Poland primarily depend on weather conditions, as well as on the content of ozone and its precursors in the air transported into Poland in the warm season. Owing to the variability of the above conditions in the various years, the air pollution with ozone also fluctuated from year to year. In addition, recent years, especially 2015, have seen particularly unfavourable meteorological conditions conducive to the formation of ozone in the air, i.e. high temperature and insolation in the spring and summer. The assessment of air quality in terms of ozone pollution is based on values averaged over 3 years, which mitigates the effect of spells of untypical weather on the result of the assessment. The 2016 assessment includes the results of 2015 measurements, when the meteorological conditions were highly unfavourable.

For PM2.5, the limit values are exceeded in about half of the zones in the country. The number of zones assigned to class C oscillated around the same levels throughout the period under analysis. A significant improvement was observed in 2011, when the number of zones with exceedances decreased by 7 compared to the previous year. 19 zones were included in class C in 2017 (about 41% of all), which means an increase by one class C zone compared with 2016 and a decrease in relation to 2015, when 23 zones were class C.

As regards the annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 in 2017, based on the results of measurements from the 2017 State Environmental Monitoring (SEM) network, it can be seen that the recorded annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 were up to 9,740,1 ^g/m3. The highest average concentrations were seen in Małopolskie: 40.1 ^g/m3 (Kraków roadside station; with the highest concentration at an urban background station recorded in Nowy Sącz – 34.1 ^g/m3), Śląskie: 39.3 ^g/m3 (roadside station; with the highest concentrations at an urban background station recorded in Bielsko-Biała – 31.6

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^g/m3) and in the Łódzkie Province: 32.2 ^g/m3 – Łódź urban background station).

The lowest concentration of PM2.5, not exceeding 20 ^g/m3, was recorded in the northern and western provinces of Poland. The nationwide distribution of the concentrations of PM2.5 in 2017, as determined on the basis of a combination of modelling and measurements is presented on the map below.

Figure 1 Distribution of annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 in 2017, as determined through modelling (CAMx model) combined with measurements

Średnia roczna PM2,5 [µg/m3] Annual mean for PM2.5 [µg/m3]granice stref oceny jakości powietrza boundaries of air quality assessment zonesgranice miast dodatkowo modelowanych w siatce for the additionally modelled cities, the grid was

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0,5x0,5 km refined to 0.5x0.5 km

Source: Report “Assessment of air quality in zones in Poland for 2017” (Ocena jakości powietrza w strefach w Polsce za rok 2017), Main Inspectorate of Environmental Protection – GIOŚ 2018

The highest recorded annual mean concentrations exceed the limit values by 36%. In 2017, as in previous years, high PM2.5 concentrations were recorded at most sites in the autumn-winter season, which coincides with the heating season in Poland. In addition, the high concentrations of PM2.5 in the air were caused both by primary emission of PM2.5 into the atmosphere (combustion processes, road transport) and by secondary aerosol formation in the atmosphere from precursors of particulate matter (SO2, NOx, NH3, VOCs, persistent organic compounds) as a result of a range of chemical reactions through which particulate matter forms from gaseous pollutants discharged into the atmosphere earlier.

In the case of PM2.5 concentrations in large cities and agglomerations, there is an observable downward trend in the national PM2.5 exposure indicator. In the years 2010-2017, the values of the nationwide average exposure indicator decreased from 28 ^g/m3 in 2010 to 22 ^g/m3 in 2017. However, throughout the period, the indicators exceeded the national exposure ceiling (20 ^g/m 3). In 2017, the exposure indicator was 22 ^g/m3, which means that it has been approaching the 2020 national exposure reduction target of 18 ^g/m3 for Poland. The evolution of the national PM2.5 exposure indicator is shown in Table 11.

Table 11 National PM2.5 exposure indicator in 2010-2017.Year National average PM2.5 exposure indicator

[^g/m3]2010 (annual mean) 28

2011 (2010-2011 average) 26.92012 (2010-2012 average) 26.12013 (2011-2013 average) 252014 (2012-2014 average) 242015 (2013-2015 average) 232016 (2014-2016 average) 222017 (2015-2017 average) 22

As regards PM10, annual assessments have revealed difficulties in meeting the limit values for this pollutant for many years. In particular, this applies to the limit values for 24-hour concentrations. Generally, the number of zones with exceedances did not change considerably from 2010, but in 2017 there was a decrease from 42 to 34 zones compared to 2010. However, when analysing the

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annual and 24-hour average concentrations at urban and suburban stations, it can be observed that the concentration values were reduced. The trend in average concentrations in the years 2011-2017 is presented in the chart below (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Mean PM10 concentrations calculated on the basis of annual sets of measurements from all State Environmental Monitoring sites in 2011-2017.

Source: Report “Assessment of air quality in zones in Poland for 2017” (Ocena jakości powietrza w strefach w Polsce za rok 2017), Main Inspectorate of Environmental Protection – GIOŚ 2018In cities and agglomerations, the annual mean concentrations ranged from 13 ^g/m3 in the Tri-City Agglomeration to 55 ^g/m3 in the Kraków Agglomeration in 2017. At the sites with the highest concentrations in the individual agglomerations and cities, annual concentrations ranged from 23 ^g/m3 in the Olsztyn, Białystok and Szczecin agglomerations to the abovementioned 55 ^g/m3 at the roadside station in Kraków. The nationwide distribution of concentrations is shown on the maps below.

Figure 3 Distribution of 24-hour PM10 concentrations expressed as the 36th maximum daily concentration in provinces in 2017, as determined through modelling combined with measurements (modelling for a 0.5 km x 0.5 km grid for agglomerations and cities with a population of more than

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100 000, and for a 1 km x 1 km grid for other zones)

36-te maksymalne stężenie dobowe PM10 [µg/m3]

36th maximum daily concentration of PM10 [µg/m3]

granice stref oceny jakości powietrza boundaries of air quality assessment zonesgranice miast dodatkowo modelowanych w siatce 0,5x0,5 km

for the additionally modelled cities, the grid was refined to 0.5x0.5 km


Figure 4 Distribution of annual mean PM10 concentrations in provinces in 2017, as determined through modelling combined with measurements (modelling for a 0.5 km x 0.5 km grid for

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agglomerations and cities with a population of more than 100 000, and for a 1 km x 1 km grid for other zones). Values expressed in ^g/m3

Średnia roczna PM10 [µg/m3] Annual mean PM10 [µg/m3]granice stref oceny jakości powietrza boundaries of air quality assessment zonesgranice miast dodatkowo modelowanych w siatce 0,5x0,5 km

for the additionally modelled cities, the grid was refined to 0.5x0.5 km


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The frequent exceedance of PM10 limit values in Poland is associated with emissions from a range of sources in the municipal and domestic sector, especially in winter. Emissions produced by transport account for a relatively large share of the exceedances, especially in the central areas of agglomerations and larger cities. In addition, the results of mathematical modelling show the impact of emissions from sources located outside of Poland on air quality in provinces located near the borders of the country.

Benzo(a)pyrene determined in PM10 is the pollutant for which most zones in Poland are classified as class C. In the period analysed, more than 90% of the zones in Poland exceeded the annual standards for B(a)P, even though there was a slight decrease in the number of zones with exceedances in 2017. In 2017, the highest annual mean values of B(a)P concentrations were observed in the following provinces: Małopolskie – 22.7 ng/m3, Śląskie – 16 ng/m3, Dolnośląskie – 15.9 ng/m3 (target – 1 ng/m3). The distribution of B(a)P concentrations for Poland in 2017 is shown on the map below.

Number of zones assigned into class C (health protection) in 2010-20172010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

SO2 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 1NO2 3 5 6 4 4 4 4 4CO 0 02) 0 0 0 0 0 0C6H6 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 0O3 5 3 6 6 3 6 8 6PM10 42 42 38 36 43 39 35 34Pb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0As 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 3Cd 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0B(a)P 38 42 42 42 46 44 43 43PM2.5 16y 213) 224) 24 215) 23 18 19Current transboundary impact of domestic emission sources

The impact of transboundary emissions on the national air status differs in terms of the type of pollutant, emission reduction amount, and distribution of sources within Poland.

In addition to emissions from coal-fired power plants and cogeneration plants, and physicochemical transformations in the atmosphere, the influx of transboundary pollution influences the concentrations of what is referred to as background pollution, which results from the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium at higher distances from the emission source. The impact of transboundary emissions is presented in detail in the Air Quality Assessment for 2017 (Ocena jakości powietrza za 2017 r.) which

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demonstrates that:

• sources located outside of the country add to the concentrations of annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 and its precursors, notably in the western provinces and in the Śląskie and Podkarpackie Provinces. The maximum annual mean concentration from these sources in the country reaches 5.92 ^g/m3 (Śląskie Province, Gorzyce Municipality). On average, concentrations in excess of 5.5 ^g/m3 account for 20% to 27% of the annual mean PM2.5 concentrations in the Śląskie Province and up to 39% in the Dolnośląskie Province (Bogatynia Municipality).

• Locally, analyses carried out on the basis of mathematical modelling reveal a considerable share of emissions from sources located outside of Poland. This is mainly the case with areas lying near the state border. In the 2030 horizon, given the anticipated high reduction of PM emissions in Poland, the share of transboundary concentrations will increase, mainly along the eastern border of the country due to the lack of legal regulations towards reduction of emissions after 2020 (the amended Gothenburg Protocol sets reduction until 2020).

• As regards SO2, domestic emissions account for more than 50% of the annual mean concentration, which results from the share of emissions from combustion in energy and transformation industries (SNAP 01). By 2030, the effect of transboundary inflow in the western part of the country is bound to grow, especially for maximum concentrations, as a result of the substantial anticipated abatement of this pollutant in Poland;

• In most of the country, the share of domestic emissions in annual mean NOx concentrations exceeds 75%. A slightly greater transboundary impact is observed along the west and north-west borders;

• For the AOT40 statistic, the share of domestic emissions of ozone precursors amounts to more than 50% in most of the country, and is slightly lower along the west and north-west borders, which is associated with the impact of emissions from road transport (SNAP 07). Domestic emissions of ozone precursors are also primarily responsible for the exceedance of the target value set for health protection.

For the exceedance indexes calculated for SO2 and NOx, no exceedance of concentration limit values has been achieved for the scenarios that take into account the reduction of emissions after the fulfilment of the national emission reduction commitments set out by the NEC Directive for Poland and EU countries.

For PM10 and PM2.5, the area where excessive concentrations are recorded and the population is exposed to excessive concentrations is still substantial, which is attributable to the fact that domestic sources are the greatest contributor to this type of pollution. The impact of transboundary air pollution

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to exceedances of 24-hours PM10 concentration limits in class C zones is around 10%. In light of the foregoing, substantial improvement in air quality can only be expected if countrywide emissions are reduced. The inflow of pollution from EU countries will be gradually decreasing as the countries fulfil their respective commitments arising under the NEC Directive.

2.2.3. Projected further evolution to 2030 assuming no change to already adopted policies and measures (PaMs)

Projected emissions and emission reductions (WM scenario)

The “Projections of emissions for selected pollutants until 2030 for the purposes of Directive 2016/2284”, which were submitted to the European Commission in March 2017 pursuant to Article 8 of the NEC Directive, include a forecast of emissions for 2020, 2025 and 2030. Owing to the lack of data, the forecast does not contain data for 2040 and 2050. The projections include substances covered by the national emission reduction commitments, i.e. SO2, NOx, PM2.5, NMVOCs and NH3. The projections based on the WM scenario were prepared in accordance with the reporting principles set out in Part 2 of Annex IV to the NEC Directive, and do not include the “WAM” variant. The projections were based on inputs provided on projected activity, inter alia, in the energy sector, manufacturing industries, and agriculture. The data used for estimating the emissions concerned:

■ combustion of fuels to produce energy,

■ volume of industrial production,

■ soil cultivation and animal husbandry,

■ demographic forecasts of the Central Statistical Office (GUS) for Poland.

The assumptions and expert analyses made at the National Centre for Emission Management (KOBiZE) included:

■ projections of emissions from road transport,

■ projected volumes of incinerated waste,

■ air traffic growth forecast,

■ expected emissivity of the municipal and domestic sector,

■ anticipated area of forests.

For other activities, it was assumed that changes in activity would not occur or would not be significant, so the same levels of activity as in 2015 were adopted.

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The 2030 emissions were estimated by means of the methodology employed in the national emission inventory, using the 2015 emission factors for most of the subcategories. The 2020 and 2025 emissions of pollutants were interpolated linearly based on the 2015 and 2030 estimates for the individual categories.

The document in question estimates the potential level of 2020-2030 pollutant emissions and the degree of their reduction compared to 2005. The tables 12-16 below show the resultant estimates for pollutants for which national emission reduction commitments are set out in the NEC Directive.

SO2 emission

In connection with a review of the inventory and the introduction of recommendations ensuing therefrom, the volume of emissions has changed. For sulphur dioxide, the volume of the inventoried emission has been revised as a result of the inclusion of new sources from the sector of combustion in manufacturing industry (SNAP 03). The inventory of SO2 emissions reveals a high share of combustion in energy and transformation industries (SNAP 01), non-industrial combustion plants (SNAP 02), and combustion in manufacturing industry (SNAP 03) in total emissions, as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 1 Share of sectors in SO2 emissions in 2017

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Udział istotnych sektorów w emisji SO2 w roku 2017

Share of the key sectors in SO2 emissions in 2017

01. Procesy spalania w sektorze produkcji i transformacji energii 43,1%

01. Combustion in energy and transformation industries 43.1%

02. Procesy spalania poza przemysłem 29,3% 02. Non-industrial combustion plants 29.3%03. Procesy spalania w przemyśle 23,8% 03. Combustion in manufacturing industry 23.8%04. Procesy produkcyjne 3,2% 04. Production processes 3.2%

Even though there has been noticeable reduction of SO2 emissions in recent years, the data presented in the table shows that without additional measures, Poland will not meet its 2020 national emission reduction commitment.

Table 12 Comparison of estimated SO2 emissions for 2020-2030 in relation to the national SO2

emission reduction commitment.2017 SO2 projection 2019 SO2 projection

National emission reduction commitments in 2020

59%

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Emission reduction in 2020, as determined on the basis of projections prepared for Poland

59.5% 54%


70%


63.6% 68%

Figure 7 SO2 emissions in 2005-2017.

Wielkość emisji SO2 SO2 emissions

However, when analysing the trend in SO2 emissions over the years 2005-2017, a reduction in sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions can be seen as a result of the introduction of legislative measures, in particular the transposition of EU legislation into national law. The reduction is attributable to the alignment of large combustion plants (SNAP 01) to emission standards. The process is ongoing and the tightening of emission standards by Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2017/1442 of 31 July 2017 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, for large combustion plants, will be continued. The

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above regulations apply to large combustion plants above 50 MW and primarily affect combustion in energy and transformation industries (SNAP 01). Smaller units, in particular those used in industry, are subject to Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from medium combustion plants, which has been transposed into national law by the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 1 March 2018 on emission standards for certain types of installations, fuel combustion plants and waste incineration or co-incineration plants. The reduction of emissions applies to units from 1 MW to 50 MW, which covers all combustion plants classified as SNAP 01 and SNAP 03. Directive 2015/2193 provides for two time limits for meeting specific emission standards: for units with a capacity between 5 MW and 50 MW, the standards must be satisfied as from 1 January 2025, while for those with a capacity of 1 MW to 5 MW or higher, compliance must be ensured by 1 January 2030. Both the legislative acts that relate to large combustion plants and those that cover small and medium plants set standards for SO2 and NOx and total PM. However, they will be crucial for reducing SO2 emissions and will play an important role for meeting the national SO 2

reduction commitments. Therefore, additional measures are not envisaged for these sectors, and the missing emission reduction needed to meet the assumed commitments must be achieved in other sectors, in particular SNAP 02, i.e. non-industrial combustion plants.

NOx emissions

As in the case of SO2, the reduction of NOx emissions is insufficient to meet the commitment set out in the NEC Directive. The declining trend of NOx emissions in SNAP 01 resulting from the implementation of BAT conclusions and emission standards is reflected by the national emissions inventory. However, the years 2016 and 2017 saw a 37% increase in road transport emissions compared to 2015, which resulted in considerable changes in the overall inventory of emissions and departure from the objectives set by national commitments. The reduction effort in both SNAP 01 and SNAP 03 will be continued, but it may not be sufficient to meet the commitments (Table 13).

Table 13 Comparison of estimated NOX emissions for 2020-2030 in relation to the national commitment to reduce NOx emissions.

2017 NOx projection 2019 NOx projectionNational emission reduction commitments in 2020

30%


28.3% 23%


39%

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34.4% 36%

The variations in the shares of individual sectors in the total volume of NO x emissions in 2017 are shown in Figure 8.

Figure 2 Share of sectors in NOx emissions in 2017

Udział istotnych sektorów w emisji NOx w roku 2017

Share of the key sectors in NOx emissions in 2017

01. Procesy spalania w sektorze produkcji i 01. Combustion in energy and transformation

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transformacji energii 21,0% industries 21.0%02. Procesy spalania poza przemysłem 10,7% 02. Non-industrial combustion plants 10.7%03. Procesy spalania w przemyśle 9,1% 03. Combustion in manufacturing industry 9.1%04. Procesy produkcyjne 3,2% 04. Production processes 3.2%07. Transport drogowy 37,0% 07. Road transport 37.0%08. Inne pojazdy i urządzenia 10,5% 08. Other mobile sources and machinery 10.5%10. Rolnictwo 8,0% 10. Agriculture 8.0%

Therefore, for nitrogen oxides, additional measures must target road transport (SNAP 07), whose share in total emissions is 37%, and non-industrial combustion plants, which account for 10.7% of the country’s emissions.

Figure 9 NOx emissions in 2005-2017

Wielkość emisji NOx NOx emissions

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NMVOC emissions

For non-methane volatile organic compounds, the national commitment cannot be met without additional measures, either (Table 14).

Table 1 Comparison of NMVOC emissions estimated for 2020-2030 in relation to the national NMVOC emission reduction commitment.

2017 NMVOC projection

2019 NMVOC projection


25%


9.9% 16%


26%


24.9% 25%

Following the recommendations of the 2018 inventory review carried out by the EC, Poland has introduced a recalculation of emission trends, in particular changes to emissions produced by the extraction and distribution of fossil fuels, which have been restated at a higher level, and increased by 33.9% compared to 2016. Road transport emissions have also increased compared to the previous year, as a result of inclusion in the COPERT 5 model of the vapour pressure of fuels, which increases the estimated emission from gasoline evaporation. The use of new indicators in the agricultural sector also results in increased NMVOC emissions. In order to meet the specified reduction goals, there is a need for implementing additional measures to reduce NMVOC emissions, notably in production processes (SNAP 04), road transport (SNAP 07), agriculture (SNAP 10), non-industrial combustion plants (SNAP 02), and first of all in solvent and other product use (SNAP 06), which will allow the applicable ceilings to be complied with. The share of individual sectors in total NMVOC emissions is shown in Figure 10.

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Figure 10 Share of sectors in NMVOC emissions in 2017

Udział istotnych sektorów emisji NMLZO w roku 2017

Share of the key sectors in NMVOC emissions in 2017

02. Procesy spalania poza przemysłem 16,8% 02. Non-industrial combustion plants 16.8%

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03. Procesy spalania w przemyśle 6,0% 03. Combustion in manufacturing industry 6.0%04. Procesy produkcyjne 9,6% 04. Production processes 9.6%05.Wydobycie i dystrybucja paliw kopalnych 7,3% 05. Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels 7.3%06. Zastosowanie rozpuszczalników i innych produktów 30,0%

06. Solvent and other product use 30.0%

07. Transport drogowy 12,4% 07. Road transport 12.4%08. Inne pojazdy i urządzenia 1,4% 08. Other mobile sources and machinery 1.4%09. Zagospodarowanie odpadów 1,5% 09. Waste treatment and disposal 1.5%10. Rolnictwo 14,7% 10. Agriculture 14.7%

Figure 3 NMVOC emissions in 2005-2017.

Wielkość emisji NMLZO NMVOC emissions

PM2.5 emission

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Table 15 Comparison of estimated PM2.5 emissions for 2020-2030 in relation to the national PM2.5 emission reduction commitment.

2017 PM2.5 projection 2019 PM2.5 projectionNational emission reduction commitments in 2020

16%


36.1% 25%


58%


54% 45%

For PM2.5 there was a slight rise in emissions by 4% in 2017 compared to the previous year (table 15), which mainly stems from an increase in hard coal and wood consumption in industry (SNAP 0302) and an increase in fuel consumption in road transport. The recalculation of whole trends demonstrates that PM2.5 emissions from electricity and heat production (SNAP 01) are lower compared to those reported in 2016.

Figure 12 PM2.5 emissions in 2005-2017.

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Wielkość emisji PM2.5 PM2.5 emissions

The breakdown of total PM2.5 emissions by sectors (as shown in Fig. 13, with emission volumes presented in Figure 12) demonstrates that almost half of total emissions originates from the municipal and domestic sector (SNAP 02) (46.8%), followed by combustion in manufacturing industry (21.2%), and road transport (SNAP 07) (10.2%). Therefore, additional measures implemented in these sectors will help achieve the objectives set out by the NEC Directive.

Figure 4 Share of the key sectors in PM2.5 emissions in 2017.

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Udział istotnych sektorów emisji PM2.5 w roku 2017

Share of the key sectors in PM2.5 emissions in 2017

01. Procesy spalania w sektorze produkcji i transformacji energii 4,1%

01. Combustion in energy and transformation industries 4.1%

02. Procesy spalania poza przemysłem 46,8% 02. Non-industrial combustion 46.8%03. Procesy spalania w przemyśle 21,2% 03. Combustion in industry 21.2%04. Procesy produkcyjne 4,2% 04. Production processes 4.2%07. Transport drogowy 10,2% 07. Road transport 10.2%08. Inne pojazdy i urządzenia 1,4% 08. Other mobile sources and machinery 1.4%09. Zagospodarowanie odpadów 3,0% 09. Waste treatment and disposal 3.0%10. Rolnictwo 2,1% 10. Agriculture 2.1%

As is shown by the emission projections presented in 2019, in line with the NEC Directive, a downward trend in PM2.5 emissions has been maintained from the base year 2005, mainly as a result of measures taken both in the energy combustion and transformation sector and in the industrial fuel combustion sector, although in the latter progress has been much slower. The most difficult situation occurs in the sector accounting for the largest share, i.e. non-industrial combustion plants (SNAP 02).

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Please note that in 2020 Poland will fulfil its PM2.5 emission reduction commitment for 2020 by reducing emissions of this pollutant by over 16%, even though recent air quality data do not show considerable improvement, with 19 zones qualified as class C for exceeding the PM2.5 limit value in 2017. This will follow from major changes in combustion in energy and transformation industries (SNAP 01) and combustion in industry (SNAP 03), where investments are under way to meet emission standards for total PM, which adds considerably to PM2.5 emission abatement.

NH3 emissions

Ammonia emissions originate from agriculture (SNAP 10 – 94%), including animal husbandry and manure management, which contribute 83%, and from application of mineral fertilisers, which account for the remaining 17% of emissions. The share of individual sectors in total ammonia emissions is shown in Figure 14. Consequently, in order to achieve the reduction objectives set out in the NEC Directive, it is necessary to implement measures in this sector. A “Guidance document on good agricultural practice to reduce ammonia emissions” (Kodeks doradczy dobrej praktyki rolniczej dotyczącej ograniczania emisji amoniaku) has been developed, where specific measures to reduce NH3 emissions are proposed. In addition, the nitrate programme, adopted in 2018 to protect waters, identifies measures that will contribute to reducing ammonia emissions to air, such as covering slurry and manure stores in line with the Regulation of the Council of Ministers of 5 June 2018 on the adoption of an “Action programme to reduce water pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources and to prevent further pollution”. In addition, activities that address soil application of urea-based fertilisers, spreading slurry by methods other than splashing, and incorporating manure within 12 hours will be promoted among farmers.

Figure 5 Share of the key sectors in NH3 emissions in 2017.

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Udział istotnych sektorów emisji NH3 w roku 2017 Share of the key sectors in NH3 emissions in 201702. Procesy spalania poza przemysłem 2,5% 02. Non-industrial combustion plants 2.5%03. Procesy spalania w przemyśle 1,2% 03. Combustion in manufacturing industry 1.2%07. Transport drogowy 1,5% 07. Road transport 1.5%10. Rolnictwo 93,6% 10. Agriculture 93.6%

Figure 6 NH3 emissions in 2005-2017

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Wielkość emisji NH3 NH3 emissions

Despite a clear rising trend in ammonia emissions, the 2020 national emission reduction commitments, as presented in the projections, should be met.

Table 2 Comparison of estimated 2020-2030 NH3 emissions in relation to the national commitment to reduce NH3 emissions.

2017 NH3 projection 2019 NH3 projectionNational emission reduction commitments in 2020

1%


8.8% 5%

National emission reduction commitments 17%

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in 2030Emission reduction in 2030, as determined on the basis of projections prepared for Poland

5.7% 1%

This is linked to measures implemented in agriculture towards reducing the negative impact of this sector on the status of waters and measures on storage of natural fertilisers in the agricultural holdings that are required to hold an integrated permit. However, there is a noticeable problem in the 2030 perspective, which means that additional measures should be taken.

Projected impact on improving air quality (WM scenario)Uncertainties

2.2.4. Policy options considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments for 2020 and 2030, intermediate emission levels for 2025

Main sets of policy options considered

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2.2.5. Summary of policies and measures selected for adoption by sector, including a timetable for their adoption, implementation and review, and the competent authorities responsible

Sector affected Policies and Measures (PaMs)Selected PaMs26 Timetable for implementation

of the selected PaMsCompetent authority(ies)

responsible for implementation and enforcement of the

selected PaMs (type and name)

Timetable for review of the selected PaMs

Energy supply Draft Energy Policy of Poland 2040

2019-2040 Minister of Energy Pursuant to Article 15(2) of the Energy Law of 10 April 1997 (Journal of Laws of 2018, item 755, as amended), the country’s energy policy is drawn up every 4 years.

Draft National Energy and Climate Plan

2021-2030 Minister of Energy Pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, amending Regulations (EC) No 663/2009 and (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Directives 94/22/EC, 98/70/EC, 2009/31/EC, 2009/73/EC, 2010/31/EU, 2012/27/EU and 2013/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 2009/119/EC and (EU) 2015/652 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 383, 21.12.2018, p.1)

National Framework for Infrastructure Development Policy

2015-2030 Minister of Energy This programme should be reviewed annually. The first review should be completed one year after the adoption of the National Framework for Infrastructure Development Policy by the Council of Ministers, and then every 12 months.

26) Selected PaMs also include strategies, plans and programmes.

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Strategy for Energy Security and the Environment

2014-2020 Council of Ministers Update as per the Act of 6 December 2006 on the principles applicable to development policy making (Journal of Laws of 2018, items 1307 and 1669)

Energy consumption

National Energy Efficiency Action Plan for Poland

2017-2020 Minister of Energy The plan is updated as per Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC (OJ L 315, 14.11.2012, p. 1, as amended) and Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on energy end-use efficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive 93/76/EEC (OJ L 114, 27.04.2006, p. 64, as amended) (not applicable)

National Plan for Increasing the Number of […] Buildings

2015 Council of Ministers Update as per the Act of 6 December 2006 on the principles applicable to development policy making (Journal of Laws of 2018, items 1307 and 1669)

Transport sector Transport Development Strategy until 2020 (with an outlook to 2030)

2013-2030 Minister of Infrastructure Update after completion of the strategy’s time horizon, as per the Act of 6 December 2006 on the principles applicable to development policy making (Journal of Laws of 2018, items 1307 and 1669)

Draft Sustainable Transport Development Strategy until [...]

2019-2030 Minister of Infrastructure Document adopted as a result of the issuance of the new medium-term Responsible Development Strategy until 2020 (with an outlook to 2030);

National Railway Programme until 2023

2018-2023 Minister of Infrastructure Update after completion of the programme’s time horizon

National Road Construction Programme for 2014-2023 (with an outlook to 2025)

2014-2025 Minister of Infrastructure Update after completion of the programme’s time horizon

Airport Network and 2007-2020 Minister of Infrastructure Update after completion of the programme’s time

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Aviation Ground Facilities Development Programme

horizon

Electromobility Development Plan for Poland

2016-2030 Minister of Energy Update after completion of the plan’s time horizon, as per the Act of 6 December 2006 on the principles applicable to development policy making (Journal of Laws of 2018, items 1307 and 1669)

Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure and Construction of 8 December 2016 amending Regulation on the plan for sustainable development of public collective transport within the inter-province and international rail passenger transport network (Journal of Laws of 2016, item 1996)

2016 Minister of Infrastructure

National Urban Policy 2023

2015-2023 Minister of Investments and Development

Pursuant to Article 21c(7) of the Act of 6 December 2006 on the principles applicable to regional policy making (Journal of Laws of 2018, items 1307 and 1669); the National Urban Policy is updated at least once every 7 years.

Industrial processes

Transitional National Plan

2016-2020 Minister of the Environment One-off plan, as provided for by Article 146h of the Environmental Protection Law of 27 April 2001 (Journal of Laws of 2018, item 799, as amended)

Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 1 March 2018 on emission standards

2018 Minister of the Environment

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for certain types of installations, fuel combustion plants and waste incineration or co-incineration plants (Journal of Laws of 2018, item 680)Environmental Protection Law of 27 April 2001 (Journal of Laws of 2018, item 799, as amended)

2001 Minister of the Environment

Regulation of the Minister of Development of 8 August 2016 on reduction of emissions of volatile organic compounds contained in certain paints and varnishes intended for painting buildings and their finishing or furnishing elements, and elements related to buildings and such structural elements, as well as in vehicle refinishing mixtures (Journal of Laws, item 1353)

2016 Minister of Entrepreneurship and Technology

Agriculture Regulation of the Council of Ministers of 5 June 2018 on the adoption of “Action programme to reduce water pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources

2018 Minister of Maritime Economy and Inland Navigation, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, Provincial Environmental Inspector

Pursuant to Article 106(5) of the Water Law of 20 July 2017 (Journal of Laws of 2018, item 2268, as amended) “Action programme to reduce water pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources and to prevent further pollution” is subject to a review every 4 years, and is updated, if needed.

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and to prevent further pollution” (Journal of Laws, item 1339)Strategy for Sustainable Development of Agriculture, Rural Areas and Fisheries for 2012-2020 – Resolution No. 163/2012 of the Council of Ministers

2013-2020 Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development

Update after completion of the strategy’s time horizon

Waste treatment and disposal/waste

The National Waste Management Plan 2022, Resolution No. 88 of the Council of Ministers of 1 July 2016 (Monitor Polski Official Gazette, item 784)

2016-2022 Minister of the Environment Update after completion of the plan’s time horizon

Cross-cutting Responsible Development Strategy until 2020 (with an outlook to 2030) – Resolution No. 14 of the Council of Ministers of 16 February 2016

2016-2030 Council of Ministers Update after completion of the strategy’s time horizon

Strategy for innovation and efficiency of the economy “Dynamic Poland until 2020” (Annex to Resolution No. 7 of the Council of Ministers of 15 January 2013.

2013-2020 Minister of the Economy Update of the strategy as per the Act of 6 December 2006 on the principles applicable to development policy making (Journal of Laws of 2018, items 1307 and 1669)

Strategic adaptation plan for sectors and areas vulnerable to

2013-2020 with an outlook to 2030.

Minister of the Environment Update after completion of the strategy’s time horizon

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climate change until 2020 with an outlook to 2030;National Air Quality Programme until 2020 (with an outlook to 2030)

2015-2030 Minister of the Environment Update in the event of failure to achieve the assumed goal of improving air quality over a large area of Poland

National Spatial Development Concept 2030

2011-2030 Minister of Investments and Development

The Concept can be updated at any time if the socio-economic or spatial situation of the country so requires, as per Article 47(6) of the Act of 27 March 2003 on spatial planning and development (Journal of Laws of 2018, item 1945)

Municipal and domestic

Clean Air Programme 2018-2029 Minister of the Environment Programme for financing measures aimed at improving air quality in Poland

Regulation of the Minister of Energy of 27 September 2018 on the quality requirements for solid fuels (Journal of Laws, item 1890)

2018 Minister of Energy

Regulation of the Minister of Economic Development and Finance of 1 August 2017 on the requirements for solid fuel boilers (Journal of Laws, item 1690, as amended)


Air Quality Programmes

The adoption and effective dates of AQPs are different

Local government – Province Executive Board (zarząd województwa)

Update in the event of failure to achieve the assumed goal of improving air quality in zones

Provincial Assemblies of the following provinces have already adopted resolutions on air quality improvement:

The adoption dates differ from one province to another. The first resolution was adopted in the Małopolskie Province in 2017. The regions which have not adopted their resolutions are

Provincial Assembly

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– Małopolskie,— Śląskie,— Opolskie,— Mazowieckie,— Dolnośląskie,– Łódzkie,— Wielkopolskie,— Podkarpackie,— Lubuskie.

still preparing them.

Act of 21 November 2008 on supporting thermomodernisation and renovations (Journal of Laws of 2018, item 966, as amended)

2008 Minister of Investments and Development

2.2.6. Coherence

An assessment of how the selected PaMs ensure coherence with plans and programmes set up in other relevant policy areas

Coherence and synergy with other plans, programmes, and policies are an important element of the NAPCP, and will add to reducing the costs of implemented actions and measures that ensue therefrom. The anthropogenic emissions of pollutants for which the NEC Directive sets national reduction commitments are associated with very diverse human activity. Therefore, the NAPCP is to coordinate the delivery of reduction actions and measures provided for by other strategic and legislative documents, and supplement them with additional actions and measures so that the reduction target committed to is achieved.

Various policies, programmes, or strategies for the development of individual sectors also include activities which add directly or indirectly to the reduction of the emissions for which the NEC Directive sets national reduction commitments. Appropriate management of adopted actions and measures is aimed at achieving the reduction levels provided for by the NEC Directive in a way that is cost-effective and efficient in terms of economic development.

Notwithstanding noticeable positive developments as regards the reduction of emissions and improvement of air quality, there is a need for coordination and maintaining favourable air quality improvement trends.

The NAPCP is a tool for coordinating and managing actions and measures delivered under other documents, and creates a basis for further development of policies and strategies involving intensified efforts towards the reduction goals.

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2.2.7. Projected combined impacts of the policies and measures (‘With Additional Measures’ - WAM) on emission reductions, air quality in own territories and neighbouring Member States and the environment, and the associated uncertainties

Projected attainment of emission reduction commitments (WAM)Use of flexibilities (where relevant)Projected improvement in air quality (WAM)Projected impacts on the environment (WAM)Methodologies and uncertainties

2.3 The national air quality and pollution policy framework

2.3.1. Policy priorities and their relationship to priorities set in other relevant policy areas

The national emission reduction commitments

compared with 2005 base year (in %) (M)

SO2 NOx NMVOCs NH3 PM2.5

2020-2029 (M) 59 30 25 1 16From 2030 (M) 70 39 26 17 58The air quality priorities: national policy priorities related to EU or national air quality objectives (incl. limit values and target values, and exposure concentration obligations) (M)

Reference can also be made to recommended air quality objectives by the WHO.

The air quality priorities: national policy priorities related to EU or national air quality objectives (incl. limit values and target values, and exposure concentration obligations).

Pursuant to Article 91c of the EPL, the National Air Quality Programme (NAQP) was prepared and adopted on 14 September 2015. The NAQP is a strategic document setting the goals and lines for action to be delivered in order to improve air quality. The main objective defined by the NAQP “is to improve air quality across the territory of Poland, notably in areas with the highest concentrations of air pollution and areas with large concentrations of population. Air quality should be at least brought to a status that does not endanger human health, as required by European Union legislation transposed into Polish law, and by 2030, it should be aligned to the targets set by the World Health Organization.” Achieving the target set and the formulated lines for action are to allow Poland to attain limit values of particulate matter and other harmful substances in ambient air in the shortest possible time.

The NAQP has been prepared on the basis of the Air Quality Assessment for 2003-2013, which demonstrates that out of the 46 Polish zones, 36 were found to exceed the limit value for PM10. For PM2.5, exceedance plus a margin of tolerance was found in 24 zones. In addition, 4 zones were reported to exceed the NO 2 limit value. The assessment found exceeded target values for benzo(a)pyrene (B(a) P) in 42 zones, for arsenic in 4 zones, and for ozone in 6 zones.

Despite the deployment of programmes and measures to reduce emissions, problems with the quality of air, notably with PM emissions, persist.

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Pursuant to Article 91(1) of the EPL, within 15 months from the date of receipt of the results of the respective air quality assessment along with the classification of zones, which are prepared annually by the Main Inspector for Environmental Protection, the Province Executive Board is required to prepare the Air Quality Programme (AQP) if the limit or target values of substances in the air for the previous year were exceeded. Assignment of zones to one of the classes if exceedance is found in the case of which the level of:

■ at least one substance exceeds the limit value plus a margin of tolerance or the target level (class C),■ at least one substance falls between the limit value and the limit value plus the margin of tolerance (class B),■ the substance does not exceed the limit value or target value (class A).

AQPs consist of a descriptive section and a section detailing the obligations and restrictions associated with the implementation of the AQP, including the reasons for the selection of the issues addressed and assessed by the Province Executive Board, which ensues from the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 11 September 2012 on air quality programmes and short-term action plans10. AQPs also list the activities and responsibilities of the administrative bodies and entities covered by the programme. AQPs identify the sources of emissions which cause exceeded concentrations of pollutants in zones along with a list of possible remedial actions to be put in place, in particular:

■ the degree of responsibility of individual sources for exceedances;■ options for reducing emissions, taking into account the best available techniques (BATs);■ technical and technological possibilities for reducing emissions;■ exceedance of pollutant concentration limit values currently and in the projection year.

Therefore, the priority is to improve air quality through intensified actions aimed at reducing so-called “low-stack emission” in the municipal and domestic sector (SNAP 02) and in road transport (SNAP 07). In order to achieve the foreseen objectives, actions will be pursued and measures adopted to reduce or avoid emissions, which will lead to compliance with the limit values (Table 2 and Table 3), target values (Table 4 and Table 5), and the long-term objective for ozone (Table 6), as well as to compliance with the concentrations of certain substances in the air set by WHO for 2030.

Table 2 Limit values for the protection of human health and for the protection of vegetation for air pollutants, timeframes for achieving them, and periods over which the measurement results are averaged

Substance name

Period for which

results are averaged

Limit value Rg/m3

Allowable frequency of

limit value exceedance in a

calendar year

Margin of tolerance Hg/m3 Timeframe for achieving the

limit value2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Benzene calendar year 5 - 0 0 0 0 0 2010

10 Journal of Laws, item 1028.

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(C6H6)Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

1 hour 200 18 times 0 0 0 0 0 2010calendar year 40 - 0 0 0 0 0 2010

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

1 hour 350 24 times 0 0 0 0 0 200524 hours 125 3 times 0 0 0 0 0 2005

Carbon monoxide (CO)1)

8 hours 10 000 - 0 0 0 0 0 2005

PM102) 24 hours 50 35 times 0 0 0 0 0 2005calendar year 40 - 0 0 0 0 0 2005

PM2.53) calendar year 25 - 4 3 2 1 1 2015calendar year 204) - 0 0 0 0 0 2020

Lead (Pb) calendar year 0.55) - 0 0 0 0 0 2005Key:

1) Maximum 8-hour mean from hourly running averages calculated from eight 1-hour means during the day. Each 8-hour mean calculated in this way is assigned to the day when it ends. The first calculation timespan for each day is the time from 17:00 on the previous day to 01:00 on the day concerned. The last calculation timespan for each day is the time from 16:00 to 24:00 CET of that day.2) Concentration of particulate matter with particles having an aerodynamic diameter of up to 10 yrn (PM10) measured by means of a gravimetric method with fraction separation or by an equivalent method.3) Concentration of particulate matter with particles having an aerodynamic diameter of up to 2.5 ^m (PM2.5) measured by means of a gravimetric method with fraction separation or by an equivalent method.4) PM2.5 limit value to be attained by 1 January 2020 (phase II).5) Sum of metal and its compounds in PM10.The levels of substances in the air for gaseous pollutants are determined under the following conditions: temperature 293 K, pressure 101.3 kPa. The PM levels are determined under real conditions.Table 3 Limit values for the protection of vegetation for sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the air, timeframes for achieving them, and periods over which the measurement results are averaged

Substance name Period for which results are averaged

Limit value Rg/m3 Timeframe for achieving the limit value

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)1) calendar year 30 2003Sulphur dioxide (SO2) calendar year 20 2003

winter season (from 1 October to 31 March)

20 2003

Key:

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1) Sum of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxide expressed as nitrogen dioxide.The levels of substances in the air for gaseous pollutants are determined under the following conditions: temperature 293 K, pressure 101.3 kPa.Table 4 Target values for the protection of human health and for the protection of vegetation for air pollutants, timeframes for achieving them, and periods over which the measurement results are averaged

Substance name Period for which results are averaged

Target level Allowable frequency of target value exceedances

in a calendar year

Timeframe for achieving the target

valueOzone (O3) 8 hours 1201) ^g/m3 25 days11 2010PM2.5 calendar year 2512 ^g/m3 - 2010Arsenic (As)13 calendar year 6 ng/m3 - 2013Nickel (Ni)4) calendar year 20 ng/m3 - 2013Cadmium (Cd)4) calendar year 5 ng/m3 - 2013Benzo(a)pyrene14 calendar year 1 ng/m3 - 2013Key:

1) Maximum 8-hour mean from running averages calculated from 1-hour means during the day. Each 8-hour mean calculated in this way is assigned to the day when it ends. The first calculation timespan for each day is the time from 17:00 on the previous day to 01:00 on the day concerned. The last calculation timespan for each day is the time from 16:00 to 24:00 CET of that day.2) Number of days with exceedance of the target value in a calendar year averaged over three consecutive years. In the absence of three-year measurement data, compliance with the limit frequency of exceedances is checked on the basis of measurements spanning at least one year.3) Concentration of particulate matter with particles having an aerodynamic diameter of up to 2.5 ^m (PM2.5) measured by means of a gravimetric method with fraction separation or by an equivalent method.4) Sum of metal and its compounds in PM10.5) Total benzo(a)pyrene content in PM10.The levels of substances in the air for gaseous pollutants are determined under the following conditions: temperature 293 K, pressure 101.3 kPa. The PM levels are determined under real conditions.Table 5 Target value set for the protection of vegetation for ozone (O3) in the air, timeframe for achieving it, and periods over which the measurement results are averagedSubstance name Period for which results

are averagedTarget level (µg/m3)•h Timeframe for

achieving the limit value

11 ^g/m3, for each hour of the day between 8:00 and 20:00 CET for which the concentration is greater than 80 ^g/m3. The value is considered to be met if it is not exceeded by the average of such sums calculated for the growing seasons over five consecutive years. In the absence of five-year measurement data, compliance with this value is checked on the basis of measurements from at least three consecutive years. The levels of substances in the air for gaseous pollutants are determined under the following conditions: temperature 293 K, pressure 101.3 kPa.

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Ozone (O3) growing season (1 May-31 July)

18 0001) 2020

Key:

1) Expressed as AOT 40, which means the sum of differences between the 1-hour average concentration expressed in µg/m3 and the value of 80 µg/m3 for each hour of the day between 8:00 and 20:00 CET for which the concentration is greater than 80 µg/m3. The value is considered to be met if it is not exceeded by the average of such sums calculated for the growing seasons over five consecutive years. In the absence of five-year measurement data, compliance with this value is checked on the basis of measurements from at least three consecutive years. The levels of substances in the air for gaseous pollutants are determined under the following conditions: temperature 293 K, pressure 101.3 kPa.Substance name Period for which results

are averagedTarget level (pg/m3bh Timeframe for

achieving the limit value

Ozone (O3) growing season (1 May-31 July)

18 000 2020

Key:

1) Maximum 8-hour mean during the calendar year out of running means calculated from 1-hour means during the day. Each 8-hour mean calculated in this way is assigned to the day when it ends. The first calculation timespan for each day is the time from 17:00 on the previous day to 01:00 on the day concerned. The last calculation timespan for each day is the time from 16:00 to 24:00 CET of that day.2) Long-term objective for the protection of human health.3) Long-term objective set for the protection of vegetation.4) Expressed as AOT 40, indicates the sum of differences between the 1-hour average concentration expressed in µg/m 3

and the value of 80 g/m3 for each hour of the day between 8:00 and 20:00 CET for which the concentration is greater than 80 µg/m3. The value is considered to be met if it is not exceeded by the average of such sums calculated for the growing seasons over five consecutive years. In the absence of five-year measurement data, compliance with this value is checked on the basis of measurements from at least three consecutive years. The levels of substances in the air for gaseous pollutants are determined under the following conditions: temperature 293 K, pressure 101.3 kPa.

Relevant climate change and energy policy priorities (M)

Strategic adaptation plan for sectors and areas vulnerable to climate change by 2020.

The plan sets the objectives and lines for adaptation actions to be taken in the most vulnerable sectors and areas until 2020, including: water management, agriculture, forestry, biodiversity and legally protected areas, health, energy, construction, transport, mountainous areas, coastal zone, spatial management, and urban areas.

The vulnerability of these areas was determined on the basis of the climate change scenarios adopted for the Strategic Adaptation Plan. The proposed goals, lines for action and specific activities correspond to strategic documents, in particular the National Development Strategy 2020 and other development strategies, and in parallel constitute their necessary complement in the context of adaptation.

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The document takes into account and analyses current and expected climate developments, including climate change scenarios for Poland until 2030, which demonstrate that, over the period, the greatest threat to the economy and society will be posed by extreme climate change-related weather phenomena (including heavy rain, floods, local flooding, landslides, heat waves, droughts, hurricanes, and landslides). These phenomena will occur with increasing frequency and intensity and will affect more and more areas of the country.

Strategy for Energy Security and the Environment – Outlook to 2020.

The Strategy for Energy Security and the Environment (SESE) addresses two important areas, i.e. energy and the environment, setting reform-oriented guidance and defining the necessary actions to be taken in the 2020 perspective.

Stable and uninterrupted supply of energy is crucial for people’s quality of life and the economy. However, the use of fuels produces environmental impacts so pursuing coordinated actions in the field of energy and the environment is not only advisable, but also indispensable.The overarching objective of the Strategy for Energy Security and the Environment is to ensure a high quality of life for the present and future generations, taking into account environmental protection, and to create conditions for sustainable development of a modern energy sector, capable of ensuring Poland’s energy security and a competitive and effective economy. The above main objective of the SESE will be implemented through specific objectives and lines of intervention, including:Objective 1. Sustainable management of natural resources;Objective 2. Ensuring secure and competitive energy supply for the national economy;Objective 3. Improving the environment.

Energy Policy of Poland until 2040

The draft EPP2040 has set the key objectives in the following areas:

■ Energy security – which means satisfying the current and future needs of fuel and energy consumers in a technically and economically viable manner, while respecting the environmental requirements. The above contributes to ensuring the current and prospective security of the supply of raw energy materials, and energy generation, transmission and distribution, i.e. the full energy chain.

■ Competitiveness of the entire economy and energy efficiency – the cost of energy is hidden in every activity and product manufactured in the economy.

■ The environmental impact of the energy sector, which highly adds to environmental pollution – therefore modelling the energy balance must take into account environmental issues.

The following measures have been determined to evaluate the implementation of EPP2040:■ 60% of coal in electricity generation in 2030;■ 21% of RES in gross final energy consumption in 2030;■ Deployment of nuclear power in 2033;

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■ 30% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2030 (relative to 1990);■ 23% increase of energy efficiency by 2030.

Achieving the above will be based on the following eight lines of intervention:

■ Optimal use of domestic energy resources;■ Expansion of electricity generation and grid infrastructures;■ Diversification of fuel supplies and grid infrastructure development;■ Development of energy markets;■ Deployment of nuclear power;■ Development of renewable energy sources;■ Development of the heat sector and cogeneration;■ Improving the energy efficiency of the economy.

The National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030

The draft NECP presents the lines for action and expected effects across the five dimensions of the Energy Union: energy security, the internal energy market, energy efficiency, decarbonisation, and research, innovation and competitiveness.

From the perspective of the implementation of the NAPCP, crucial importance is attached to the NECP objectives and actions in the following dimensions:

Decarbonisation:

■ The reduction target for Poland in terms of greenhouse gas emissions in sectors not covered by the ETS is set at -7% in 2030 compared with 2005;

■ Limiting the negative impact of transport on the environment:■ 2025 intermediate target – reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars and light commercial vehicles by 15%

compared to 2021;■ 2030 main target – reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars and light commercial vehicles by 30% compared

to 2021.■ Improving the quality of life for the inhabitants of Poland, especially the protection of their health and living conditions,

taking into account environmental protection, while respecting the principles of sustainable development by:■ achieving the limit and target values for the substances specified in the CAFE Directive and Directive 2004/107/EC in

the shortest possible time, and adhere to them in those areas where they are already met; for PM2.5 this also applies to the exposure concentration ceiling and the National Exposure Reduction Target,

■ achieving the substance air concentration levels defined by the WHO and complying with new requirements stemming from legal regulations ensuing from EU law by 2030.

■ Adaptation to climate change by ensuring sustainable development and efficient functioning of the economy and society in the face of climate change by:

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■ increasing forest cover in Poland to 31%;■ percentage of municipality residents for which an adaptive strategic document has been adopted – 40%;■ increasing the capacity of small-scale water retention reservoirs;■ increasing the level of reduction in the annual runoff of rainwater or snowmelt discharged into open or closed

stormwater drainage systems within the administrative boundaries of cities;■ increasing the share of area covered by applicable zoning plans in the country’s geodetic area.■ 21% share of RES in gross final energy consumption (total consumption in the power, heating and cooling sector and

for transport purposes).

Energy efficiency:

■ National 2030 target for improving energy efficiency at 23% (reduction of primary energy consumption compared to PRIMES 2007 forecasts).

Energy security:

■ Deployment of nuclear power, which includes commissioning of the first nuclear power plant unit in Poland by 2033;■ Reduction of the share of coal in electricity generation to 60% by 2030;■ Expanding the electricity generation capacities that cover electricity demand;■ Diversification of crude oil supplies and development of transport and storage infrastructure for crude oil and liquid

fuels;■ Diversification of sources and directions of natural gas supply, which includes ensuring more possibilities of sourcing

gas from markets alternative to the eastern ones, as well as developing natural gas transport and storage infrastructures;

■ Maintaining autonomy as regards imports of electricity from third countries;■ Development of e-mobility and alternative fuels in transport;■ Increasing the active capacity and deliverability of underground gas storage in Poland;■ Maintaining the level of natural gas extraction in Poland and attempting to increase it by means of innovative

methods for extracting hydrocarbon fuels from deposits;■ Maintaining, insofar as necessary from the point of view of Poland’s energy security, the non-market-based

measures defined by Regulation (EU) 2017/1938 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2017 concerning measures to safeguard the security of gas supply and repealing Regulation (EU) No 994/201015)15);

■ Ensuring that Poland, like other EU Member States, has the right tools to prevent, prepare for, and manage electricity crisis situations;

■ Supporting the development of an integrated (at European level) approach to threats and crises in the power system;■ Minimising the threat to security of electricity supply;■ Developing technologies for the extraction of methane from coal seams;■ Development of energy sustainable areas at the local level (energy clusters, energy cooperatives, etc.);■ Inventorying domestic (conventional and unconventional) uranium deposits, including exploration of deposits and

analysis of their extractability in technical and economic terms (i.e. whether and under what conditions it would be

15)15) OJ L 280, 28.10.2017, p. 1.

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viable) by 2030;■ Maintaining domestic extraction of coal at a level sufficient to cover the demand of the energy sector.

Internal energy market:

■ 2030 electricity interconnection framework target;■ Increasing the availability and capacity of existing interconnections■ Transmission infrastructure.

The key national objectives for the electricity transmission infrastructure are as follows:

■ Ensuring security of electricity supply – understood as the capacity of the power system to ensure secure operation of the electrical network and to balance supply with demand;

■ Ensuring long-term capacity of the power system to satisfy reasonable needs for transmission of electricity in domestic and transboundary trade, which includes developing the transmission network and, where applicable, expanding the interconnections;

■ Construction, extension and modernisation of the domestic gas transmission network;■ Integration of the national natural gas transmission system with the systems of the countries of the Central and

Eastern Europe and the Baltic Sea region;■ Building an interconnector with Ukraine;■ Ensuring power evacuation from the Kozienice Power Plant after the plant is fitted with a new 1075 MW power unit,

and improving the reliability of supply for the northern and north-eastern areas of the NPS;■ Ensuring power evacuation from the Turów Power Plant after the plant is fitted with a new 450 MW power unit, and

improving the reliability of supply for the south-western areas of the NPS, in particular the greatest end-user in the area, namely Kombinat Górniczo-Hutniczy Miedzi (KGHM);

Ensuring power evacuation from the Dolna Odra Power Plant, as well as from wind farms located in the northern part of the country, and improving the reliability of supply in the north-west part of the NPS;

■ Ensuring power evacuation from wind farms located in the north of the country, and improving the reliability of supply in the northern part of the NPS;

■ Ensuring power evacuation from the Bełchatów Power Plant and improving the reliability of supply of the central part of the NPS, including the Łódź agglomeration;

■ Ensuring the reliability of the transmission network in the northern part of the country above the Warsaw-Poznań contractual line;

■ Ensuring the reliability of the transmission network in the southern part of the country located below the Warsaw-Poznań contractual line;

■ Market integration:■ By definition, the integration and connection of markets is a process involving a wide array of entities, so setting

national targets in this respect is not reasonable;■ Diversification of sources and directions of natural gas supply and ensuring more possibilities of sourcing gas from

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markets alternative to the eastern market;■ Flexibility of the energy system as regards the production of energy from renewable sources;■ Developing and tapping the potential of offshore wind energy in Poland in the perspective of 2030;■ Raising the awareness of consumers and encouraging them to play a more active role in the energy market;■ Liberalisation of the gas market – freeing tariffs in the gas trade segment;■ Developing a competitive gas market in Poland;■ Creating conditions stimulating trade in gas on the commodity exchange.■ Energy poverty:■ Reducing energy poverty, including the protection of vulnerable social groups;■ Protection of vulnerable consumers of gaseous fuels by providing them with gas allowances;■ Construction, extension and modernisation of the domestic gas transmission network;■ Liberalisation of the gas market – freeing of tariffs in the gas trade segment.

Research, innovation and competitiveness:

■ Bridging the civilization gap between Poland and developed countries, improving the living conditions of Poles and realising the development-related aspirations of present and future generations, in line with the principle of sustainable development;

■ Increasing expenditure on R&D in Poland to 1.7% of GDP in 2020 and 2.5% of GDP in 2030;■ Enhancing the competitiveness of the Polish energy sector by:■ Continuous improvement of technological advancement and efficiency of operation,■ Implementing competitive organisational and business models,■ Optimising resource use;■ Maximising the benefits of transformations in the energy sector for the Polish economy by:■ Taking advantage of innovation in the energy sector for industrial development,■ Reducing specific energy consumption and consumption of resources,■ Fostering cooperation between enterprises, public institutions and the research sector.■ Accelerating technology sales in such areas as: air protection, RES, energy saving, water and sewage management,

waste management and protection of biodiversity by Polish companies on foreign markets;■ Improving the competitiveness of the Polish economy by means of:- innovation, export and increasing capital mobilised for investment in the enterprise sector (Specific Objective I of the

Responsible Development Strategy),- fuller exploitation of the social and territorial potential (Specific Objective II of the RDS); and- projects enhancing the efficiency of public utility institutions that serve enterprises and citizens (Specific Objective III

of the RDS),- determining the capacity of forest areas to absorb carbon dioxide and launching research to develop better methods

for inventorying carbon dioxide.

The final NECP 2021-2030, which will take into account comments submitted in the course of inter-ministerial work and public and regional consultations, will be drawn up by the end of 2019 and submitted to the European Commission.

Relevant policy priorities in Strategy for Sustainable Development of Agriculture, Rural Areas and Fisheries for 2012-2020.

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relevant policy areas, incl. agriculture, industry and transport (M)

In 2012, the Strategy for Sustainable Development of Agriculture, Rural Areas and Fisheries for 2012-2020 was adopted. It sets out the key development lines for rural areas, agriculture and fisheries until 2020. The main objective of the actions defined by the Strategy is to improve the quality of life in rural areas and effective use of their resources and potential, including agriculture and fisheries, towards sustainable development of Poland. The above main objective comprises five specific objectives:

Objective 1. Improve the quality of human, social, employment and entrepreneurial capital in rural areas.Objective 2. Improve the living conditions in rural areas and their accessibility.Objective 3. Food security.Objective 4. Enhance productivity and competitiveness of the agri-food sector.Objective 5. Environmental protection and adaptation to climate change in rural areas.

The adoption of the Responsible Development Strategy (RDS) in 2017 led to the need to update the Strategy for Sustainable Development of Agriculture, Rural Areas and Fisheries. It is assumed that the updated RDS will specify new objectives related to:

• improving the profitability of agricultural production,• improving the quality of life, infrastructure and the condition of the rural environment,• developing entrepreneurship, non-agricultural jobs and active rural communities. An important role will be played by

the efficient system for managing development, stable financing, as well as sustainable creative and learning abilities.

Draft Sustainable Transport Development Strategy until 2030.16)16)

The main objective of the draft TDS as a national transport policy is to improve transport accessibility and, in parallel, to provide better safety to traffic users and ensure transport sector efficiency through creating a coherent, sustainable, innovative and user-friendly system at the national, European and global levels. Please note that actions in the programme were based on the Transport Development Strategy until 2020 (with an outlook to 2030), which has evolved into the Draft Sustainable Transport Development Strategy until 2030.

The main objective of the draft TDS includes both the creation of an integrated transport system through investments in transport infrastructure (Intervention Line 1) and the improvement of the organisation and management of the transport system (Intervention Line 2).

The implementation of the main transport-related objective for 2030 will be based on five-six Lines of Intervention:

■ Intervention Line 1: building an integrated, interconnected transport network for a competitive economy;■ Intervention Line 2: improving the organisation and management of the transport system;

16)16) The analysis of the impact of pursued measures on pollution reduction takes into account the current Transport Development Strategy until 2020 (with an outlook to 2030).

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■ Intervention Line 3: changes in individual and collective mobility;■ Intervention Line 4: improving the safety of traffic participants and of transported goods;■ Intervention Line 5: limiting the negative impact of transport on the environment;■ Intervention Line 6: improving the efficiency of public spending on transport projects.

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2.3.2. Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities

List the competent authorities

Describe the type of authority (e.g. environmental

inspectorate, regional environment agency,

municipality)

Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas

of air quality and air pollution

Source sectors under the responsibility of the authority

National authorities

Prime Minister Council of Ministers

■ Policy making roles■ Implementation roles

Coordinates work, creates the country’s economic policy, and approves the development lines for sectors

Minister of the Environment


■ The environment

Minister of Energy ■ Policy making roles■ Implementation roles

■ Energy■ Management of mineral

depositsMinister of Agriculture and Rural Development


■ Agriculture■ Rural development■ Agricultural markets

Minister of Infrastructure


■ Communications■ Transport

Minister of Investments and Development


■ Construction, land use planning, spatial development, and housing;

■ Regional developmentMinister of Entrepreneurship and Technology


■ The economy – economic affairs, including competitiveness of the economy, international economic cooperation, assessment of conformity, measures and testing, industrial property, innovation, business activity, promoting the Polish economy in the country and abroad, and cooperation with economic self-regulatory organisations

Minister of Maritime Economy and Inland Navigation


■ Maritime economy■ Water management■ Inland waterway shipping

Minister of Digitisation ■ Reporting and monitoring functions

■ Informatics

Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Środowisk i Gospodarki Wodnej (National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management)

■ Role of co-financing or financing authority

■ Financing environmental protection and water management

Główny Inspektor Ochrony Środowiska (The Main Inspector for Environmental Protection)

■ Implementation roles■ Enforcement roles

(including inspections, where relevant)

■ Reporting and monitoring

■ Controlling compliance with environmental laws and testing and assessment of the state of the environment

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functions■ Coordinating roles;

Generalny Dyrektor Ochrony Środowiska (General Director for Environmental Protection)


■ The environment

Państwowe Gospodarstwo Wodne Wody Polskie

■ Implementation roles■ Reporting and monitoring

functions

■ Water management

Generalny Dyrektor Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad (General Director for National Roads and Motorways)



■ Reporting and monitoring functions

■ Coordinating roles;■ Infrastructure maintenance

and construction roles

■ Road infrastructure, including:- Accessibility of the country and

connection to the main transport corridors;

- Improving the safety of road network users;

- Improving travel comfort

Główny Inspektor Transportu Drogowego (Main Inspector of Road Transport)

■ Enforcement roles (including inspections and permitting, where relevant)

■ Road traffic

Regional authorities

Wojewoda (Province Governor)




■ Coordinating roles

Province Governor is a representative of the Council of Ministers in the respective province, delivers specific policy objectives in the province and adapts them to the local conditions, as well as coordinates and controls the fulfilment of tasks arising from these objectives

Zarząd województwa (Province Executive Board), Marszałek województwa (Provincial Marshal),





The main task of provincial government is to define the development strategy for the province and to conduct the province’s development policy

Wojewódzkie fundusze ochrony środowiska i gospodarki wodnej (Provincial Funds for Environmental Protection and Water Management)

■ Role of co-financing or financing authorities

■ Financing environmental protection and water management within the province

Wojewódzki Inspektor Ochrony Środowiska (Provincial Environmental Inspector)





■ Controlling compliance with environmental laws and testing and assessment of the state of the environment within the province

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Regionalny Dyrektor Ochrony Środowiska (Regional Director for Environmental Protection)





■ The environment

Inspekcja Handlowa (Trade Inspectorate)


■ Monitoring compliance with regulations on products placed on the market

Ośrodki Doradztwa Rolniczego (Farm Advisory Centres)

■ Functions related to dissemination of information

■ Agriculture■ Rural development■ Agricultural markets

Local authorities

Zarząd powiatu (District Executive Board)





■ Preparing development programmes in line with the provisions laying down the principles of development policy making at district level.

City or town mayor, head of municipality, city council, municipality council





■ Environment;■ Water management■ Transport insofar as it falls

within the responsibility of the municipality

Vehicle inspection stations


■ Monitoring compliance with laws on vehicle technical inspection, including assessment of emissivity

Chimney sweeping service


■ Monitoring compliance with the provisions on periodic inspection, at least once a year, which involves checking the technical condition of gas installations and smoke, flue and ventilation ducts

2.4 Progress made by current policies and measures (PaMs) in reducing emissions and improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union obligations, compared to 2005

2.4.1. Progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions, and the degree of compliance with national and Union emission reduction obligations

Describe progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions, and the degree of compliance with national and Union emission reduction legislation (M)

Poland has achieved the emission limits set for 2010 in the Treaty of Accession of the Republic of Poland to the European Union insofar as Directive 2001/81/EC on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants is concerned. However, Annex II to the Gothenburg Protocol and Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC, set new, much more ambitious goals for reducing the emissions of SO2, NOx, NH3, NMVOCs and PM2.5 to air. However, it must be noted that Directive 2001/81/EC sets national emission levels for SO2, NOx, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NH3, while the NEC Directive

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added a national commitment to reduce PM2.5 emissions. In order to achieve a substantial improvement in air quality in Europe, the directive sets short- and medium-term emission reduction targets until 2020 and 2030. The new ceilings for emissions of pollutants into the air are very strict and satisfying these standards will require comprehensive actions in the energy, transport and municipal and domestic sectors.As is shown by an analysis of historical emission levels, emissions of the air pollutants covered by the NEC Directive in Poland have been declining from year to year. As a result of the implementation of existing emission reduction PaMs, the following emission reductions were attained in 2016 compared to 2005:■ for sulphur dioxide (SO2) the emissions were reduced by 50%,■ for nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 15%,■ for non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) by 15%,■ for ammonia (NH3) by approx. 11%,■ for PM2.5 by 14%.The quantitative data on emission ceilings may change in subsequent years in cases when emissions are recalculated for the base year 2005 as a result of methodology changes or adjustment of historical data on activities in official statistics. These changes stem from continuous improvement of emission estimation methods, which involves the introduction of new, more accurate emission indicators or inclusion of new activities into the individual SNAP categories.By 2016 (inclusive), Poland had complied with the national emission ceilings set for Poland under the Accession Treaty in accordance with the principles laid down in Directive 2001/81/EC (repealed by the NEC Directive). However, notwithstanding the noticeable progress in the reduction of emissions, without additional actions and measures the national emission reduction commitments set out by the NEC Directive for 2020 and 2030 will not be pursued at a sufficient rate for the commitments to be met.SO2 emissions in Poland are mainly produced by energy-related combustion of fuels, mainly coal, in stationary sources, i.e. combustion in energy and transformation industries (SNAP 01 -44.9%), non-industrial combustion plants (SNAP 02 -29.8%), combustion in manufacturing industry (SNAP 03 - 22.3%), and together account for about 97% of national sulphur dioxide emissions. Production processes, in particular refining of mineral oil, coke production, and sulphuric acid production, account for around 2.57% of national SO2 emissions. Mobile sources only account for a fraction of a percent of national SO2 emissions given the low sulphur content in the liquid fuels consumed.In recent years, Poland has attained perceptible reductions in sulphur dioxide emissions. In 2016, the reduction was 50% compared to 2005. In recent years, emission reductions have been mainly attributable to the alignment of the Polish energy sector to the EU’s environmental legislation. The regulations which have contributed most to achieving the reduction of sulphur dioxide emissions are the requirements on compliance with emission standards for large combustion plants included in integrated permits, inter alia BAT conclusions, as well as restrictions on the quality of fuels used in the energy sector and industry.The largest sources of NOX emissions include combustion of fuels in road transport (SNAP 07 -31.8%) and energy and transformation industries (SNAP 01 -24.7%). In the sector of non-industrial combustion plants (SNAP 02), the key share in NOx emissions is represented by households (9.74%), while in agriculture NOx emissions are chiefly attributed to the use of mineral fertilisers (SNAP 10 – 6.0%).As in the case of SO2, reductions of NOx stem from regulations applicable to large combustion plants and those regarding fuel quality standards, but also from the pursuit by Poland of transport strategies, including the introduction of European emission standards, development of road and rail

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infrastructure, as well as expansion and optimisation of public transport. Furthermore, legislation covers emissions from the maritime transport sector (implementation of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships and the Act of 16 March 1995 on the prevention of pollution from ships) and the aviation sector (Regulation of the Minister of Transport, Construction and the Maritime Economy of 7 August 2012 on environmental requirements to be met by aircraft).Processes with the use of solvents (SNAP 06) have the largest share (about 41.5%) in the total emissions of NMVOCs among stationary sources. Non-industrial combustion plants (SNAP 02) are the second largest category of stationary sources in the national NMVOC emissions, with a share of about 19.2% in nationwide emissions. Production processes rank third (13.4%), and road transport fourth (SNAP 07), with a share of approximately 10.4%.In 2016, NMVOC emissions were reduced by 15% compared to 2005. For the most part, NMVOC emission reductions result from the implementation of a number of EU directives on the abatement of VOC emissions produced by the use of organic solvents, including paints and varnishes, and vehicle refinishing products. They have been also produced by alignment to emission standards in installations where NMVOCs are consumed or emitted. In addition, the application and use of NMVOCs is governed by Regulation (EC) No 166/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 January 2006 concerning the establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC and Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/830 of 28 May 2015 amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Agriculture (SNAP 10 – 94%) is the main source of ammonia emissions, with the largest proportion of emissions attributable to livestock excreta (83%), and the remaining 17% to the consumption of nitrogen fertilisers.The remaining sources of ammonia emissions are as follows: road transport (SNAP 07 – 1.6%), waste treatment and disposal (SNAP 09 – 0.6%) and production processes (SNAP 04 – 0.5%). Emissions have been declining year by year. Poland has succeeded in reducing ammonia by approximately 11% relative to the base year 2005. In Poland, given the rather dispersed structure of agricultural holdings and the large number of small farms, ammonia emission reductions are among the most difficult to achieve. The reduction of ammonia emissions is mainly attributable to the implementation of the Nitrates Directive as regards fertiliser management. Another contributing factor is the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy.Non-industrial combustion plants (SNAP 02 – 48.2%) are the main source of PM2.5 emissions in Poland, with the largest proportion of emissions (about 80%) produced by combustion of hard coal and wood by households. The remaining PM2.5 emission sources are combustion in manufacturing industry (SNAP 03 – 19.6%) and energy and heat production (SNAP 01 – 8.7%), road transport (SNAP 07 – 7.3%), and other mobile sources and machinery (SNAP 08 – 6.6%), as well as waste management (SNAP 09 – 1.3%) and production processes (SNAP 09 – 4.5%). Directive 2001/81/EC did not cover PM2.5, as a result of which no emission ceiling for this pollution was set for Poland. Nevertheless, PM2.5 emissions have been gradually reduced, with a decline of 18% between 2005-2015. As in the case of SO2 and NOx, PM2.5 emissions have been reduced considerably as a consequence of the introduction of emission standards both for energy-related combustion and combustion in manufacturing industry.However, there is still a great potential for reducing PM2.5 emissions in the municipal and domestic sector. After the implementation of Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe in Poland, a

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national air quality management system and air quality standards were put in place, which cover, inter alia, the content of PM2.5 in the air. In addition, local governments were granted a new competence to draw up and implement air quality programmes and short-term action plans for zones with exceedances. However, the air quality programmes, which have been prepared for most provinces in Poland, have not produced satisfactory effects, as a result of which the Minister of the Environment decided to draw up a National Air Quality Programme to specify the lines of intervention to achieve improvement of air quality, inter alia as a result of reducing PM2.5 emissions.

Provide complete references (chapter and page) to publicly available supporting datasets (e.g. historic emission inventory reporting) (M)

http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/

Include graphics illustrating the emission reductions per pollutant and/or per main sectors (O)

2.4.2. Progress made by current PaMs in improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union air quality obligations

Describe progress made by current PaMs in improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union air quality obligations by, as a minimum, specifying the number of air quality zones, out of the total air quality zones, that are (non)compliant with EU air quality objectives for NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and O3, and any other pollutant(s) for which there are exceedances (M)Provide complete references (chapter and page) to publicly available supporting datasets (e.g. air quality plans, source apportionment) (M)Maps or histograms illustrating the current ambient air concentrations (for at least NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and O3, and any other pollutant(s) that present(s) a problem) and which show, for instance, the number of zones, out of the total air quality zones, that are (non)compliant in the base year and in the reporting year (O)Where problems are identified in (an) air quality zone(s), describe how progress was made in reducing the maximum concentrations reported (O)

2.4.3. Current transboundary impact of national emission sources

Where relevant, describe the current transboundary impact of domestic emission sources (M)

Progress can be reported in quantitative or qualitative terms.

If no issues were identified, then state that conclusion.

The impact of transboundary emissions on the state of air in the country differs in terms of the type of pollutant, the amount of emission reduction, and distribution of sources within Poland.In addition to emissions from coal-fired power plants and cogeneration plants, and physicochemical transformations in the atmosphere, the influx of transboundary pollution influences the concentrations of what is referred to as background pollution, which results from the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium at higher distances from the emission source. The impact of transboundary emissions is presented in detail in the Air Quality Assessment for 2017 (Ocena jakości powietrza za 2017 r.) which demonstrates that:

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http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/

• sources located outside of the country add to the concentrations of annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 and its precursors, notably in the western provinces and in the Śląskie and Podkarpackie Provinces. The maximum annual mean concentration from these sources in the country reaches 5.92 ^g/m3 (Śląskie Province, Gorzyce Municipality). On average, concentrations in excess of 5.5 ^g/m3 account for 20% to 27% of the annual mean PM2.5 concentrations in the Śląskie Province and up to 39% in the Dolnośląskie Province (Bogatynia Municipality).

• Locally, analyses carried out on the basis of mathematical modelling reveal a considerable share of emissions from sources located outside of Poland. This is mainly the case with areas lying near the state border. In the 2030 horizon, given the anticipated high reduction of PM emissions in Poland, the share of transboundary concentrations will increase, mainly along the eastern border of the country due to the lack of legal regulations towards reduction of emissions after 2020 (the amended Gothenburg Protocol sets reduction until 2020).

• As regards SO2, domestic emissions account for more than 50% of the annual mean concentration, which results from the share of emissions from combustion in energy and transformation industries (SNAP 01). By 2030, the effect of transboundary inflow in the western part of the country is bound to grow, especially for maximum concentrations, as a result of the substantial anticipated abatement of this pollutant in Poland;

• In most of the country, the share of domestic emissions in annual mean NOx concentrations exceeds 75%. A slightly greater transboundary impact is observed along the west and north-west borders;

• For the AOT40 statistic, the share of domestic emissions of ozone precursors amounts to more than 50% in most of the country, and is slightly lower along the west and north-west borders, which is associated with the impact of emissions from road transport (SNAP 07). Domestic emissions of ozone precursors are also primarily responsible for the exceedance of the target value set for health protection.

For the exceedance indexes calculated for SO2 and NOx, no exceedance of concentration limit values has been achieved for the scenarios that take into account the reduction of emissions after the fulfilment of the national emission reduction commitments set out by the NEC Directive for Poland and EU countries.

For PM10 and PM2.5, the area where excessive concentrations are recorded and the population is exposed to excessive concentrations is still substantial, which is attributable to the fact that domestic sources are the greatest contributor to this type of pollution. The impact of transboundary air pollution to exceedances of 24-hours PM10 concentration limits in class C zones is around 10%. In light of the foregoing, substantial improvement in air quality can only be expected if countrywide emissions are reduced. The inflow of pollution from EU countries will be gradually decreasing as the countries fulfil their respective commitments arising under the NEC Directive.

In case quantitative data is used to describe the results of the assessment, specify data and methodologies used to conduct the above assessment (O)

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2.5 Projected further evolution assuming no change to already adopted policies and measures

2.5.1. Projected emissions and emission reductions (WM scenario)

Pollutants (M)

Total emissions (kt), consistent with inventories for year x-2 or x-3 (year to

be specified) (M)

Projected % emission reduction achieved

compared with 2005 (M)

National emission reduction

commitment for 2020-2029

(%) (M)

National emission reduction

commitment from 2030

(%) (M)2005 –

base year2020 2025 2030 2020 2025 2030

SO2

NOx

NMVOCsNH3

PM2.5Outline the associated uncertainties for the WM projections to meet the emission reduction commitments until 2020, 2025 and 2030 onwards (O)Date of emission projections (M) 2019

Where the projected evolution demonstrates non-attainment of the emission reduction commitments under the WM scenario, section 2.6 shall outline the additional PaMs considered in order to achieve compliance.

2.5.2. Projected impact on improving air quality (WM scenario), including the projected degree of compliance

2.5.2.1. Qualitative description of projected improvement in air quality (M)

Provide a qualitative description of the projected improvements in air quality and projected further evolution of degree of compliance (WM scenario) with EU air quality objectives for NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and O3 values, and any other pollutant(s) that present(s) a problem by 2020, 2025 and 2030 (M) Provide complete references (chapter and page) to publicly available supporting datasets (e.g. air quality plans, source apportionment) describing the projected improvement and

National commitments towards the reduction of SO2, NOx, NMVOCs, PM2.5, NH3

emissions set out in the NEC Directive will add to the improvement of air quality. In line with the WAM scenario, a model study of the impact of the assumed reduction of atmospheric pollutant emissions on the level of pollution concentrations in Poland has been prepared. The study includes forecasts for 2025 and 2030. The year 2020 is not included in the study because demonstrating the reduction or avoidance of emissions on the basis of the planned additional measures will require time for them to be implemented, and the expected effect will be noticeable after the year 2020.

The study assumes that the reduction of emissions will be related proportionally to all the sectors. This approach is linked to the fact that in addition to activities for which the timeframe for the attainment of the expected emission reduction effect can be predicted, there are also measures implemented over time and the pace of delivery depends on the behaviour of the market, e.g. the Clean Air Programme, which spans 10 years, its execution, and thus the expected reduction effect, depending on externalities, e.g. interest on the part of the public. Use of this approach is also shown in the graphs presenting the projected 2025 and 2030 concentrations, which are influenced by the anticipated emission reductions.

The study relies on data from the 2005 EMEP emissions inventory at a resolution of 0.1o x 0.1o (used for the 2025 and 2030 projections) and emissions for 2016 for the preparation of the scenario. EMEP data guarantee consistency of the inventory methodologies across Europe.

The EMEP inventory format currently available is presented at a resolution of 0.1o x 0.1o, and was prepared in 2018 for the period 2000-2016. The modelling was based on the following assumptions:

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further changes in the degree of compliance (M)

■ the reduction level was applied proportionally to all sectors of activity;

■ changes in emissions, modification of the national emission reduction commitments set out in the NEC Directive cover all the countries included in the reduction strategy. For countries not included in the NEC Directive, it was assumed that the 2025 and 2030 emission stream is the same as that reported in 2016;

■ for PM10 the reduction factor is identical to that for PM2.5.

Figure 21 Total load of emissions reported for 2005 and 2016 and projection according to the assumptions of the NEC Directive for 2025 and 2030 in Poland

Całkowita emisja [Mg/rok] Total emission [Mg/year]NMLZO NMVOC

Figure 21 presents a summary of the amount of emissions reported by Poland to EMEP for 2005 and 2016 and the amount of emission load forecast according to the assumptions of the NEC Directive for 2025 and 2030. High differences in reduction can be seen depending on the pollutant. In the case of sulphur oxides and, to a slightly smaller extent, nitrogen oxides, the expected reduction is very high, and the emission reduction process has demonstrated considerable progress, which can be seen by comparing the emission volumes in 2005 and 2016.

In the case of volatile organic compounds, the levels of emissions in 2005 and 2016 did not change much and additional measures are needed to attain the targets set for 2025 and 2030. As is shown by the shares of individual sectors in total NMVOC emissions, non-industrial combustion plants (SNAP 02) accounts for 16.9% of the total emissions, ranking second after solvent and other product use (SNAP 06), which contributes 29.6%. Agriculture (SNAP 10) is the third greatest contributor with a 14.7% share. The introduction of additional measures in these sectors will allow the reduction targets set out in the NEC Directive to be attained.

The GEM-AQ air quality model has been used to calculate the concentration of ground-level pollutants. The model is recognised at EU level on the website Copernicus (CAMS50 Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service – Regional Production) and by FAIRMODE (Forum for Air Quality Modelling in Europe). In Poland, the model has been repeatedly used to forecast and analyse nationwide air pollution.

Six simulations spanning one calendar year have been performed:

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■ Three simulations reflected the individual emission reduction scenarios: 2016 – reference scenario, and 2025 and 2030 – forecasts based on the guidelines of the NEC Directive.

■ In order to determine the share of domestic emissions in the ozone concentration trends in Poland and the impact on pollution in neighbouring countries, as well as to assess the impact of transboundary transport of pollutants on observed exceedances of limit values, another three simulations were carried out with excluded anthropogenic emissions over Poland.

All the other elements of the model configuration and input data remained unchanged (“brute-force” sensitivity method for source-oriented models).

The GEM-AQ model was developed on the basis of the GEM (Global Environmental Multiscale Model) numerical weather forecast model used by the Canadian Meteorological Centre (Cote et al., 1998a, 1998b). In the course of the MAQNet project, the meteorological model was extended with a comprehensive troposphere chemistry module. The GEM-AQ model can be used across a wide range of spatial scales: from a global to the meso-Y scale. In GEM-AQ, the description of transport and physical processes is taken from a meteorological model.

The GEM-AQ model calculations were performed on a global grid with variable resolution, with the resolution over Central Europe of about 10 km (Figure 22). Such a configuration ensures that transboundary inflow is properly modelled. The time step used in the calculations was 600 seconds. For the purposes of the analysis, 2017 meteorological fields were used for all simulations performed using the model.

Figure 22 Configuration of the global variable resolution grid: the black square covers an area with a resolution of 10 km, the red line shows the equator in a rotated coordinate system

In respect of anthropogenic emissions, the latest available data reported by MSs under the LRTAP Convention is used for Europe.

In 2018, the EMEP emission base was made available with a higher resolution than previously, i.e. 0.1° x 0.1° (about 10 km). Based on emission data for sulphur oxides,

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SO2 and SO3 emissions were calculated, while NO and NO2 emissions were determined on the basis of data on nitrogen oxides emissions. Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds were disaggregated into substances and groups of substances important for modelling chemical transformations.

ECLIPSE emissions prepared by IIASA were used for areas outside of Europe.

All the meteorological and chemical fields were archived at 1-hour intervals for the following variables:

1) Meteorological variables:

■ Temperature (°C),■ Specific humidity (kg/kg),■ Pressure (hPa);

2) Chemical variables:

■ Concentration of O3,■ Concentrations of NO,■ Concentrations of NO2,■ Concentrations of SO2,■ Concentrations of PM10,■ Concentrations of PM2.5.

The concentrations of pollutants for the lowest layer of the model, which is to represent the “ground-level” values, were converted to ^g/m3, taking into account the molecular mass of pollutants and air density calculated on the basis of instantaneous meteorological parameters: temperature, humidity and pressure.

The calculated diagnostics for individual pollutants covered a scope identical to that used in the annual air quality assessment pursuant to the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 6 June 2018 on the scope and method for reporting air pollution information (Annex 6, paragraph 3), i.e.:

■ Ozone O3

- number of days on which the maximum daily 8-hour running mean concentrations exceeded the target value of 120 ^g/m3,- number of days with the maximum daily concentration exceeding 180 ^g/m3

(information threshold),- number of days with the maximum daily concentration exceeding 240 ^g/m3

(alert threshold),- 93.2th percentile from the annual set of daily maxima of 8-hour running mean concentration,- AOT40 calculated between 8:00 and 20:00 CET in the period 01.05-31.07,■ Nitrogen dioxide NO2

- number of hours with exceedances of the 1-hour value of 200 ^g/m3 in the calendar year,- 99.8th percentile from the annual set of 1-h concentrations,- annual mean concentration;■ Nitrogen oxides (NOx)- annual mean concentration;■ Sulphur dioxide SO2

- number of hours with exceedances of the 1-hour value of 350 ^g/m3 in the calendar year,- number of days with exceedances of the daily value of 125 ^g/m 3 in the calendar year,- 99.7th percentile from the annual set of 1-h concentrations,

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- 99.2th percentile from the annual set of daily concentrations,- average concentration in winter (01.10-31.03),- annual mean concentration;■ PM10- number of days with exceedances of the daily value of 50 ^g/m3 in the calendar year,- 90.4th percentile from the annual set of daily concentrations,- annual mean concentration;PM2.5- annual mean concentration.

Based on the results of modelling for 1-hour values, the following were prepared for the area of Poland:■ Maps of the diagnostics analysed for NO2, NOX, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5;■ Maps of differences in concentration between the baseline and emission scenarios (2025 and 2030).Full information is available in Chapter 5 of the NAPCP

2.5.2.2. Qualitative description of projected improvement in air quality (O)

AAQD values

Projected number of non-compliant air quality zones

Projected number of compliant air quality zones

Total number of air quality zones

Specify base year

2020 2025 2030 Specify base year

2020 2025 2030 Specify base year

2020 2025 2030

PM2.5 (1 year)NO2 (1 year)PM10 (1 year)O3

(maximum 8-hour mean)Other (please specify)

2.6 Policy options considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments for 2020, and 2030, intermediate emission levels for 2025

The information required under this section shall be reported using the ‘Policies and Measures Tool’ (‘PaM tool’) provided for that purpose by the EEA.

The policy which specifies the conditions for the planning and functioning of fuel and energy supply systems has a major impact on the volume of emissions. In 2018, the Draft Energy Policy of Poland until 2040 (EPP2040) and the Draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) were prepared. Given the timeframe for the implementation of the actions provided for by EPP2040, their effects will be felt in the long term. It is anticipated that the proposed actions and lines of intervention will allow the national emission reduction commitment to be satisfied only in 2030 and beyond. This will follow from the change in the fuel mix and an increased share of RES in it, as well as from the commissioning of the first nuclear power plant in Poland, which is expected in 2033.

Poland’s commitments regarding the 15% and 21% shares of RES in 2020 and 2030 respectively have been taken into account in the scenario included in the projections. Also the objective related to improvement of energy efficiency will allow the required 2020 reductions to be attained.

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The recent amendments of air protection legislation following from the adoption at EU level and transposition into Polish law of Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)127 (IED Directive) and the implementing acts thereto and Directive 2015/2193 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from medium combustion plants 1818 will require taking actions that will lead to considerable reduction or avoidance of the emission of pollutants into the air. The legislation will affect all fuel combustion processes, i.e. both combustion in manufacturing industry (SNAP 03) and combustion in energy and transformation industries (SNAP 01). For SNAP 01, there have been noticeable changes as regards the reduction of emissions of SO2, NOx and total PM, and thus PM2.5. For combustion sources with a rated thermal input between 5 MW and 50 MW, the ultimate effect of Directive 2015/2193 will be seen in 2025, and for the smallest sources, i.e. those between 1 MW and 5 MW, in 2030. However, SNAP 03 has also demonstrated gradual reduction in SO2, NOx and total PM emissions. This process is bound to accelerate in the successive years.

Most actions that need to be executed in the near future relate to non-industrial combustion plants, i.e. the municipal and domestic sector. Poland has already implemented some legislative actions relevant for the sector, for example by putting in place requirements for boilers from 0.5 MW to 1 MW and fuel quality regulations. The earliest results of the legislative acts should be noticeable in the 2018 emissions inventory, and its full impact will be observed in 2020 and subsequent years. However, the process of change ensuing from these legislative acts must be supported by state actions at the national, regional and local levels, which is related to the fact that the changes are oriented to the general public and require substantial funding. Measures in the municipal and domestic sector have a direct effect on air quality since emissions from individual heating systems are responsible for what is referred to as “low-stack emissions”. Previous measures specified in both Air Quality Programmes at the regional level and short-term measures have not produced the expected effect. With a view to improving air quality, in September 2018, the Ministry of the Environment launched the ‘Clean Air’ funding scheme and there are plans to introduce new ‘Energy Plus’ and ‘District Heating’ programmes, whose effects will be identifiable after 2025.

However, it must be noted that in order to attain the EU’s long-term air quality objective, which is supported by guidance of the World Health Organization, it will be necessary to ban the burning of solid fuels in the towns where air quality standards are exceeded on a regular basis. Such a ban will entail high heating costs for owners of single-family dwellings due to the higher costs of fuels other than solid fuels. Therefore, in the first place, thermomodernisation must be ensured for 100% of residential buildings, which will reduce heat losses and lower heating bills.

The ‘Clean Air’ programme co-finances activities related to broad improvement of energy efficiency, namely the replacement of old and inefficient heat sources with modern sources that meet the highest standards, e.g. high-efficiency gas, oil, electric, or solid fuel-based (coal, biomass) heat sources. Subsidies can be obtained for carrying out the necessary thermomodernisation works for the building, including the replacement of window frames. The programme is addressed, inter alia, to owners of existing buildings that do not meet the requirements set out in the Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure of 12 April 2002 on the technical conditions to be met by buildings and their siting1919, in particular those regarding the proper insulation of buildings. Many buildings in Poland were erected at a time when no thermal insulation solutions were used, which leads to high energy and heat losses, and given the Polish reality, i.e. production of heat in individual solid fuel-based sources, to emission of pollutants, which results in smog. High heating costs for citizens is another effect of low energy efficiency of buildings. Investments co-financed by the “Clean Air” programme ensure better energy and heat management at home at any time of the year. Thermomodernisation combined with the replacement of windows will allow dwelling occupants to reduce the demand for primary energy (lower fuel consumption to heat the building), and thus avoid emissions. The full effect of the measures will be felt after 10 years of the programme, and the reduction of emissions has been included in the forecasts.

In order to fulfil the national NOx reduction obligations, it is necessary to introduce additional measures in transport, in particular road transport, which accounts for a large portion of nitrogen oxides and PM emissions. Therefore, the WAM scenario includes the reduction potential produced by the Electromobility Development Plan, which is partly financed by a fiscal mechanism based on an emission fee included in the fuel price, which has been in effect since 1 January 2019. The development of electromobility, replacement of the public

1217 OJ L 334, 17.12.2010, p. 17.1818 OJ L 313, 28.11.2015, p. 1.1919 Journal of Laws of 2015, item 1422, as amended.

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transport fleet, and promoting interest in hybrid vehicles will help avoid or reduce NOx and PM. The expansion of the network of expressways, motorways, and long-distance and suburban and urban public transport, as well as changes in public behaviour through transport-related educational campaigns will also contribute to reducing or avoiding air emissions.

NMVOC emissions are primarily attributable to solvent and other product use (SNAP 06), which accounted for 29.6% in 2017. In light of the foregoing, the greatest reduction in NMVOC emissions to date has been produced by the implementation of EU regulations on the reduction of VOC emissions from the use of organic solvents, including paints and varnishes, and vehicle refinishing products. The implementation and application of the provisions set out in the IED Directive concerning the reduction of VOC emissions will contribute to further reductions. As was indicated, actions in the municipal and domestic sector will result in the reduction of this pollution, too. In addition, the road transport sector and actions related to it will produce further reduction of NMVOC emissions, which will allow the reduction objectives set out in the NEC Directive to be attained.

Ammonia emissions originate from agriculture (SNAP 10 – 94%), including animal husbandry and manure management, which contribute 83%, and from consumption of mineral fertilisers, which account for the remaining 17% of emissions. Consequently, in order to achieve the reduction objectives set out in the NEC Directive, it is necessary to implement measures in this sector. “Guidance document on good agricultural practice to reduce ammonia emissions” (Kodeks doradczy dobrej praktyki rolniczej dotyczącej ograniczania emisji amoniaku) has been developed, where specific measures to reduce NH3 emissions are proposed. In addition, the nitrate programme, adopted in 2018 to protect waters, identifies measures that will contribute to reducing ammonia emissions to air, such as storing slurry and manure in covered stores. In addition, in the 2020-2030 period, actions will be conducted among farmers to promote:

■ soil application of urea-based fertilisers;

■ spreading slurries by other methods than splashing;

■ incorporating manures within 12 hours after application to the soil.

The policy options analysed in this document are based on data included in the “Projected emissions of selected pollutants until 2030 for the purposes of Directive 2016/2284”, which were submitted in 2017 and updated in 2019. The WM scenario is based on data provided to the European Commission in fulfilment of the obligation to submit pollution emission projections. Poland submitted a document which estimates the country’s reduction potential on the basis of actions pursued in accordance with applicable law and planned emission reductions following from the alignment of SNAP 01 (combustion in energy and transformation industries) to the BAT conclusions. The WM scenario has been adopted as the baseline for the implementation of PaMs, in particular the Draft Energy Policy of Poland until 2040 and the National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030, following which the areas with the greatest reduction potential have been identified. For the latter, additional measures have been specified which, if implemented and pursued consistently, will allow the national emission reduction commitments for the individual pollutants to be met. The potential of the additional measures is estimated and their list is presented below. The measures included in the scenario with WAM are based on existing ones, whose reduction potential will, however, be perceivable in 2020 and beyond. The additional measures also include solutions adopted by legislative acts whose enactment has been delayed, but which will have an effect on emissions in later years.

The WAM scenario takes into account reduction that ensues from the following:

Bringing large combustion plants into line with BAT conclusions;Adaptation of medium combustion plants to emission standards resulting from Directive 2015/2193;Alignment in the area of the purchase of heat from renewable energy sources and conditions under which installations can be connected to the network;Alignment as regards promotion of electricity from high-efficiency cogeneration;Bringing industrial processes into line with the requirements of the IED Directive and BAT conclusions, which includes the use of organic solvents;The Clean Air programme in the municipal and domestic sector;A package of measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants from road transport:- improving energy efficiency and emissivity of vehicles;- demand management/reduction;- clean transport package;

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- promoting new forms of public mobility;- promoting environmentally aware behaviours among drivers and users of transport services.

■ Compliance by farmers with the requirement to cover slurry and manure stores in line with the Regulation of the Council of Ministers of 5 June 2018 on the adoption of “Action programme to reduce water pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources and to prevent further pollution”. Propagating the following practices among farmers:- soil application of urea-based fertilisers;- spreading slurries by other methods than splashing;- incorporating manures within 12 hours after application to the soil;■ As regards solvent and other product use, activities are consistent with applicable laws, including:- Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 1 March 2018 on emission standards for certain types of installations, fuel combustion plants and incineration plants49);- Regulation of the Minister of Development of 8 August 2016 on reduction of emissions of volatile organic compounds contained in certain paints and varnishes intended for painting buildings and their finishing or furnishing elements, and elements related to buildings and such structural elements, as well as in vehicle refinishing mixtures50);

In addition, the sector of non-industrial combustion plants (SNAP 02) has a large share in NMVOC emissions, accounting for 16.8% of total emissions. In connection with the above, reduction measures targeting this sector will also generate NMVOC reductions. This means that the activities planned in the municipal and domestic sector will add to attaining the reduction target for NMVOC emissions.

The additional measures discussed above will contribute to the achievement of the national emission reduction commitments. Their 2030 potential is presented in Table 21.

Table 21 Emission reduction potential in 2030 in the WM and WAM scenarios.49) Journal of Laws, item 680.50) Journal of Laws, item 1335.

WM [%] WAM [%] WAM-WM [%]SO2 -68 -71.4 +3.4NOx -36 -44.7 +8.7NMVOCs -25 -28.9 +3.9NH3 -1 -17.6 +16.6PM2.5 -45 -58.7 +13.7

The selected additional measures ensue from existing or planned policies, programmes and strategies, and therefore their schedule and implementation, as well as attainment of the assumed objective, will be consistent with them. As a result of the implementation of the measures, Poland will be able to attain the reduction levels. As already indicated, the NAPCP does not provide for new activities or measures, and the WAM scenario is based on those activities whose effect in the form of pollution reduction will be noticeable in the years 2020-2030.

The effect of pursued measures will be verified by assessment of current national emissions.

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Table 23 Individual PaMs or package of PaMs selected for adoption and the competent authorities responsible

2.6.1. Details concerning the PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level)Name and brief description of individual PaM or package of PaMs

Affected pollutant(s), select as appropriate: SO2, NOx, NMVOCs, NH3, PM2.5, (M), Bc2020 as a component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG2121) please specify:

Objectives of individual PaM or package of PaMs

Types of PaMs

Primary, and where appropriate, additional sector(s) affected

Implementation period (for measures selected for implementation)

Authority(ies) responsible for implementation (for measures selected for implementation)

Details of the methodologies used for analysis (e.g. specific models or methods, underlying data)

Quantified expected emission reductions (for individual PaM or for packages of PaMs, as appropriate) (kt, per annum or as a range) compared to WM scenario

Qualitative description of uncertainties (where available):

Start Finish Type Name 2020 2025 2030COMBUSTION IN ENERGY AND TRANSFORMATION INDUSTRIES (SNAP 01)

Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2017/1442 of 31 July 2017 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, for large combustion plants (OJ L 212, 17.08.2017, p. 1).

SO2, NOx, NMVOCs, PM2.5, BC as a component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxins) GHG

Installation of emission abatement technologies;

Source-based pollution control,

Energy supply (comprising extraction, transmission, distribution and storage of fuels as well as energy and electricity production),

2017 2021 Authority competent to issue the integrated permit

Province marshal, starost (head of district), city or town mayor

Aggregate reduction of emission volumes resulting from additional measures in the sector – SNAP 01 NOx-7.04SO2-27.6

PM2.5-0

NOx-5.76SO2-11.07

PM2.5-0.49

NOx-6.70SO2-18.92

PM2.5-0.31

COMBUSTION IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY (SNAP 03)Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 1 March 2018 on emission standards for certain types of installations, fuel combustion plants and waste incineration or co-incineration plants (Journal of Laws, item 680)

SO2, NOx, PM, VOCs Installation of emission abatement technologies; Implementation of pollution reduction technologies

Source-based pollution control

Industrial processes (comprising industrial activities that chemically or physically transform materials leading to greenhouse gas emissions, use of greenhouse gases in products and non-energy uses of fossil fuel carbon),

2018 Authority competent to issue the permit for discharge of gases or PM


Resolution No. 101/2015 of the Council of Ministers of 3 July 2015 on draft amendment to the Transitional National Plan

SO2, NOx, PM, VOCs Installation of emission abatement technologies;


Energy supply (comprising extraction, transmission, distribution and storage of fuels as well as energy and electricity production), industrial processes (comprising industrial

2016 2020 Central government administration

Council of Ministers

2020 Black carbon.2121 Greenhouse gases.

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activities that chemically or physically transform materials leading to greenhouse gas emissions, use of greenhouse gases in products and non-energy uses of fossil fuel carbon),


PM2.5-0

NMVOCs-2.77

NOx-2.50SO2-6.11

PM2.5-2.50

NMVOCs-2.32

NOx-2.90SO2-10.45

PM2.5-1.58

NMVOCs-0

PRODUCTION PROCESSES (SNAP 04)BAT conclusions for the sectors:- metallurgical;- glass; tanning;- cement and lime;- chlor-alkali;- paper;- refinery;- manufacture of wood-

based panels;- non-ferrous metals;- production of large

volume organic chemicals

- waste treatment

SO2, NOx, NMVOC, PM2.5, BC as a component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxins) GHG

Implementation of pollution reduction technologies



Depending on the date of publication

The alignment period depends on the date of publication

Authority competent to issue the integrated permit


Regulation of the Minister of Development of 8 August 2016 on reduction of emissions of volatile organic compounds contained in certain paints and varnishes intended for painting buildings and their finishing or furnishing elements, and elements related to buildings and such structural elements, as well as in vehicle refinishing mixtures (Journal of Laws, item 1335)

NMVOCs Implementation of pollution reduction technologies;- other industrial

processes.



2016 Central government administration

Minister of Development

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Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 1 March 2018 on emission standards for certain types of installations, fuel combustion plants and waste incineration or co-incineration plants (Journal of Laws, item 680)

NMVOCs Installation of emission abatement technologies; Implementation of pollution reduction technologies

Source-based pollution control

Industrial processes (comprising industrial activities that chemically or physically transform materials leading to greenhouse gas emissions, use of greenhouse gases in products and non-energy uses of fossil fuel carbon),

2018 Authority competent to issue the permit for discharge of gases or PM



PM2.5-0

NMVOCs-14.53

NOx-0.88SO2-0.82

PM2.5-0.82

NMVOCs-12.20

NOx-1.02SO2-1.4PM2.5-

0.52NMVOCs-

0

NON-INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTION PLANTS (SNAP 02)Regulation of the Minister of Economic Development and Finance of 1 August 2017 on the requirements to be met by solid fuel boilers, as amended by the Regulation of the Minister of Entrepreneurship and Technology of 21 February 2019 amending Regulation on the requirements for solid fuel boilers (Journal of Laws, item 1690, as amended)


Efficiency improvement of appliances


Energy consumption (comprising consumption of fuels and electricity by end users such as households, services, industry and agriculture)

1.10.2017 Central government administration

Minister of Entrepreneurship and Technology

Regulation of the Minister of Energy of 27 September 2018 on the quality requirements for solid fuels (Journal of Laws, item 1890)


Switch to better quality fuel Source-based pollution control,



Minister of Energy

Regulation of the Minister of Energy of 29 December 2017 on detailed rules for the determination and calculation of tariffs and settlements in trade in electricity trade (Journal of Laws, item 2500, as amended)


Other energy supply Economic instruments



Electricity suppliers

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Clean Air Programme SO2, NOx, NMVOC, PM2.5, BC as a component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxins) GHG

Efficiency improvement of appliances; switch to less carbon-intensive fuels, increase in renewable energy; reducing losses,

Economic instruments


2018 2029 Central government administration

Parliament/ Council of Ministers


PM2.5-0

NMVOCs-7.75

NOx-2.94SO2-7.53

PM2.5-5.51

NMVOCs-6.51

NOx-3.41SO2-12.86

PM2.5-3.48

NMVOCs-0

ROAD TRANSPORT (SNAP 07)A package of measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants from road transport:– improving energy

efficiency and emissivity of vehicles;

- demand management/reduction;

- clean transport package;

- promoting new forms of public mobility;

- promoting environmentally aware behaviours among drivers and users of transport services.

NOx, SO2, PM2.5, BC as a component of PM2.5,

Alternative fuels for vehicles, vessels and aircraft (including electric);- improved social

behaviour;- demand

management/reduction;

- modal shift to public transport or non-motorised transport

Economic instruments, - information, - regulations, - education, - research, - planning,

Transport

Electromobility Development Plan for Poland (electromobility development areas and phases, along with proposed intervention tools)


Alternative fuels for vehicles, vessels and aircraft (including electric),

Economic instruments

Transport 2017

National Framework for Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Development Policy (infrastructure development objectives and tools)



Economic instruments; - regulations, - research

Transport

Low-Emission Transport Fund (financial tool supporting producers and consumers of vehicles powered by alternative fuels)



Fiscal instruments

Transport

Aggregate reduction of emission volumes resulting from additional measures in the sector – SNAP 07 NOx-12.4

SO2-0PM2.5-

0NMVOCs-5.72

NOx-10.15SO2-0

PM2.5-1.21

NMVOCs-4.8

NOx-11.81SO2-0

PM2.5-0.76

NMVOCs-0

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AGRICULTURE (SNAP 10)Prohibition of the use of ammonium carbonate fertilisers

NH3 Other agriculture; - other activities improving cropland management,

Regulations Agriculture

Promoting soil application of urea-based fertilisers among farmers

NH3 Low-emission application of fertiliser/manure on cropland and grassland,

Source-based pollution control; - other agricultural practices; - planning;

Agriculture

Propagating methods of spreading slurries other than splashing among farmers

NH3 Other activities improving cropland management,

Source-based pollution control; - regulations; - other agricultural practices; - planning;

Agriculture 20182020

Environmental Inspector


Promoting incorporation of manures within 12 hours after application to the soil among farmers

NH3 Low-emission application of fertiliser/manure on cropland and grassland,

Source-based pollution control; - other agricultural practices; - planning;

Agriculture 2020 Environmental Inspector


Covering slurry and manure stores in line with the Regulation of the Council of Ministers of 5 June 2018 on the adoption of “Action programme to reduce water pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources and to prevent further pollution” (Journal of Laws, item 1339)

NH3 Improved animal waste management systems;

Regulation Agriculture 2018 Environmental Inspector


Aggregate reduction of emission volumes resulting from additional measures in agriculture (SNAP 10) Methodology according to the 2016 EMEP/EEA Guidebook

NH3-26.32 NOx-2.68

SO2-0PM2.5-

0

NH3-39.05NOx-2.20

SO2-0PM2.5-

0.25

NH3-50.59NOx-2.55

SO2-0PM2.5-

0.16

2.6.2. Impacts on air quality and the environment of individual PaMs or packages of PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (M, where available)

Where available, impacts on air quality (reference can also be made to recommended air quality objectives by the WHO) and environment

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2.6.3. Estimation of costs and benefits of the individual PaM or package of PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (O)

Name and brief description of individual PaM or package

of PaMs

Costs in EUR per tonne of abated pollutant

Absolute costs per year in EUR

Absolute benefits per year

Cost/benefit ratio

Price year

Qualitative description of the cost and benefit

estimates

Add more rows as appropriate.

2.6.4. Additional details concerning the measures from Annex III Part 2 to Directive (EU) 2016/2284 targeting the agricultural sector to comply with the emission reduction commitments

Is the PaM included in the national air pollution

control programme? Yes/No (M)

If yes,– indicate section/page number in the programme: (M)

Has the PaM been applied exactly? Yes/No (M)

If no, describe the modifications that have been made (M)

A. Measures to control ammonia emissions (M)1. Member States shall establish a national advisory code of good agricultural practice to control ammonia emissions, taking into account the UNECE Framework Code for Good Agricultural Practice for Reducing Ammonia Emissions of 2014, covering at least the following items:(a) nitrogen management, taking into account the whole nitrogen cycle;(b) livestock feeding strategies;(c) low-emission fertiliser spreading techniques;(d) low-emission fertiliser storage systems;(e) low-emission animal housing systems;(f) possibilities for limiting ammonia emissions from the use of mineral fertilisers.

YESYes – Guidance document on good agricultural practice to reduce ammonia emissions

2. Member States may establish a national nitrogen budget to monitor the changes in overall losses of reactive nitrogen from agriculture, including ammonia, nitrous oxide, ammonium, nitrates and nitrites, based on the principles set out in the UNECE Guidance Document on Nitrogen Budgets.

NO

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3. Member States shall prohibit the use of ammonium carbonate fertilisers and may reduce ammonia emissions from inorganic fertilisers by using the following approaches:

(a) replacing urea-based fertilisers by ammonium nitrate-based fertilisers;

3. YES – In respect of the prohibition of the use of ammonium carbonate fertilisers;

3a. NO;3b. NO;

YES – As regards the prohibition of the use of ammonium carbonate fertilisers – draft Act on the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme and certain other acts in connection with the transposition of Directive 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants (NEC Directive);

3(c) YES – In accordance with the Action programme to reduce water pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources and to prevent further pollution;

(b) where urea-based fertilisers continue to be applied, using methods that have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 30% compared with the use of the reference method, as specified in the Ammonia Guidance Document;

3c. YES – partly.

(c) promoting the replacement of inorganic fertilisers by organic fertilisers and, where inorganic fertilisers continue to be applied, spreading them in line with the foreseeable requirements of the receiving crop or grassland with respect to nitrogen and phosphorus, also taking into account the existing nutrient content in the soil and nutrients from other fertilisers.4. Member States may reduce ammonia emissions from organic fertilisers by using the following approaches:(a) reducing emissions from slurry and manures application to arable land and grassland, by using methods that reduce emissions by at least 30 % compared with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document and on the following conditions:

4(a)(i) YES partly;

4(a)(ii) YES;

4(a)(i), (ii) YES – In accordance with the Action programme to reduce water pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources and to prevent further pollution;

4(a)(iii), (iv) YES – Measures included in the National Air Pollution Control Programme (NAPCP);

(i) only spreading manures and slurries in line with the foreseeable nutrient requirement of the receiving crop or grassland with respect to nitrogen and phosphorous, also taking into account the existing nutrient content in the soil and the nutrients from other fertilisers;

4(a)(iii) YES – slurries spread by other methods than splashing;

4.b (iii) YES – In accordance with the Action programme to reduce water pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources and to prevent further pollution;

(ii) not spreading manures and slurries when the receiving land is water saturated, flooded, frozen or snow covered;(iii) applying slurries spread to grassland using a trailing hose, trailing shoe or through shallow or deep injection;

4(a)(iv) YES partly – incorporating manures within 12h;

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(iv) incorporating manures and slurries spread to arable land within the soil within four hours of spreading;(b) reducing emissions from manure storage outside of animal houses, by using the following approaches:

4.b (i), (ii) – NO;

(i) for slurry stores constructed after 1 January 2022, using low emission storage systems or techniques which have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 60 % compared with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document, and for existing slurry stores at least 40 %;

4.b (iii) – YES;

(ii) covering stores for solid manure; 4.c – NO;(iii) ensuring farms have sufficient manure storage capacity to spread manure only during periods that are suitable for crop growth;

4.d – NO;

(c) reducing emissions from animal housing, by using systems which have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 20 % compared with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document;(d) reducing emissions from manure, by using low protein feeding strategies which have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 10 % compared with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document.

B. Emission reduction measures to control emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (M)1. Without prejudice to Annex II on cross-compliance of Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council(1), Member States may ban open field burning of agricultural harvest residue and waste and forest residue. Member States shall monitor and enforce the implementation of any ban implemented in accordance with the first subparagraph. Any exemptions to such a ban shall be limited to preventive programmes to avoid uncontrolled wildfires, to control pest or to protect biodiversity.

YESYES

A standard that bans open field burning is provided for by the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development of 9 March 2015 on good agricultural and environmental condition standards (Journal of Laws, item 344, as amended)

Pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013, the standard falls within the scope of cross-compliance, which farmers applying for direct payments and area payments under the RDP are obliged to comply with;

Every year, 1% of beneficiaries are subject to control in this respect;

2. Member States may establish a national advisory code of good agricultural practices for the proper

NO

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management of harvest residue, on the basis of the following approaches:(a) improvement of soil structure through incorporation of harvest residue;(b) improved techniques for incorporation of harvest residue;(c) alternative use of harvest residue;(d) improvement of the nutrient status and soil structure through incorporation of manure as required for optimal plant growth, thereby avoiding burning of manure (farmyard manure, deep-straw bedding).

C. Preventing impacts on small farms (M)In taking the measures outlined in Sections A and B, Member States shall ensure that impacts on small and micro farms are fully taken into account. Member States may, for instance, exempt small and micro farms from those measures where possible and appropriate in view of the applicable emission reduction commitments (M)

NO

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2.7 The policies selected for adoption by sector, including a timetable for their adoption, implementation and review and the competent authorities responsible

2.7.1. Individual PaMs or package of PaMs selected for adoption and the competent authorities responsible

Name and brief description of individual PaM or package of PaMs

Currently planned year of adoption

Currently planned timetable for implementation

Currently planned timetable for review

(if different from general update of the national air pollution control programme every four years)

Competent authorities responsible for the individual PaM or package of PaMsstart year end year

The Energy Policy of Poland until 2040 (EPP2040) sets the strategy of the state in the field of energy. It responds to the key challenges facing the Polish energy sector in the coming decades and sets the development lines for the energy sector, taking into account the tasks to be fulfilled in the short term. EPP2040 envisages the following metrics measuring the delivery of actions and priority lines:■ 60% share of coal in electricity generation in

2030;■ Share of RES in gross final energy

consumption increased to 21% by 2030;■ Deployment of nuclear power in 2033.■ CO2 emissions reduced by 30% until 2030;■ Energy efficiency increased by 23% in 2030

relative to the 2007 projection on primary energy consumption

2019 2019 2040 Every 4 years Minister of Energy

Draft Sustainable Transport Development Strategy until 2030 – sets the main development lines for transport in Poland in the medium term.The strategy applies to all transport sectors: road, rail, air, sea, inland waterway, urban, and intermodal. For reduction purposes, a package of measures has been adopted on the basis of the TDS, which covers the following:■ management and optimisation of the

demand for transport;

2019 2019 2030 Minister of Infrastructure

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■ clean transport package;■ promoting new forms of public mobility;■ promoting environmentally aware

behaviours among drivers and users of transport services.

National Energy Efficiency Action Plan for Poland.The plan includes calculations of the 2009 intermediate energy efficiency target and an indicative 2016 energy efficiency target, as well as a list of energy efficiency improvement programmes, energy services, and other measures to improve energy efficiency by end-use sectors which may be helpful in attaining the milestone and target. For reduction purposes, a package of measures for residential buildings has been adopted;■ improving energy efficiency and emissivity

of vehicles;

2018 2020 Minister of Energy

National Framework for Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Development Policy, which is to support the use of alternative fuels in transport.

2016 2016 Minister of Energy

Regulation of the Minister of Energy of 18 May 2017 on detailed scope of obligations and technical conditions for the purchase of heat from renewable energy sources and conditions under which installations can be connected to the network (Journal of Laws, item 1084)

2017 Minister of Energy

Act of 14 December 2018 on promoting electricity from high-efficiency cogeneration 2019 Minister of Energy

Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 1 March 2018 on emission standards for certain types of installations, fuel combustion plants and waste incineration or co-incineration plants (Journal of Laws, item 1680)

2018 2018 Minister of the Environment

Regulation of the Council of Ministers of 5 June 2018 on the adoption of “Action programme to reduce water pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources and to prevent further pollution” (Journal of Laws, item 1339)

2018 2018 Every 4 years

Minister of Maritime Economy and Inland Navigation, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development

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Strategy for Sustainable Development of Agriculture, Rural Areas and Fisheries for 2012-2020

2018 2020 Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development

Covering slurry and manure stores. Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development

Promoting soil application of urea-based fertilisers among farmers.

Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development,

Propagating methods of spreading slurries other than splashing among farmers. 2020 Minister of Agriculture and

Rural Development;Promoting incorporation of manures within 12 hours after application to the soil among farmers.

2020 Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development;

Prohibition of the use of ammonium carbonate fertilisers. 2019 2020 The Sejm of the Republic of

PolandNational Air Quality Programme and regional air quality programmes.For reduction purposes, measures laid down by the following legislation have been adopted:■ Regulation of the Minister of Economic

Development and Finance of 1 August 2017 on solid fuel boilers (Journal of Laws, item 1690, as amended)

■ Regulation of the Minister of Energy of 27 September 2018 on the quality requirements for solid fuels (Journal of Laws, item 1890)

■ the Act of 5 July 2018 amending the Act on the fuel quality monitoring and control system and the National Treasury Administration Act (Journal of Laws)

01.10.2015 2015 2030 Minister of the Environment

The Clean Air programme, which aims to improve energy efficiency and reduce PM and other pollutant emissions to air from existing single-family residential buildings or from newly built single-family residential buildings.

2018 2018 2029 Minister of the Environment

Regulation of the Minister of Development of 8 August 2016 on reduction of emissions of volatile organic compounds contained in certain paints and varnishes intended for painting buildings and their finishing or furnishing


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elements, and elements related to buildings and such structural elements, as well as in vehicle refinishing mixtures (Journal of Laws, item 1353)

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2.7.2. Explanation of the choice of selected measures and an assessment of how selected PaMs ensure coherence with plans and programmes set up in other relevant policy areas

An explanation of the choice made among the measures considered under 2.6.1 to determine the final set of selected measures (O)Coherence of the selected PaMs with air quality objectives at national level and, where appropriate, in neighbouring Member States (M)Coherence of the selected PaMs with other relevant plans and programmes established by virtue of the requirements set out in national or Union legislation (e.g. national energy and climate plans) (M)

This document has been prepared on the basis of existing or planned policies, plans and strategies. It has been assumed that the actions and measures specified in individual policy documents relating to emission sources will be delivered in line with the timetables and assumptions specified therein. As regards Poland’s energy policy, the NAPCP is aligned to the Draft Energy Policy of Poland until 2040, which will be adopted in 2019 to specify the lines of action and measures contained in the National Energy and Climate Plan.

As regards the air quality policy, account has been taken of the National Air Quality Programme until 2020 (with an outlook to 2030) and 16 Air Quality Programmes, as updated, as well as resolutions of Provincial Assemblies, also referred to as “Anti-Smog Resolutions”, which have been adopted for zones with exceedances.

For the transport sector, the NAPCP is based on the activities provided for by the following documents:

Draft Sustainable Transport Development Strategy until 2030;

National Railway Programme until 2023;

National Road Construction Programme for 2014-2023;

Airport Network and Aviation Ground Facilities Development Programme;

Electromobility Development Plan for Poland;

Plan for sustainable development of public collective transport within the inter-province and international rail passenger transport network.

The work on the NAPCP focused on existing measures and their reduction potential, as well as on defining the obligations for the competent authorities responsible for the

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implementation and enforcement of selected policies, actions and measures, annual monitoring of attained reductions, and reporting on this to the minister responsible for the environment. Based on the information, the Minister of the Environment will analyse reduction progress and assess whether it is necessary to put in place new measures or redesign existing ones.

It must be remembered that in parallel to the NAPCP Poland is preparing the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), which is required by Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, amending Regulations (EC) No 663/2009 and (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Directives 94/22/EC, 98/70/EC, 2009/31/EC, 2009/73/EC, 2010/31/EU, 2012/27/EU and 2013/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 2009/119/EC and (EU) 2015/652 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council, which must include actions that will allow Poland to meet its obligations under EU energy and climate change legislation. The legislative acts which provide for the preparation of the NAPCP and the NECP require demonstrating coherence between these documents. From this point of view, information related, inter alia, to changes in the RES use or energy efficiency targets, or measures oriented to attainment of the GHG reduction target will be essential. All the above information is crucial for the anticipated emissions and the development of strategic options indicating actions and lines of intervention that will allow the objectives of the NEC Directive to be attained. However, revision of the NAPCP will only be possible after the approval of the NECP, whereby the appropriate actions will be selected and a single scenario for implementation formulated. In light of the foregoing, pending the adoption of the documents and deciding on the scenario to be pursued, the NAPCP is based on data included in the “Projected emissions of selected pollutants until 2030 for the purposes of Directive 2016/2284”, which were submitted in 2017 and revised in 2019.

2.8 Projected combined impacts of PaMs (‘With Additional Measures’ – WAM) on emission reductions, air quality and the environment and the associated uncertainties (where applicable)

2.8.1. Projected attainment of emission reduction commitments (WAM)

Pollutants Total emissions (kt), consistent with inventories for year x-2 or x-3

Projected % emission reduction achieved

compared with 2005

National emission reduction commitment

for 2020-2029 (%)

National emission reduction commitment

from 2030 (%)2005 – base year 2020 2025 2030 2020 2025 2030

SO2 1171.17 478.27 414.01 335.29 59. 64.6 71.4 59 70NOx 815.2 569.78 511.36 442.49 30. 37.3 45.7 30 39

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NMVOCs 621.4 464.68 437.76 442.12 25. 29.6 28.9 25 26NH3 324.3 278.78 273.08 267.25 14. 15.8 17.6 1 17PM2.5 160.4 118.63 90.45 65.72 26. 43.6 59.0 16 58Date of emission projections 2019

2.8.2. Non-linear emission reduction trajectory

Where a non-linear emission reduction trajectory is followed, demonstrate that it is technically or economically more efficient (alternative measures would involve entailing disproportionate costs), will not compromise the achievement of any reduction commitment in 2030, and that the trajectory will converge on the linear trajectory from 2025 onwards (M, where relevant)Refer to costs listed in table 2.6.3 as appropriate.

As is shown by analysis of data and information on the trajectory that can be accepted by Poland for it to attain the objectives set by the national emission reduction commitment in the most economically effective manner that is optimal in emission reduction terms, following the linear trajectory between the emission levels set by the 2020 emission reduction commitments and the 2030 emission levels would be very difficult in the first 5 years of the period 2020-2030. This follows from the fact that the measures adopted on the basis of the policies and programmes to be implemented in 2020-2030 are still under way or have just been started, as a result of which attaining gradual reduction in the first five years of the period would be difficult. Therefore the reduction targets set will be attained by following a non-linear reduction trajectory.If a linear trajectory was to be followed, additional measures would need to be imposed on emission sources in the first 5 years so as to ensure that sources in the respective categories meet the obligation to demonstrate the appropriate reduction in emissions of the individual pollutants annually. This would not be economically viable over such a short period. Therefore the pursuit of the pollutant reduction targets will not be linear.

2.8.3. Flexibilities

Where flexibilities are used, provide an account of their use (M) Pursuant to Article 5 of the NEC Directive, flexibilities are envisaged to be applied in the specific circumstances referred to in this article.

Article 5(1) of the NEC Directive provides for a flexibility mechanism related to the calculation of emissions if improved emission inventory methods updated in accordance with scientific knowledge are applied. In addition, the provision envisages that as from 2025 additional conditions will apply to adjustments in case of there being significantly different emission factors or methodologies used for determining emissions from specific source categories in comparison with those which were expected as a result of the implementation of a given norm or standard under Union source-based air pollution control legislation.

Article 5(2) of the NEC Directive provides for flexibility related to weather

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anomalies, i.e. extremely cold winters or extremely dry summers.

Poland will use the flexibility in the case of:

■ the introduction of significant changes to the methodology for calculating or adjusting the emission factors after demonstrating on the basis of findings of the national inspection and enforcement programmes monitoring the effectiveness of transposed Union source-based air pollution control legislation that there are significantly different emission factors not arising from the implementation and enforcement of the law;

■ an exceptionally cold winter or an exceptionally dry summer involving meteorological conditions significantly differing from the multiannual means.

2.8.4. Projected improvement in air quality (WAM)

A. Projected number of non-compliant and compliant air quality zones (O)AAQD values Projected number of non-compliant air

quality zonesProjected number of compliant air

quality zonesTotal number of air quality zones

Specify base year 2020 2025 2030 Specify base year 2020 2025 2030 Specify base year

2020 2025 2030

PM2.5 (1 year)NO2 (1 year)PM10 (1 year)O3 (max 8-hour mean)Other (please specify)

B. Maximum exceedances of air quality limit values and average exposure indicators (O)AAQD values Projected maximum exceedances of air quality limit values across

all zonesProjected average exposure indicator (only for

PM2.5 (1 year))Specify base year 2020 2025 2030 Specify base year 2020 2025 2030

PM2.5 (1 year)NO2 (1 year)NO2 (1 hour)PM10 (1 year)PM10 (24 hrs)O3 (max 8-hour mean)Other (please specify)

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C. Illustrations demonstrating the projected improvement in air quality and degree of compliance (O)Maps or histograms illustrating the projected evolution of ambient air concentrations (for at least NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and O3, and any other pollutant(s) that present(s) a problem) and which show, for instance, the number of zones, out of the total air quality zones, that will be (non)compliant by 2020, 2025 and 2030, the projected maximum national exceedances, and the projected average exposure indicatorD. Qualitative projected improvement in air quality and degree of compliance (WAM) (in case no quantitative data is provided in the tables above)

(O)Qualitative projected improvement in air quality and degree of compliance (WAM)

For annual limit values, projections should be reported against the maximum concentrations across all zones.For daily and hourly limit values, projections should be reported against the maximum number of exceedances registered across all zones.

2.8.5. Projected impacts on the environment (WAM) (O)

Base year used to assess environmental impacts (please specify)

2020 2025 2030 Description

Member State territory exposed to acidification in exceedance of the critical load threshold (%)

Member State territory exposed to eutrophication in exceedance of the critical load threshold (%)

Member State territory exposed to ozone in exceedance of the critical level threshold (%)

Indicators should be aligned with those used under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on exposure of ecosystems to acidification, eutrophication and ozone (https://www.rivm.nl/media/documenten/cce/manual/Manual_UBA_Texte.pdf).

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YES(1) Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 on the financing, management and monitoring of the common agricultural policy and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No 352/78, (EC) No 165/94, (EC) No 2799/98, (EC) No 814/2000, (EC) No 1290/2005 and (EC) No 485/2008 ( OJ L 347, 20.12.2013, p. 549 ) .

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/PL/TXT/?uri=OJ:L:2013:347:TOC

Documents

ec.europa.eu Main … · Web viewA significant improvement was observed in 2011, when the number of zones with exceedances decreased by 7 compared to the previous year. 19 zones