1. General Introduction

2. Regulations

3. Layout

4. Facts about charts and carriage requirements

5. Navigational Symbols Used in NS System

6. IMO Performance Standard

7. IHO ECDIS Chart 1 for ENC

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Table of content

ECDIS Manual clause ...........................................................................................3 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... 4

IMO Regulations....................................................................................................5 Use of Modern Technology................................................................................................... 5 Electronic charts ................................................................................................................... 5 International ECDIS Standards............................................................................................. 6

Layout ....................................................................................................................8

Facts about charts and carriage requirements. .................................................9 What kinds of chart and chart data are available?................................................................ 9 What kinds of paper charts are there?................................................................................ 10 What are official charts? ..................................................................................................... 10 What is an official ENC? ..................................................................................................... 10 How do I recognise an official ENC? .................................................................................. 11 Where can I get official ENC’s? .......................................................................................... 11 What is an official RNC?..................................................................................................... 12 How are charts kept up-to-date? ........................................................................................ 12 Up-dating paper charts ....................................................................................................... 12 Updating official electronic charts ....................................................................................... 12 How do I check that all updates have been applied to the official ENC? ............................ 13 How is an ECDIS approved and by whom?........................................................................ 13 Back up requirements......................................................................................................... 14 Options for back up arrangements...................................................................................... 15 What to do in areas without official ENC coverage?........................................................... 15 Acceptance of ECDIS by port state control......................................................................... 16 What are the requirements for the safe use of ECDIS?...................................................... 17 What are the requirements for ECDIS training? ................................................................. 17

Navigational Symbols Used in Navi-Sailor System .........................................18

IMO RESOLUTION A.817 (19).............................................................................20 Working with the ECDIS Equipment....................................................................................... 39 Case 1.................................................................................................................................... 40 Case 2.................................................................................................................................... 41

IHO ECDIS Chart 1 for ENC................................................................................42

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ECDIS Manual clause This manual is the property of Maersk Training Centre India (hereinafter “MTCI) and is only for the use of Course participants conducting courses at MTCI. This manual shall not affect the legal relationship or liability of MTCI with or to any third party and neither shall such third party be entitled to reply upon it. MTCI shall have no liability for technical or editorial errors or omissions in this manual; nor any damage, including but not limited to direct, punitive, incidental, or consequential damages resulting from or arising out of its use. No part of this manual may be reproduced in any shape or form or by any means electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of MTCI. Copyright © MTCI 2006-09-01 Prepared by: Modified & printed: 01/09/2006 Modified by: mtci Internal reference: Contact MTCI Maersk Training Centre India 135, East Coast Road Kanathur Chennai 603 112 India Phone: +91 44 30973332 Telefax: +91 44 27472804 E-mail: mtci@maerskcadind.com Attn: General Manager

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Abbreviations

Abbreviation Explanation AIS Automatic Identification System ARPA Automatic Radar Plotting Aid ECS CHART Non Official (private) Chart Data (Vector or Raster) ECDIS Electronic Chart Display and Information System ECS Electronic Chart System (Non Complying with SOLAS

Requirements ENC Electronic Navigational Chart ERBL Electronic Range and Bearing Line GPS Global Positioning System HO National Hydrographic Office IC-ENC International Centre for ENC’s, RENC operated by UK

Hydrographic Office IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IHO International Hydrographic Organisation IMO International Maritime Organisation ISO International Organization for Standardization NTM Notices to Mariners PRIMAR STAVANGER

RENC Operated by Norwegian Hydrographic Office

RCDS Raster Chart Display System RENC Regional ENC Coordination Centre RNC Raster Navigational Chart RTCM Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services S-52 IHO’s Special Publication No. 52. IHO Colour and Symbols

Specifications for ECDIS S-57 IHO’s Special Publication No. 57. IHO Transfer Standard for

Digital Hydrographic Data S-61 IHO’s Special Publication No. 61. IHO Product Specification

for Raster Navigational Charts S-62 IHO’s Special Publication NO. 62.IHO Codes for Producing

Agencies S-63 IHO’s Special Publication No. 63. IHO Data Protection

Scheme SATCOM Satellite Communication SENC System ENC SOLAS IMO’s Convention for Safety Of Life At Sea WEND World ENC Database WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984

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IMO Regulations Use of Modern Technology Paper charts has for many years been on of the most important way of getting information. That information can now be presented electronically through electronic chart display and information systems (ECDIS). but it is no longer necessary to limit the information to a two-dimensional picture as in charts. Today's electronic “charts” are, perhaps more appropriately, better described as “navigational information databases” that can be accessed in many ways and the information presented to suit the needs of the seafarer:

- stand-alone, - integrated with radar, or - integrated with radar and automatic identification systems (AIS) to

identify only some possibilities. The developments in navigational equipment technology should perhaps not be seen in isolation. The increased information available to the ship and sent from the ship inevitably has to be monitored, managed and acted upon by the watchkeeper. Integrated systems and increased automation do much to relieve the watchkeeper from the mechanical tasks of keeping a watch, setting courses, plotting positions and altering course but they do not relieve him (or her) of his responsibility to act diligently and in a seamanlike manner. Electronic charts Electronic charts carry out the same function as paper charts - they are used for planning and displaying the route for the intended voyage and monitoring the ship's position throughout the voyage. Electronic chart systems have the advantage of automatically displaying the cartographic data necessary related to the ship's position and they can be automatically updated. Also for the electronic chart it is possible to make queries of displayed objects. The international standard for vector charts has been finalised by the International Hydrographic Organization. Many people accept that ECDIS (vector charts) represent the preferred digital charting system of the future, but raster charts are available today and it may take years before the data necessary to support ECDIS is globally available. The International Hydrographic Organization said in a submission to the Sub-Committee on Safety of Navigation (NAV) in July 1997 (IMO) that the delivery of authorized electronic navigational charts (ENC’s) globally, used in ECDIS, has been slower than expected. It seems like it will take many years before we can use ENC’s globally.

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International ECDIS Standards SOLAS Chapter V, Regulation 19, 2.4: All ship irrespective of size, shall have: Nautical charts and nautical publications to plan and display the ship’s route for the intended voyage and to plot and monitor positions throughout the voyage; an electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS) may be accepted as meeting the chart carriage requirements of this subparagraph. SOLAS Chapter V, Regulation 19, 2.5: Back-up arrangements to meet the functional requirements of subparagraph 2.4, if this function is partly or fully fulfilled by electronic means. Under Regulation 19 of Chapter V of SOLAS all ships are required to carry adequate and up-to-date marine charts (and other nautical publications). The charts' are used for planning and displaying the route for the intended voyage and monitoring the ship's position throughout the voyage. Electronic chart systems have the advantage of automatically displaying the cartographic data necessary related to the ship's position and they can be automatically updated. Vector charts, used in electronic chart display and information systems (ECDIS) have already been accepted as equivalent to paper charts. Performance standards for electronic charts were adopted in 1995, by resolution A.817(19)), which was amended in 1996 by resolution Maritime Safety Committee (MSC).64 (67) to reflect back-up arrangements in case of ECDIS failure. Additional amendments were made in 1998 by resolution MSC 86 (70) to permit operation of ECDIS in RCDS (Raster chart) mode. The 27 November to 6 December 2000 the MSC adopted a revised Chapter V (Safety of Navigation) of SOLAS which enters into force on 1 July 2002. The regulation requires all ships, irrespective of size, to carry nautical charts and nautical publications to plan and display the ship's route for the intended voyage and to plot and monitor positions throughout the voyage. But the ship must also carry back up arrangements if electronic charts are used either fully or partially. The amendments to the ECDIS performance standards indicate which performance standards for vector charts apply equally to raster charts, and add specific specifications for raster charts, covering such aspects as display requirements, alarms and indicators, provision and updating of chart information and route planning. The amendments state that when used in RCDS mode, ECDIS equipment should be used together with an appropriate folio of up-to-date paper charts. These amendments permit ECDIS equipment to operate in two modes: 1. the ECDIS mode when ENC data is used; and 2. the RCDS mode when ENC data is not available. Basically that means that there are two possible backup systems. One is an identical ECDIS system using the official Vector Charts, another backup arrangement could be an up-to-date paper chart port folio. However, the RCDS mode does not have the full functionality of ECDIS, and can only be used together with an appropriate portfolio of up-to-date paper charts as backup system.

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Because of the differences of the to ECDIS modes the attention is therefore drawn to the following limitations of the RCDS mode: 1. unlike ECDIS where there are no chart boundaries, RCDS is a chart-based system similar to

a portfolio of paper charts;

2. raster navigational chart (RNC) data, itself, will not trigger automatic alarms (e.g. anti-grounding). However, some alarms can be generated by the RCDS from user-inserted information. These can include: • • • •

clearing lines ship safety contour lines isolated dangers danger areas.

3. horizontal datums and chart projections may differ between raster charts (RNC). Mariners should understand how the chart horizontal datum relates to the datum of the position fixing system. In some instances, this may appear as a shift in position. This difference may be most noticeable at grid intersections and during route monitoring;

4. chart features cannot be simplified or removed to suit a particular navigational circumstance or task at hand. This could affect the superimposition of radar/ARPA;

5. without selecting different scale charts, the look-ahead capability may be somewhat limited. This may lead to some inconvenience when determining range and bearing or the identity of distant objects;

6. orientation of the RCDS display to other than chart-up, may affect the readability of chart text and symbols (e.g., course-up, route-up);

7. it may not be possible to interrogate RNC features to gain additional information about charted objects;

8. it is not possible to display a ship's safety contour or safety depth and highlight it on the display, unless these features are manually entered during route planning;

9. depending on the source of the RNC, different colours may be used to show similar chart information. There may also be differences in colours used during day and night time;

10. an RNC should be displayed at the scale of the paper chart. Excessive zooming in or zooming out can seriously degrade RCDS capability, for example, by degrading the legibility of the chart image;

11. mariners should be aware that in confined waters, the accuracy of chart data (i.e., paper charts, ENC or RNC data) may be less than that of the position-fixing system in use. ECDIS provides an indication in the ENC which allows a determination of the quality of the data.

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Layout

Experience has shown that you will not find the same type of installation and setup on all Maersk vessels. That is due to the different bridge setup and the equipment available. All ECDIS equipment installed on board will be type approved and fulfil the minimum requirement given by the IMO, IHO and IEC. Minimum requirement interfaces are Log, Position and Gyro. Most vessels will have interfaced the ECHO Sounder, the ARPA Radar. Also all system will have a backup arrangement. In a typical ECDIS equipment it is possible to connect the Autopilot, NavTex, AIS, Anemometer and a Slave to the master station. To gain the full benefit of the system it is also required to have a printer connected.

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Facts about charts and carriage requirements. Following text is partly taken from a publication by the Primar Stavanger and IC-ENC (UK) The text can be found in full on the internet at Primar Stavanger, IC-ENC (UK) or at the Danish Hydrographic Office web page (kms.dk). What kinds of chart and chart data are available? Nautical charts can be distributed in analogue form, as paper charts or digitally, as chart data in raster or vector form, and are available from a variety of sources, both governmental and private. A raster chart is basically just a scanned and passive image of a paper chart, where a vector chart corresponds to a digital analysis by object (points, lines, areas etc.)

There are basically two types of electronic charts, vector and raster. Raster charts

A raster chart is basically just a scanned image of a paper chart. It is a computer-based system which uses charts issued by, or under the authority of, a national Hydrographic office, together with automatic continuous electronic positioning, to provide an integrated navigational tool.

Vector Charts

A vector chart is more complex. In a vector chart, each point on the chart is digitally mapped, allowing the information to be used in a more sophisticated way, such as clicking on a feature (for example, a lighthouse) to get all the details of that feature displayed.

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What kinds of paper charts are there? There are three kinds of nautical paper charts:

• Original charts, established from hydrographic and other surveys and produced by the relevant national authority;

• “Facsimile” charts, are exact reproductions or copies of original charts. In some cases however the facsimile may be ”modified” to the publishers language and adapted to the distinct style of the publisher. In these circumstances the hydrographic content of the chart remains unchanged; and

• Recompiled charts, reproduced from original charts. The recompilation may be to a different scale, omitting information from the original chart and changing the appearance of the original chart.

Recompiled and facsimile charts will be delayed in publication time compared to the original charts. There is no synchronisation between the Notices to Mariners for the original charts and Notices to Mariners for recompiled or facsimile charts produced by other nations. What are official charts? Charts issued by or on the authority of a Government, authorized Hydrographic Office or other relevant government institutions are official and may be used to fulfil carriage requirements provided they are kept up to date). All other nautical charts are by definition not official and are often referred to as private charts. These charts are not accepted as the basis for navigation under the SOLAS convention. There are two kinds of official digital charts commonly available;

• Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) and • Raster Navigational Charts (RNC).

What is an official ENC?

ENC stands for “Electronic Navigational Chart”. The term was originally introduced for digital chart data complying with the IHO chart data transfer standard S-57. By IMO definition ENC’s can only be produced by or on the authority of a government authorised Hydrographic Office or other relevant government institution; however the term ENC is not protected and has been widely (and incorrectly) used by private organisations to refer to their own products.

Official ENC’s have the following attributes:

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• ENC content is based on source data or official charts of the responsible Hydrographic Office;

• ENC’s are compiled and coded according to international standards; • ENC’s are referred to World Geodetic System 1984 Datum (WGS84); • ENC content is the responsibility of the issuing Hydrographic Office; • ENC’s are issued only by the responsible Hydrographic Office; and • ENC’s are regularly updated with official update information distributed digitally.

How do I recognise an official ENC? When you are buying: Only authorized distributors sell official ENC’s as an ENC service, which includes the delivery of update information. The distributors are authorized either directly by the originating Hydrographic Office or by a cooperation of Hydrographic Offices. When used in an ECDIS: ECDIS distinguishes an official ENC from unofficial data. When unofficial data is used, ECDIS informs mariners that they must navigate by means of an official up to date paper chart by a warning, which appears continuously on the screen. If unofficial data is shown on the ECDIS display, its boundary is to be identified by a special line style. This boundary is visualized as a “one-sided” RED line with the diagonal stroke on the non-HO side of the line.

Further the mariner can use an ECDIS function to interrogate the chart display to obtain the chart details like information on originator, edition number and status of updating. Where can I get official ENC’s? The International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) provides an interactive web catalogue (www.iho.shom.fr) displaying the status of worldwide ENC production. This system has pointers for guiding users to ENC suppliers and distributors.

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What is an official RNC? RNC means “Raster Navigational Chart”. Official RNC’s are digital raster copies of official paper charts conforming to IHO Product Specifications RNC (S-61). By definition RNC’s can only be issued by, or on the authority of, a national Hydrographic Office. Official RNC's have the following attributes:

• RNC’s are a facsimile of official paper charts; • RNC’s are produced according to international standards; • RNC content is the responsibility of the issuing Hydrographic Office; and • RNC’s are regularly updated with official update information distributed digitally.

The IMO performance standards for ECDIS states that where official ENC’s are not available, RNC’s may be used in ECDIS to meet carriage requirements. However, when the ECDIS is using RNC’s it should be used together with an appropriate folio of up to date paper charts. How are charts kept up-to-date? In order to meet carriage requirements, official charts must be kept corrected by Notices to Mariners issued by Hydrographic Offices. Up-dating paper charts The content of the “Notices to Mariners” has to be manually inserted onto the paper chart. If the amount of change is too large to be inserted manually, a new version of the chart is issued. Updating official electronic charts Official electronic charts are kept up to date by applying regular, for example weekly, update information to the chart data via a data file. The update file may be transferred by wireless transmission, or by a suitable media e.g. CD. The actual updating is applied automatically by the ECDIS to its chart database. This is the referred update method. A standard function of ECDIS is the capability of updating the ENC manually on the screen. Objects retrieved from the Notices to Mariners and applied manually to the ENC are marked on the ENC display with an additional orange indicator.

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How do I check that all updates have been applied to the official ENC? Updates to official ENC’s are sequential, and the sequence is unique to each ENC. A standard ECDIS functionality is the verification that all updates in the sequence have been applied. Thus an indication will be given if an update to a specific ENC has been missed and updating is no longer possible until this missed update is added to the sequence. Verification of the application of updates can be found in the list of updates already applied, which the ECDIS is required to keep. Should all available ENC’s show the same date for the latest update, it is likely that they have not been updated regularly, and the distributor should be contacted for verification. Furthermore it is possible to use traditional sources of information, such as Notices to Mariners, to verify updates. How is an ECDIS approved and by whom? To ensure that ECDIS equipment intended for onboard use is seaworthy, it must:

• Pass type approval.

Type approval is a method to show conformance with IMO requirements on a legal base – it is initiated and required by all flag states, which are Member States of the European Union and by many others outside including United States, Japan and Australia. ECDIS type approval is the certifications process that ECDIS equipment must undergo before it will be considered to comply with the IMO Performance Standards for ECDIS by the international shipping community. Type approval is normally conducted by recognized organisations or by marine classification societies nominated by Flag States. Some maritime nations also have type approval programs within their maritime safety administration or Department of Marine Transportation. European Governments within the European Union have agreed about mutual recognition of their ECDIS type approval certificates – indicated by the so-called “Wheel Mark” sign of conformity - by the so-called Maritime Equipment Directive.

• Pass test procedures developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) based on the ECDIS Performance Standards of IMO

At the request of IMO, the IEC established the operational methods of testing for an IMO-compliant ECDIS. For each of the sections contained in the IMO Performance Standards for ECDIS, IEC developed appropriate test requirements, procedures and required test results. Recognized organisations are making use of this test standard to conduct their type approval process. This also applies to each of the various ECDIS related specifications provided in the current versions of IHO S-52 and IHO S-57 and associated appendices. The IEC ECDIS Test Standard is contained in IEC Publication 61174. In addition IEC 61174 refers to the application of other test standards to an ECDIS. In particular to IEC 60945, containing general requirements for robustness of the device against

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environmental influences and for software design, and IEC 61162 for data interfacing.

• applying the IHO requirements, S-52 and S-57 in particular.

Meeting Carriage Requirements with ECDIS Only a type approved ECDIS operating with up to date official ENC’s and with appropriate back up may be used to replace all paper charts on a vessel. Where official ENC’s are not yet available, IMO regulations allow Flag States to authorise the use of official raster charts (together with an appropriate folio of paper charts) - see section below. In all other cases the vessel must carry all paper charts necessary for its intended voyage.

Back up requirements No electronic system is completely failsafe. IMO Performance Standards therefore require that the ”overall system” include both a primary ECDIS and an adequate independent back up arrangement that provides:

• Independent facilities enabling a safe take over of the ECDIS functions in order to ensure that a system failure does not result in a critical situation; and

• A means to provide for safe navigation for the remaining part of the voyage in case of ECDIS failure.

However, these rather basic statements allow considerable leeway and there are various interpretations as to what are the minimum functional requirements, or what constitute ”adequate” back up arrangements. IMO added Appendix 6 to the performance standards for ECDIS back up requirements, which lists the required functions and availability requirements of back up arrangements, including;

• Chart information using the latest official edition that are kept up-to-date for the entire voyage;

• Route planning capable of performing route planning functions, including taking over the route plan of the primary system, and adjusting a planned route;

• Route monitoring enabling take-over of the route monitoring function originally performed by the primary system, including plotting own ship’s position and displaying the planned route; and

• Voyage recording that keeps a record of the ship’s actual track, including positions and corresponding times.

The definition of these key functional requirements still leaves open what technical solutions constitute adequate back up arrangements.

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Options for back up arrangements There are a number of possible options that could meet these requirements, including:

• A second ECDIS connected to an independent power supply and a separate GPS position input;

• An appropriate up-to-date folio of official paper charts for the intended voyage; • An ECDIS operating in the RCDS mode of operation; and • A radar-based system called ”Chart-Radar” according to IMO Performance Standards for

Chart Radar. What to do in areas without official ENC coverage? In 1998 the IMO recognised that it would take some years to complete the world’s coverage of ENC’s. As a consequence IMO ECDIS Performance Standards were amended adding a new optional mode of operation of ECDIS, the Raster Chart Display System (RCDS) mode. In this mode RNC’s can be used in ECDIS to meet SOLAS carriage requirements for nautical charts. However, this is only allowed if approved by the Flag State. The intention of those changes was to allow the ECDIS to operate as far as possible on official chart data; official ENC’s where they were available and official RNC's to fill in the gaps. IMO took note of the limitations of RNC’s as compared to ENC’s, and the revised ECDIS Performance Standards require that the ECDIS must be used together with “an appropriate folio of up-to-date paper charts” for the areas where RCDS mode is employed. The intention was to allow the number of paper charts carried by a vessel to be reduced where RCDS mode was employed, but only to a level compatible with safe navigation. No definition of an “appropriate folio” was provided by IMO and consequently different Flag States developed individual interpretations. As there is no common interpretation of the term “appropriate” ship owners should consult their flag state as to whether RCDS mode is allowed and under what conditions. In areas where ENC’s or RNC’s are not available vessels must carry all paper charts necessary for the intended voyage.

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Acceptance of ECDIS by port state control Ships arriving at a port may be subject to port state control by local officials based on flag state regulations and international agreements. In Europe the port state control acts on the regulations set out in the Paris Memorandum of Understanding. Its ECDIS guidelines explain how a port state control Officer (PSCO) should assess whether a ship is using electronic charts in accordance with SOLAS requirements. Checks may include whether:

• The ship has documentation indicating that the system complies with IMO Performance Standards for ECDIS. In the absence of such documentation, the PSCO should seek confirmation from the Flag State that the system does meet the statutory requirements;

• The system is being used for primary navigation. It should be established if ECDIS is used in the ENC mode or RCDS mode or in both modes;

• There are written procedures onboard the vessel for using ECDIS; • The master and watch-keeping Officers are able to produce appropriate documentation

that generic and type-specific ECDIS familiarisation has been undertaken; • The charts used for the intended voyage are the latest official editions; • The charts in use are updated; and • There are approved back up arrangements available to ensure a safe transfer of the

ECDIS functions in the event of ECDIS failure and to provide safe navigation for the remaining part of the voyage.

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What are the requirements for the safe use of ECDIS? The safe use of ECDIS requires the mariner to be trained and appropriate bridge procedures to be established. What are the requirements for ECDIS training? The STCW (Standards of Training, Certification and Watch-keeping) and ISM (International Safety Management) codes put the responsibility firmly on the ship-owner to ensure that mariners on their vessels are competent to carry out the duties they are expected to perform. If a ship is fitted with ECDIS, the ship-owner has a duty to ensure that users of such a system are properly trained in the operation and use of electronic charts and are familiar with the shipboard equipment before using it operationally at sea. There is no specific regulation or reference to ECDIS systems in the STCW Convention. However, since ECDIS systems are related to electronic charts, references about them are considered to be included in the material covered by the word “chart”:

• Following the functional approach, the Officer in charge of navigational watch must have “thorough knowledge of and ability to use navigational charts and publications, […]”;

• The methods for demonstrating competence are “using chart catalogues, charts, navigational publications, […] electronic navigation equipment […]”;

• Criteria for evaluating competence are stated as “The charts selected are the largest scale suitable for the area of navigation and charts and publications are corrected in accordance with the latest information available”; and

• Finally, a candidate for certification must provide evidence of skills and ability to prepare for and conduct a passage, “including interpretation and applying information from charts”.

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Navigational Symbols Used in Navi-Sailor System

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IMO RESOLUTION A.817 (19)

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR ELECTRONIC CHART DISPLAY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS (ECDIS)

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The primary function of the ECDIS is to contribute to safe navigation.

1.2 ECDIS with adequate back-up arrangements may be accepted as complying with the up-to-date charts required by regulation V/19 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention.

1.3 In addition to the general requirements for ship borne radio equipment forming part of the global maritime distress and safety system (GMDSS) and for electronic navigational aids contained in IMO resolution A.694 (17) , ECDIS should meet the requirements of this performance standard.

1.4 ECDIS should be capable of displaying all chart information necessary for safe and efficient navigation originated by, and distributed on the authority of, government authorized hydrographic offices.

1.5 ECDIS should facilitate simple and reliable updating of the electronic navigational chart.

1.6 ECDIS should reduce the navigational workload compared to using the paper chart. It should enable the mariner to execute in a convenient and timely manner all route planning, route monitoring and positioning currently performed on paper charts. It should be capable of continuously plotting the ship's position.

1.7 ECDIS should have at least the same reliability and availability of presentation as the paper chart published by government authorized hydrographic offices.

1.8 ECDIS should provide appropriate alarms or indications with respect to the information displayed or malfunction of the equipment (see Appendix 5).

2. DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of these performance standards:

2.1 Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) means a navigation information system which with adequate back-up arrangements can be accepted as complying with the up-to-date chart required by regulation V/20 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention, by displaying selected information from a system electronic navigational chart (SENC) with positional information from navigation sensors to assist the mariner in route planning and route monitoring, and if required display additional navigation-related information.

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2.2 Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC) means the database, standardized as to content, structure and format, issued for use with ECDIS on the authority of government authorized hydrographic offices. The ENC contains all the chart information necessary for safe navigation and may contain supplementary information in addition to that contained in the paper chart (e.g. sailing directions) which may be considered necessary for safe navigation.

2.3 System Electronic Navigational Chart (SENC) means a database resulting from the transformation of the ENC by ECDIS for appropriate use, updates to the ENC by appropriate means and other data added by the mariner. It is this database that is actually accessed by ECDIS for the display generation and other navigational functions, and is the equivalent to an up-to-date paper chart. The SENC may also contain information from other sources.

2.4 Standard Display means the SENC information that should be shown when a chart is first displayed on ECDIS. Depending upon the needs of the mariner, the level of the information it provides for route planning or route monitoring may be modified by the mariner.

2.5 Display Base means the level of SENC information which cannot be removed from the display, consisting of information which is required at all times in all geographic areas and all circumstances. It is not intended to be sufficient for safe navigation.

2.6 Further information on ECDIS definitions may be found in IHO Special Publication S-52, Appendix 3 (see Appendix 1).

3. DISPLAY OF SENC INFORMATION

3.1 ECDIS should be capable of displaying all SENC information.

3.2 SENC information available for display during route planning and route monitoring should be subdivided into the following three categories, Display Base, Standard Display and All Other Information (see Appendix 2).

3.3 ECDIS should present the Standard Display at any time by a single operator action.

3.4 When a chart is first displayed on ECDIS, it should provide the Standard Display at the largest scale available in the SENC for the displayed area.

3.5 It should be easy to add or remove information from the ECDIS display. It should not be possible to remove information contained in the Display Base.

3.6 It should be possible for the mariner to select a safety contour from the depth contours provided by the SENC. ECDIS should emphasize the safety contour over other contours on the display.

3.7 It should be possible for the mariner to select a safety depth. ECDIS should emphasize soundings equal to or less than the safety depth whenever spot soundings are selected for display.

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3.8 The ENC and all updates to it should be displayed without any degradation of their information content.

3.9 ECDIS should provide a method to ensure that the ENC and all updates to it have been correctly loaded into the SENC.

3.10 The ENC data and updates to it should be clearly distinguishable from other displayed information, such as, for example that listed in Appendix 3.

4. PROVISION AND UPDATING OF CHART INFORMATION

4.1 The chart information to be used in ECDIS should be the latest edition of that originated by a government authorized hydrographic office, and conform to IHO standards.

4.2 The contents of the SENC should be adequate and up-to-date for the intended voyage to comply with regulation V/20 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention.

4.3 It should not be possible to alter the contents of the ENC.

4.4 Updates should be stored separately from the ENC.

4.5 ECDIS should be capable of accepting official updates to the ENC data provided in conformity with IHO standards. These updates should be automatically applied to the SENC. By whatever means updates are received, the implementation procedure should not interfere with the display in use.

4.6 ECDIS should also be capable of accepting updates to the ENC data entered manually with simple means for verification prior to the final acceptance of the data. They would be distinguishable on the display from ENC information and its official updates and not affect display legibility.

4.7 ECDIS should keep a record of updates including time of application to the SENC.

4.8 ECDIS should allow the mariner to display updates in order to review their contents and to ascertain that they have been included in the SENC.

5. SCALE ECDIS should provide an indication if: 5.1 The information is displayed at a larger scale than that contained in the ENC; or 5.2 Own ship's position is covered by an ENC at a larger scale than that provided by the display.

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6. DISPLAY OF OTHER NAVIGATIONAL INFORMATION

6.1 Radar information or other navigational information may be added to the ECDIS display. However, it should not degrade the SENC information and it should be clearly distinguishable from the SENC information.

6.2 ECDIS and added navigational information should use a common reference system. If this is not the case, an indication should be provided.

6.3 Radar

6.3.1 Transferred radar information may contain both the radar image and ARPA information.

6.3.2 If the radar image is added to the ECDIS display, the chart and the radar image should match in scale and in orientation.

6.3.3 The radar image and the position from the position sensor should both be adjusted automatically for antenna offset from the conning position.

6.3.4 It should be possible to adjust the displayed position of the ship manually so that the radar image matches the SENC display.

6.3.5 It should be possible to remove the radar information by single operator action.

7. DISPLAY MODE AND GENERATION OF THE NEIGHBOURING AREA

7.1 It should always be possible to display the SENC in a "north-up" orientation. Other orientations are permitted.

7.2 ECDIS should provide for true motion mode. Other modes are permitted.

7.3 When true motion mode is in use, reset and generation of the neighbouring area should take place automatically at a distance from the border of the display determined by the mariner.

7.4 It should be possible to change manually the chart area and the position of own ship relative to the edge of the display.

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8. COLOURS AND SYMBOLS

8.1 IHO recommend colours and symbols should be used to represent SENC information.

8.2 The colours and symbols other than those mentioned in 8.1 should be those used to describe the navigational elements and parameters listed in Appendix 3 and published by IEC.

8.3 SENC information when displayed at the scale specified in the ENC should use the specified size of symbols, figures and letters.

8.4 ECDIS should allow the mariner to select whether own ship is displayed in true scale or as a symbol.

9. DISPLAY REQUIREMENTS

9.1 ECDIS should be capable of displaying information for:

9.1.1 Route planning and supplementary navigation tasks;

9.1.2 Route monitoring.

9.2 The effective size of the chart presentation for route monitoring should be at least 270 mm by 270mm.

9.3 The display should be capable of meeting colour and resolution recommendations of IHO.

9.4 The method of presentation should ensure that the displayed information is clearly visible to more than one observer in the conditions of light normally experienced on the bridge of the ship by day and by night.

10. ROUTE PLANNING, MONITORING AND VOYAGE RECORDING

10.1 It should be possible to carry out route planning and route monitoring in a simple and reliable manner.

10.2 ECDIS should be designed following ergonomic principles for user-friendly operation.

10.3 The largest scale data available in the SENC for the area given shall always be used by the ECDIS for all alarms or indications of crossing the ship's safety contour and of entering a prohibited area, and for alarms and indications according to Appendix 4.

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10.4 Route Planning

10.4.1 It should be possible to carry out route planning including both straight and curved segments.

10.4.2 It should be possible to adjust a planned route by, for example:

10.4.2.1 Adding waypoints to a route;

10.4.2.2 Deleting waypoints from a route;

10.4.2.3 Changing the position of a waypoint;

10.4.2.4 Changing the order of the waypoints in the route.

10.4.3 It should be possible to plan an alternate route in addition to the selected route. The selected route should be clearly distinguishable from the other route.

10.4.4 An indication is required if the mariner plans a route across an own ship's safety contour.

10.4.5 An indication is required if the mariner plans a route across the boundary of a prohibited area or a geographic area for which special conditions exist (see Appendix 4).

10.4.6 It should be possible for the mariner to specify a limit of deviation from the planned route at which activation of an automatic off-track alarm should occur.

10.5 Route monitoring

10.5.1 For route monitoring the selected route and own ship's position should appear whenever the display covers that area.

10.5.2 It should be possible to display a sea area that does not have the ship on the display (e.g. for look ahead, route planning), while route monitoring. If this is done on the display used for route monitoring, the automatic route monitoring functions (e.g. updating ship's position, and providing alarms and indications) should be continuous. It should be possible to return to the route monitoring display covering own ship's position immediately by single operator action.

10.5.3 ECDIS should give an alarm if, within a specified time set by the mariner, own ship will cross the safety contour.

10.5.4 ECDIS should give an alarm or indication, as selected by the mariner, if within a specified time set by the mariner, own ship will cross the boundary of a prohibited area or of a geographical area for which special conditions exist (see Appendix 4).

10.5.5 An alarm should be given when the specified limit for deviation from the planned route is exceeded.

10.5.6 The ship's position should be derived from a continuous positioning system of an accuracy consistent with the requirements of safe navigation. Whenever possible, a second independent positioning method of a different type should be provided; ECDIS should be capable of identifying discrepancies between the two systems.

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10.5.7 ECDIS should provide an indication when the input from the position fixing system is lost. ECDIS should also repeat, but only as an indication, any alarm or indication passed to it from a position fixing system.

10.5.8 An alarm should be given by ECDIS if the ship, within a specified time or distance set by the mariner, will reach a critical point on the planned route.

10.5.9 The positioning system and the SENC should be on the same geodetic datum. ECDIS should give an alarm if this is not the case.

10.5.10 It should be possible to display an alternative route in addition to the selected route. The selected route should be clearly distinguishable from the other routes. During the voyage, it should be possible for the mariner to modify the selected sailing route or change to an alternative route.

10.5.11 It should be possible to display:

10.5.11.1 time-labels along ships track manually on demand and automatically at intervals selected between 1 and 120 minutes; and

10.5.11.2 an adequate number of: points, free movable electronic bearing lines, variable and fixed range markers and other symbols required for navigation purposes and specified in Appendix 3.

10.5.12 It should be possible to enter the geographical co-ordinates of any position and then display that position on demand. Also, it should be possible to select any point (features, symbol or position) on the display and read it's geographical co-ordinates on demand.

10.5.13 It should be possible to adjust the ship's geographic position manually. This manual adjustment should be noted alpha-numerically on the screen, maintained until altered by the mariner and automatically recorded.

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10.6 Voyage recording

10.6.1 ECDIS should store and be able to reproduce certain minimum elements required to reconstruct the navigation and verify the official database used during the previous 12 hours. The following data shall be recorded at one minute intervals:

10.6.1.1 To ensure a record of own ship's past track: time, position, heading, and speed; and

10.6.1.2 To ensure a record of official data used: ENC source, edition, date, cell and update history.

10.6.2 In addition, ECDIS should record the complete track for the entire voyage, with time marks at intervals not exceeding 4 hours.

10.6.3 It should not be possible to manipulate or change the recorded information.

10.6.4 ECDIS should have a capability to preserve the record of the previous 12 hours and of the voyage track.

11. ACCURACY

11.1 The accuracy of all calculations performed by ECDIS should be independent of the characteristics of the output device and should be consistent with the SENC accuracy.

11.2 Bearings and distances drawn on the display or those measured between features already drawn on the display should have an accuracy no less than that afforded by the resolution of the display.

12. CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER EQUIPMENT

12.1 ECDIS should not degrade the performance of any equipment providing sensor inputs. Nor should the connection of optional equipment degrade the performance of ECDIS below this standard.

12.2 ECDIS should be connected to systems providing continuous position fixing, heading and speed information.

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13. PERFORMANCE TESTS, MALFUNCTIONS ALARMS AND INDICATIONS

13.1 ECDIS should be provided with means for either automatically or manually carrying out on-board tests of major functions. In case of a failure, the test should display information to indicate which module is at fault.

13.2 ECDIS should provide a suitable alarm or indication of system malfunction.

14. BACK-UP ARRANGEMENTS

14.1 Adequate back-up arrangements should be provided to ensure safe navigation in case of an ECDIS failure.

14.1.1 Facilities enabling a safe take-over of the ECDIS functions should be provided to avoid that an ECDIS failure develops into a critical situation.

14.1.2 A back-up arrangement should be provided facilitating means for safe navigation of the remaining part of the voyage in case of an ECDIS failure.

15. POWER SUPPLY

15.1 It should be possible to operate ECDIS and all equipment necessary for its normal functioning when supplied by an emergency source of electrical power in accordance with the appropriate requirements of chapter II-1 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention.

15.2 Changing from one source of power supply to another or any interruption of the supply for a period of up to 45 seconds should not require the equipment to be manually re-initialized.

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APPENDIX 1 The following international organizations have developed technical standards and specifications, as listed below, for use in conjunction with this standard; the latest edition of these documents should be obtained from the organization concerned:

INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION (IHO) Address: Directing Committee

International Hydrographic Bureau BP 445 MC 98011 Monaco Cedex Principality of Monaco

Phone: +377 93 10 81 00 Fax: +377 93 25 20 03

Publications Special Publication No. S-52: "Specifications for Chart Content and Display Aspects of ECDIS". S-52 Appendix 1: "Guidance on Updating the Electronic Navigational Chart" . S-52 Appendix 2: "Colour and Symbol Specifications for ECDIS". S-52 Appendix 3: "Glossary of ECDIS-related Terms". Special Publication No. S-57: "IHO Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data".

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION (IEC) Address: IEC Central Office

3 rue de Varembe PO Box 131 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland

Phone: +41 22 734 01 50 Fax: +41 22 733 38 43

Publications

IEC Publication 1174: "Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) - Operational and Performance Requirements, Method of Testing and Required Test Results".

IEC Publication 945: "General Requirements for Ship borne Radio Equipment Forming Part of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System and Marine Navigational Equipment".

IEC Publication 1162: "Digital Interfaces - Navigation and Radio communication Equipment On board Ship".

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APPENDIX 2

SENC INFORMATION AVAILABLE FOR DISPLAY DURING ROUTE PLANNING AND ROUTE MONITORING

1. Display base, permanently retained on the ECDIS display, consisting of:

1.1 Coastline (high water);

1.2 Own ship's safety contour, to be selected by the mariner;

1.3 Indication of isolated underwater dangers of depths less than the safety contour which lie within the safe waters defined by the safety contour;

1.4 Indication of isolated dangers which lie within the safe water defined by the safety contour such as bridges, overhead wires, etc., and including buoys and beacons whether or not these are being used as aids to navigation;

1.5 Traffic routeing systems;

1.6 Scale, range, orientation and display-mode;

1.7 Units of depth and height.

2. Standard display, to be displayed when the chart is first displayed by ECDIS, consisting of:

2.1 Display Base

2.2 Drying line

2.3 Indication of fixed and floating aids to navigation

2.4 Boundaries of fairways, channels, etc.

2.5 Visual and radar conspicuous features

2.6 Prohibited and restricted areas

2.7 Chart scale boundaries

2.8 Indication of cautionary notes

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3. All other information displayed individually on demand, for example:

3.1 Spot soundings

3.2 Submarine cables and pipelines

3.3 Ferry routes

3.4 Details of all isolated dangers

3.5 Details of aids to navigation

3.6 Contents of cautionary notes

3.7 ENC edition date

3.8 Geodetic datum

3.9 Magnetic variation

3.10 Graticule

3.11 Place names

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APPENDIX 3

NAVIGATIONAL ELEMENTS AND PARAMETERS 1 Own ship.

1.1 Past track with time marks for primary track.

1.2 Past track with time marks for secondary track.

2 Vector for course and speed made good.

3 Variable range marker and/or electronic bearing line.

4 Cursor.

5 Event.

5.1 Dead reckoning position and time (DR).

5.2 Estimated position and time (EP).

6 Fix and time.

7 Position line and time.

8 Transferred position line and time.

8.1 Predicted tidal stream or current vector with effective time and strength (in box).

8.2 Actual tidal stream or current vector with effective time and strength (in box).

9 Danger highlight.

10 Clearing line.

11 Planned course and speed to make good. Speed is shown in box.

12 Waypoint.

13 Distance to run.

14 Planned position with date and time.

15 Visual limits of lights arc to show rising/dipping range.

16 Position and time of "wheel over".

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APPENDIX 4

AREAS FOR WHICH SPECIAL CONDITIONS EXIST The following are the areas which ECDIS should detect and provide an alarm or indication under sections 10.4.5 and 10.5.4:

• Traffic separation zone • Traffic routeing scheme crossing or

roundabout • Traffic routeing scheme

precautionary area • Two-way traffic route • Deepwater route • Recommended traffic lane • Inshore traffic zone • Fairway • Restricted area • Caution area • Offshore production area • Areas to be avoided • Military practise area • Seaplane landing area • Submarine transit lane • Ice area • Channel • Fishing ground • Fishing prohibited • Pipeline area • Cable area • Anchorage area • Anchorage prohibited • Dumping ground • Spoil ground • Dredged area • Cargo transhipment area • Incineration area • Specially protected areas

ECDIS CourseMTCI APPENDIX 5

ALARMS AND INDICATIONS

Section

Requirements Information

10.3

10.4.6

10.5.3

10.5.4

10.5.5

10.5.8

10.5.9

13.2

5.1

5.2

6.2

10.4 4

10.4.5

10.5.7

13.1

Alarm or Indication

Alarm

Alarm

Alarm or Indication

Alarm

Alarm

Alarm

Alarm or Indication

Indication

Indication

Indication

Indication

Indication

Indication

Indication

Largest scale for alarm

Exceeding off - track limits

Crossing safety contour

Area with special conditions

Deviation from route

Approach to critical point

Different geodetic datum

Malfunction of ECDIS

Information overscale

Larger scale ENC available

Different reference system

Route planning across safety contour

Route planning across specified area

Positioning system failure

Position test failure

In this Performance Standard the definitions of Indicators and Alarms provided in the IMO publications "Code on Alarms and Indicators" (IMO-867E) apply.

Alarm: An alarm or alarm system which announces by audible means, or audible and visual means, a condition requiring attention.

Indicator: Visual indication giving information about the condition of a system or equipment.

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BACK-UP REQUIREMENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

As prescribed in section 14 of this performance standard, adequate independent back-up arrangements should be provided to ensure safe navigation in case of ECDIS failure. Such arrangements include:

1.1 Facilities enabling a safe take-over of the ECDIS functions in order to ensure that an ECDIS failure does not result in a critical situation;

1.2 A means to provide for safe navigation for the remaining part of the voyage in case of ECDIS failure.

2. PURPOSE

The purpose of an ECDIS back-up system is to ensure that safe navigation is not compromised in the event of ECDIS failure. This should include a timely transfer to the back-up system during critical navigation situations. The back-up system shall allow the vessel to be navigated safely until the termination of the voyage.

3. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Required functions and their availability

3.1.1 Presentation of chart information

The back-up system should display in graphical (chart) form the relevant information of the hydrographic and geographic environment which are necessary for safe navigation.

3.1.2 Route planning

The back-up system should be capable of performing the route planning functions, including:

3.1.2.1 Taking over of the route plan originally performed on the ECDIS;

3.1.2.2 Adjusting a planned route manually or by transfer from a route planning device.

3.1.3 Route monitoring

The back-up system should enable a take-over of the route monitoring originally performed by the ECDIS, and provide at least the following functions:

3.1.3.1 Plotting own ship’s position automatically, or manually on a chart;

3.1.3.2 Taking courses, distances and bearings from the chart;

3.1.3.3 Displaying the planned route;

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3.1.3.4 Displaying time labels along ship’s track;

3.1.3.5 Plotting an adequate number of points, bearing lines, range markers, etc., on the chart.

3.1.4 Display information

If the back-up is an electronic device, it should be capable of displaying at least the information equivalent to the standard display as defined in this performance standard.

3.1.5 Provision of chart information

3.1.5.1 The chart information to be used should be the latest editions of that originated by a government hydrographic office, and based on IHO standards.

3.1.5.2 It should not be possible to alter the contents of the electronic chart information.

3.1.5.3 The chart or chart data edition and issuing date should be indicated.

3.1.6 Updating

The information displayed by the ECDIS back-up arrangements should be up-to-date for the entire voyage.

3.1.7 Scale

If an electronic device is used, it should provide an indication:

3.1.7.1 If the information is displayed at a large scale than that contained in the database; and

3.1.7.2 If own ship’s position is covered by a chart at a larger scale than that provided by the system.

3.1.8 If radar and other navigational information are added to an electronic back-up display, all the corresponding requirements of this performance standard should be met.

3.1.9 If an electronic device is used, the display mode and generation of the neighbouring area should be in accordance with section 7 of this performance standard.

3.1.10 Voyage recording

The back-up arrangements should be able to keep a record of the ship’s actual track, including positions and corresponding times.

3.2 Reliability and accuracy

3.2.1 Reliability

The back-up arrangements should provide reliable operation under prevailing environmental and normal operating conditions.

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3.2.2 Accuracy

Accuracy shall be in accordance with section 11 of this performance standard.

3.3 Malfunctions, warnings, alarms and indications

If an electronic device is used, it should provide a suitable indication of system malfunction.

4. OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

4.1 Ergonomics

If an electronic device is used, it should be designed in accordance with the ergonomic principles of ECDIS.

4.2 Presentation of information

4.2.1 Colours and symbols used in the back-up arrangements should be based on IHO recommendations.

4.2.2 If an electronic device is used, the effective size of the chart presentation shall be in accordance with section 9.2 of this performance standard.

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5. POWER SUPPLY

If an electronic device is used:

5.1 the back-up power supply should be separate from the ECDIS; and

5.2 conform to the requirements in this ECDIS performance standard.

6. CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER EQUIPMENT

6.1 If an electronic device is used, it should:

6.1.1 Be connected to systems providing continuous position-fixing capability; and

6.1.2 Not degrade the performance of any equipment providing sensor input.

6.2 If radar with selected parts of the ENC chart information overlay is used as an element of the back-up, the radar should comply with Resolution A.477(XII), as amended

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Working with the ECDIS Equipment Your have many procedures to deal with in your daily work. But when we turn to one of the newest and most comprehensive equipment on board, you will not find any procedure given from the IMO or the Company. ECDIS has been in the industry for many years. Some of you have much experience and some have less experience. To make sure that we use the equipment in the most efficient way and to align the procedures when working with the equipment you are asked to discuss the following questions. What kind of settings in the ECDIS equipment do you find important to check before taking over the Watch? To ensure the most effective and safe use of the ECDIS equipment you want to set down some general bridge procedures. What kind of procedures do you believe is important? In the group discuss the two questions. Present your group findings and conclusions to the rest of the class.

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Case 1 MS Sleipner, disaster November 26, 1999 Vessel Particulars:

• High-speed craft • Speed at accident was 35 knots

Squall and dangerous significant wave heights,

In route from Hagesund to Bergen in Norway. The chief officer observed the Store Bloksen rocks straight ahead. The captain immediately gave full speed astern, but that didn’t prevent the craft from running onto the rocks at high speed. Of the 85

passengers and crew members onboard, 69 persons were picked up alive; 15 found dead, and one person still missing. The damage to the hulls was extensive. Just over 30 minutes after running aground, the main section of the craft went down. Question:

• Could the grounding have been avoided having ECDIS on board?

• Would other kind of navigational equipment assist in avoiding the grounding? • What kind of settings would be appropriate in ECDIS under the circumstances? • Given the right ECDIS settings, what kind of alarm would ECDIS be able to give before

the grounding?

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Case 2 High-speed craft MS Sleipner, disaster November 26, 1999 Grounding of MV KAI Vessel Particulars:

• German owned vessel • LOA 73 m • On ECDIS on board

In route from Korsør to Fredericia. In the conditions of medium visibility, the course was changed without double-checking the position. The ship ran aground at 10 knots. The vessel followed the planned route. Total loss - DM 398,802.35,

Shipowner’s direct loss – DM 15,000 on the lost freight Question:

• Could the grounding have been avoided having ECDIS on board? • Would other kind of navigational equipment assist in avoiding the grounding? • What kind of settings would be appropriate in ECDIS under the circumstances? • Given the right ECDIS settings, what kind of alarm would ECDIS be able to give before

the grounding?

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IHO ECDIS Chart 1 for ENC International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) has published a set of charts, where you can find examples of used symbology in S57. You can study them with "Info/Help" and by changing different layer ON and OFF in "Chart Display". Everything is visible if you select all layers from "Standard" and "Other" sheets ON. To open IHO ECDIS Chart 1 on display, press CHART PLAN button and select IHO ECDIS Chart 1. Note that chart AA5C1WOO is intended to help you to select suitable monitor brightness and contrast for current lightning condition.

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Short introduction to interpret display of S57 charts Following examples gives you a short introduction to features of S57 charts which may not be obvious without some basic knowledge.

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