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Electrical for Chemical Engineers Lab Manual
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THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
ECE 2208b Electrical Instrumentation and Measurement
LABORATORY MANUAL
2010-2011
THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
ECE 2208b Electrical Instrumentation and Measurement
LABORATORY MANUAL
written by Hanif M. Ladak
Lyudmil Marinov
edited by Ilia G. Polushin
2010-2011
1 of 3 THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
ECE 2208b – Electrical Instrumentation and Measurement
Course Outline for Winter 2011
Objective: The objective of the course is provide the student with essential principles of basic circuit analysis, digital logic circuits, transducers and electronic instruments for measurement of physical quantities. By the end of this course, the student is expected to design and analyze electric circuits, design simple logic circuits and be acquainted with various types of electrical and electronic instruments used for measurement of physical quantities. Contact Hours: 3 lecture hours/week, four 3-hours/semester, 0.5 course Antirequisites: ECE 2205a/b Prerequisites: AM 1411a/b, AM 1413, Physics 1026, ES 1036a/b or CS 1026a/b or the former CS 036a/b Corequisites: AM 2415 or AM 2411 Restrictions: Limited to students in the Chemical Engineering program. Unless you have either the requisites for this course or written special permission from your Dean to enrol in it, you will be removed from this course and it will be deleted from your record. This decision may not be appealed. You will receive no adjustment to your fees in the event that you are dropped from a course for failing to have the necessary prerequisites. Topics: 1. Introduction to electric circuits. Electric circuits basics. Charge, current and voltage. Power and energy.
Kirchhoff's laws. Resistances. Voltage and current sources. Direct current (DC) vs. alternating current (AC).
2. Electric and electronic circuits. Basic resistive circuits analysis: circuit simplification, node-voltage and mesh current analysis, superposition principle, Thévenin's and Norton's theorems. Inductance and capacitance. Transient and steady-state response. AC circuits basics. Diodes: basic concepts, model, and characteristics. Operational Amplifiers: inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, construction of adders, differentiators and integrators.
3. Digital logic circuits. Basic logic gates. Binary algebra operations. Boolean algebra. Truth tables. Simple logic circuit designs. Combinational and sequential logic circuits.
4. Transducers and measuring instruments. Sensors and transducers. Concepts of error and accuracy. Transducers types and applications.
General Learning Objectives:
Knowledge Base √√√√ Individual Work √√√√ Ethics and Equity Problem Analysis √√√√ Team Work √√√√ Economics and Project
Management
Investigation √√√√ Communication Life-Long Learning Design √√√√ Professionalism Engineering Tools √√√√ Impact on Society
Course Materials: 1. Allan R. Hambley, Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey, 5th Edition, 2011, ISBN: 0132130068. 2. ECE 2208b: Laboratory manual (The manual can be purchased in the UWO Bookstore).
2 of 3
Reference Materials: 1. J.R. Cogdell, Foundations of Electric Circuits, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1999. 2. R.B. Northrop, Introduction to instrumentation and measurements, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton,
Florida, 2nd Edition, 2005. Units: SI, U.S. and Imperial Units CEAB: ES 100% Laboratory : All FOUR laboratories must be completed. The student is required to obtain at least 50% in this component. The schedule of the laboratory sessions will be announced in class and posted on the course website (WebCT). Computing: Students are advised to learn to use calculators which perform matrix algebra and simple calculus, and handle complex numbers. Basic programming skills will be advantageous. Assignments: Five equally-weighted assignments will be given during this course. Solutions will be collected and graded. Evaluation: To obtain a passing grade in the course a mark of 50% or more must be achieved on both the laboratory component and the final examination. A final examination mark or lab average <50%, or any laboratory absences will result in a final course grade of 48% or less. The following table reflects the weights of each of the course components in relation to the final mark: Component Weight Maximum Penalties* Assignments 10% 5% Midterm test 20% 5% Laboratory 20% 20% Final examination 50% 5% * Use of English: In accordance with the policy of the University, the grade assigned to all written and oral work presented in English shall take into account syntax, diction, grammar and spelling. In the professional life of an engineer, the manner in which oral and written communications are presented is extremely important. An engineering student must develop these skills as an integral part of the undergraduate program. To encourage the student to do so, the grade assigned to all written and oral work will take into account all aspects of presentation including conciseness, organization, neatness, use of headings and the preparation and use of tables and figures. All work will be marked first for content after which a penalty not to exceed the maximum shown may be applied for lack of proficiency in English and/or presentation. Faculty of Engineering Policy on Repeating All Components of the Course: Students who are required to repeat an Engineering course must repeat all components of the course. No special permissions will be granted enabling a student to retain laboratory, assignment or test marks from previous years. Previously completed assignments and laboratories cannot be resubmitted for grading by the student in subsequent years. Missed Midterm Policy: If a student misses the midterm test, the test will not be rescheduled. The student must follow the instructions for student who have missed tests (attached) and provide appropriate documentation to their
3 of 3 Department within 24 hours of the missed test. The Department will decide whether to allow the reweighting of the test; reweighting means the marks normally allotted for the test will be added to the final exam. If no reasonable justification for missing the test can be found, then the student will receive a mark of zero on the test. Attendance: Attendance in all lab sessions is mandatory. Any student who, in the opinion of the instructor is absent too frequently from class, will be reported to the Dean (after due warning has been given). On the recommendation of the Department concerned, and with the permission of the Dean, the student will be debarred from taking the regular examination in the course. Calculators: Only non-programmable calculators are permitted in the midterm test and the final examination. Calculators’ memories must be cleared before the midterm test and the final examination. Plagiarism: Students must write their essays and assignments in their own words. Whenever students take an idea, or a passage from another author, they must acknowledge their debt both by using quotation marks where appropriate and by proper referencing such as footnotes or citations. University policy states that cheating, including plagiarism, is a scholastic offence. The commission of a scholastic offence is attended by academic penalties that might include expulsion from the program. If you are caught cheating, there will be no second warning. (See Scholastic Offence Policy in the Western Academic Calendar). Course Website: A course website at http://webct.uwo.ca/ will be maintained. Assignments, drills, laboratory exercises, lab timetable, submission deadlines, announcements, etc. would be posted on the website for electronic viewing. It is the student’s responsibility to read the website and be aware of any information that is posted about the course. If the student fails to act on information that has been posted on the website and does so without a documented explanation (i.e. medical reasons), then there are NO grounds for an appeal. Accessibility: Please contact the course instructor if you require material in an alternate format or if any other arrangements can make this course more accessible to you. You may also wish to contact Services for Students with Disabilities (SSD) at 661-2111 x 82147 for any specific question regarding an accommodation. Course Instructor: Dr. Joseph Awad Office: Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute Phone: 519-663-5777 ext. 24278 Email: [email protected] Submission Lockers: To be announced.
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$#2*.&34*,1. To learn the internal connections of a typical breadboard.2. To construct a breadboard layout from a schematic diagram.3. To connect and use an ohmmeter without causing damage to the instrument.4. To correctly connect a voltmeter to a circuit.5. To correctly connect an ammeter in a circuit.6. To interpret ohmmeter, voltmeter and ammeter ranges.
Starting in Lab 3, you will be expected to know how to use the multimeters and oscilloscope (Lab 2) as well as how to construct circuits on the breadboard. Your performance in the lab will be marked. Please make sure that at the end of Labs 1 and 2 you understand how to use the instruments and the breadboard. Simply following instructions without understanding how to make measurements independently is not sufficient.
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!"#$%&'()*+,-'./01.','20%3"04'05'3/&'6%&,760,%7'0$38"4&7'"4'!"#$%&'()() The main part of the board consists of sets of holes. The holes are actually sockets that have spring clips inside in order to make electrical contact with any component lead that may be inserted into the hole. Each set of holes is connected internally. Figure 1.2(b) schematically illustrates by means of lines which sets of holes are connected together internally. The two sets of horizontal sockets at the top of the board (designated by +5V, +V, -V and GND signs) are commonly called “Power Bars,” and are internally connected to the built-in power supplies. Notice that the socket interconnections for the “Components Fields” run only horizontally. Vertical connections exist only in “Vertical Bars” below the power bars. The vertical bars are used to supply power to your circuits however they are not internally connected to the built-in power supplies. Therefore you could use the vertical bars to supply power to your circuit both from the internal and the external power sources.
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Figure 1.3(a) is a schematic diagram of a DC circuit consisting of two resistors, R1 and R2, in series with each other. Figure 1.3(b) shows how the circuit would be laid out on a breadboard. Note that the two resistors share a common node in the schematic diagram, and this is realized by connecting one lead of R1 and one lead of R2 to the same set of holes on the breadboard, i.e., a set of connected holes on the breadboard represents a single node in the circuit.
(a) Schematic diagram (b) Breadboard layoutFigure 1.3 Example of connecting a circuit with two resistors in series.
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Figure 1.4(a) shows two resistors in parallel with each other, and Figure 1.4(b) shows the breadboard layout. Components such as resistors and capacitors can be connected to a breadboard by inserting their leads directly into holes. Wires can be used to form connections between components on the breadboard. Simply strip approximately 1 cm of insulation off of each end of the wire and insert the bare end directly into a hole.
(a) Schematic diagram (b) Breadboard layoutFigure 1.4 Example of connecting a circuit with two resistors in parallel.
Figure 1.5 (a) shows an example of a circuit, consisting of serial and parallel-connected resistors, which will be used during this lab for resistance, voltage and current measurements. The breadboard layout of this circuit is shown in Figure 1.5 (b).
(a) Schematic diagram (b) Breadboard layoutFigure 1.5 Circuit that you will connect in this lab.
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Although you may not understand all of the features of the Proto-Board and some of the rules for circuit wiring at present, please read them now and refer to them for future labs.An example for correct component connection is shown in Figure 1.6 (a).The following typical connection mistakes are shown in Figure 1.6 (b):
! Integrated Circuit (IC) A is inappropriately connected to the power supply bus;! IC B is improperly placed over the component field and its pins are short-connected by
the breadboard;! Component C is short-connected by the power bus;! Component D is short-connected by the internal breadboard connection;! Component D and wire E are connected together to the same breadboard socket.
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Ohmmeters are used to measure the resistance of a component or a group of components. However, some precautions must be observed before connecting the component or group across the meter’s probes. Ohmmeters differ significantly from voltmeters or ammeters in that they use their own power supply to accomplish a resistance measurement. Both voltmeters and ammeters use power from the circuit under test, thus the circuit must remain energized. A circuit must be de-energized before a resistance measurement can be made. Simply opening the circuit where it is desired to measure resistance can do this. Care must be taken that the circuit is not closed by the ohmmeter itself. Detailed procedures for using all meters described in this and the following two sections are given in the “Procedures” section; however, some precautions are noted below.N'2"%515.'8%514%4#8#25.%:,.2#:)2)*$%5*)%535#.57.)%#1%2")%.57?%O,.2#:)2)*$%-)*:#2%3'.258)C%
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Suppose we wish to measure the value of R1 in Figure 1.5, we need to observe the following: 1. Before starting measurements, be sure that DC power supply is disconnected from the
measured circuit as shown in Figure 1.9(a).2. At least one end of the measured component or Group should be disconnected from the
rest of the circuit as shown in Figure 1.9(b).=A>
3. For a more accurate measurement, carefully select a range which provides the greatest number of digits in the display.
(a) (b) (c)Figure 1.9 Steps in connecting an ohmmeter. (a) Disconnect power supply. (b) Disconnect one
end of component to be measured. (c) Connect meter across terminals of component.
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The flow of current in a circuit is much like the flow of water through a pipe. For this reason, the current must be made to pass through the meter to make a measurement. Referring to Figure 1.11, the easiest way to remember how to do this is as follows. The measured circuit in Figure 1.11(a) must be physically broken before a current measurement can be accomplished, as shown in Figure 1.11(b). When a circuit is broken at a location, it leaves a hole with two wire ends available. The ammeter must be connected to each of these wire ends, thus completing the circuit again. The positive lead of the ammeter, marked as “A”, should be connected to the wire end nearest to the positive side of the energy source. The negative lead of the ammeter, marked as “COM” should be connected to the wire end nearest to the negative side of the power source, shown in Figure 1.11(c). The current I that originally flowed through the point of interest must now flow through the ammeter, which is now located at the point of interest.
(a) (b) (c)Figure 1.11 Steps in using an ammeter. (a) Current I to be measured. (b) “Break” circuit.
(c) Insert ammeter.
Precautions:1. Be sure to break the circuit and insert the ammeter in the resulting hole. Start on a high
range and successively reduce ranges until the maximum number of digits are displayed (digital) or a reasonably high deflection (analog) is obtained.
2. Be extremely careful to connect the ammeter in series with the line in which a measurement is required; never connect an ammeter in parallel with a component.
3. Some meters require that one or more test leads be plugged into different sockets from those used for voltage measurement; consequently, care must be taken when switching back and forth between current and voltage measurements.
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The different types of trigger settings are shown in Table 2.6.
ZRU
Menu Settings CommentsEdge With the Edge highlighted the rising or falling edge of the input
signal is used for the triggerSlope Rising
FallingSelect to trigger on either the rising or falling edge of the signal
Source CH1CH2EXTEXT/5AC Line
Select the input source as the trigger signal – some of the input channels, external source, external source with signal divided by 5 or 60Hz AC power line.
Mode AutoNormalSingle
Use Normal mode to trigger only on a valid trigger.Use Auto mode to let the acquisition free-run in the absence of a valid trigger. Use Single mode to capture a single acquisition of an event.
Coupling
ACDCNoise RejectHF RejectLF Reject
Select the components of the trigger signal applied to the trigger circuitry
!"#$%&'()!Different types of trigger settings.
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Push the MEASURE button to access the automated measurement capabilities. There are five measurements available and the ability to display up to four at a time. The upper “Soft Key” allows you to choose between the Source of the signal and the Type of measurement to be performed. With Source highlighted, you define the channel you want the measurement to be performed on each of the other four “Soft Keys” positions. By pressing of each key you could choose either CH1 or CH2 signal to be measured.
With the Measure menu displayed and Type highlighted, you define the menu structure by selecting the type of measurement to display in each of the available four menu locations.
Making measurementsYou can display up to four automated measurements at a time for a single waveform, or divided between the two waveforms. The waveform channel must be ON (displayed) to make a measurement. Automated measurements cannot be taken on reference or math waveforms or while using XY or Scan mode. The different types of measurements are shown in Table 2.8.
Menu Settings CommentsType With the Type highlighted choose the type of measurement to
display next to the on-screen-menu button ( “Soft Key”).Cyc RMS Provides a true RMS measurement of one completed cycle of the
waveformMean Provides the arithmetic MEAN voltage over the entire recordPeriod Provides the time for one cyclePk-Pk Provides the absolute difference between the maximum and
minimum peaks of the entire waveformFreq Provides the frequency of the waveformNone
!"#$%&'()!Different types of measurements
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1. Study the function generator shown in Figures 2.1 and 2.2, along with the explanations of the various controls described in Table 2.1.
"# Study the 0$>!"45!oscilloscope shown in Figures 2.4 to 2.8, along with the explanations of the various controls described in Tables 2.2 to 2.8 and Appendix E.
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Figure 2.9 Test circuit connections.
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2. Set the digital voltmeter to AC mode.3. Set the frequency of the generator to 1 kHz sine wave, and reduce the RMS amplitude to 300
mV as measured on the voltmeter. To lower the signal amplitude, pull out the AMPLITUDE knob (Figure 2.2. No. 12) and turn it.
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=" Try switching from a sine waveform to square and triangle waveforms, and observe the effects upon the voltmeter reading. Record the voltmeter measurements into Table 2.9 in the Lab Measurements Sheet. Sketch the waveforms on CH1 and CH2 into the graphs in question 9 of the Lab Measurements Sheet.(
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NOTE: Questions are related to observations, and must be answered as a part of the procedure of this experiment.
1. Does the vertical POSITION control alter the shape or size of the displayed waveform in any way?
2. If a higher VOLTS/DIV position is selected, does the observed waveform become larger vertically, or smaller?
3. Does the VOLTS/DIV switch position affect the displayed waveform horizontally?
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5. Describe the effect of the vertical magnification switch on the appearance of the display, and on the VOLTS/DIV selected position.
6. Does the VOLT/DIV control affect the shape of the waveform or its position?
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8. If the SEC/DIV switch is changed from 1 ms/DIV to 500 µs/DIV, will you see more or fewer cycles of the display? Is the sweep speed now faster or slower?
9. Sketch the sine, square and triangle waveforms observed on CH1 and CH2.
a) Sine wave input signal b) Square wave input signal
c) Triangle wave input signal1
10. Generator Output Voltage
Table 2.10 Range of Generator Output VoltageMinimum !"#$%&%
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11. Describe what you see when triggering level is lower and when it is higher than the signal amplitude.
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14. Do any of the scope controls actually change the ac signal, which is connected at the input terminals?
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• A sine wave signal source (used for simulating the circuits in Figures 3.7 and 3.8) can be found under the Component menu by selecting Analog Primitives then Waveform Sources then Sine Source. In the dialog window that pops up, set the Value to any alphanumeric name you wish to give the source. Set the required frequency to F=1k(Hz) and the AC Amplitude to A= 0.2(V) in the model description area of the signal source. Note that A=0.2V corresponds to a magnitude of Vp-p=0.4V.
• For a square wave signal source (for simulating Figure 3.10), use the Pulse Source. The Pulse Source can be found under the Component menu by selecting Analog Primitives then Waveform Sources then Pulse Source. In the dialog window for the Pulse Source, set the Value of the source to SQUARE. Set the required amplitude and frequency of the square wave signal by changing the amplitude, duration and repetition period of the pulse sequence in the model description area of the square wave signal source. For a 10 kHz square signal, set the pulse parameters as follows: P1=0, P2=0, P3=50U, P4=50U and P5=100U.Set the signal amplitude in fields VZERO to -0.2(V) and VONE to 0.2(V). Note that this corresponds to a magnitude of Vp-p = 0.4V.
• To obtain input and output waveforms for certain circuits, you must run “TRANSIENT ANALYSIS”. To get the best results for your plots set the Transient Analysis Limits as follows for Questions 1 and 3 of pre-lab:
! Time parameters: Time Range = 5m; Maximum Time Step = 0.00001;
! Plot parameters Page P X-
ExpressionY-Expression X-Range Y-Range
Input signal 1 T V(1)* 5m,0,0.5m 1,-1,0.2Output signal
2 T V(2)* 5m,0,0.5m 12,-12,2
Note: *V(1) and V(2) are the AC input and output voltages at corresponding nodes of the simulation circuit set up. In your particular case they could have different numeration.
For Question 5 of the pre-lab, use:! Time parameters: Time Range = 0.5m;
Maximum Time Step = 0.000001;! Plot parameters (for question 5 of pre-lab):
Page P X-Expression Y-Expression X-Range Y-RangeInput signal 1 T V(1)* 0.5m,0,0.05m AutoOutput signal
2 T V(2)* 0.5m,0,0.05m Auto
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Note: For each simulation, print the Micro-Cap circuit set-up with node numbers. This will help your TA to correct any mistakes in your simulations. Bring all required plots to your lab session and submit them to your TA. You will use these plots to draw practical results of your experiments during the lab session.
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