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Multi-Channel MAC for Ad Hoc Networks: Handling Multi-Channel Hidden Terminals Using A Single Transceiver . Jungmin So & Nitin Vaidya University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Paper presented at ACM MobiHoc ‘04) Presenter: Rahul Ghosh, ECE Dept., Duke University . ECE 256, Spring 2008. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ECE 256, Spring 2008
Multi-Channel MAC for Ad Hoc Networks: Handling Multi-Channel Hidden Terminals
Using A Single Transceiver
Jungmin So & Nitin VaidyaUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
(Paper presented at ACM MobiHoc ‘04)
Presenter: Rahul Ghosh, ECE Dept., Duke University
Acknowledgments
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
Slides courtesy:
Jungmin So and Nitin Vaidya
http://www.crhc.uiuc.edu/wireless/groupPubs.html
Topics
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
IntroductionMotivationProblem Statement
Preliminaries802.11 DCF structure802.11 PSM mode
Issues in multi-channel environmentOther works in multi-channel MACProposed MMACSimulation resultsDiscussions
Motivation
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
‘Exploit multiple channels to improve network throughput’ … why ?
More number of parallel communications possibleStandard supports …
802.11b – 14 channels in PHY layer – 3 of them are used802.11a – 12 channels – 8 in the lower part of the spectra
and rest in higher
1
defer1
2
Problem Statement
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
The ideal scenario – use k channels to improve throughput by a factor of kReality is different…
Nodes on listening to different channels can not talk to each otherListen one channel at a time – constraint with single transcieverGoal: Exploit multiple channels using a single transcieverRequires modification of coordination schemes among the nodes
1 2
Topics
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
IntroductionMotivationProblem Statement
Preliminaries802.11 DCF structure802.11 PSM mode
Issues in multi-channel environmentOther works in multi-channel MACProposed MMACSimulation resultsDiscussions
Preliminaries
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
802.11 DCF (Distributed Coordinate Function)Designed for sharing a single channel between the hostsVirtual Carrier Sensing-
Sender sends Ready-To-Send (RTS)
Receiver sends Clear-To-Send (CTS)
RTS and CTS reserves the area around sender and receiver for the duration of dialogue
Nodes that overhear RTS and CTS defer transmissions by setting Network Allocation Vector (NAV)
802.11 DCF
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
A B C D
A
B
C
D
Time
802.11 DCF
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
A B C DRTS
A
B
C
D
RTS
Time
802.11 DCF
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
A B C DCTS
A
B
C
D
RTS
CTS
SIFS
NAV Time
802.11 DCF
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
A
B
C
D
A B C D
RTS
CTS
DATA
SIFS
NAV
NAV
Time
DATA
802.11 DCF
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
A
B
C
D
A B C D
RTS
CTS
DATA
SIFS
ACK
NAV
NAV
Time
ACK
Preliminaries
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
802.11 PSM (Power Saving Mode)Doze mode – less energy consumption but no communicationATIM – Ad hoc Traffic Indication Message
A
B
C
Time
Beacon
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
Preliminaries
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
A
B
C
Time
Beacon
ATIM
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
Preliminaries
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
A
B
C
Time
Beacon
ATIM
ATIM-ACK
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
Preliminaries
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
A
B
C
Time
Beacon
ATIM
ATIM-ACK
ATIM-RES
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
Preliminaries
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
A
B
C
Time
Beacon
ATIM
ATIM-ACK
DATAATIM-RES
Doze Mode
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
Preliminaries
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
A
B
C
Time
Beacon
ATIM
ATIM-ACK
DATA
ACK
ATIM-RES
Doze Mode
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
In essence …
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
All nodes wake up at the beginning of a beacon interval for a fixed duration of time (ATIM window)
Exchange ATIM during ATIM window
Nodes that receive ATIM message stay up during for the whole beacon interval
Nodes that do not receive ATIM message may go into doze mode after ATIM window
Topics
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
IntroductionMotivationProblem Statement
Preliminaries802.11 DCF structure802.11 PSM mode
Issues in multi-channel environmentOther works in multi-channel MACProposed MMACSimulation resultsDiscussions
Multi-channel Hidden Terminals
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
Multi-channel Hidden Terminals
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
Observations
1. Nodes may listen to different channels2. Virtual Carrier Sensing becomes difficult3. The problem was absent for single channel
Possible approaches
1. Exploit synchronization technique available from IEEE 802.11 PSM
2. Use multiple transcievers
Topics
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
IntroductionMotivationProblem Statement
Preliminaries802.11 DCF structure802.11 PSM mode
Issues in multi-channel environmentOther works in multi-channel MACProposed MMACSimulation resultsDiscussions
Related Works
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
Nasipuri et. al proposed for a scheme with N transceivers per host
Capable of listening all channels simultaneously
Find an idle channel and transmit – sender’s policy
Channel selection should be based on channel condition on receiver side
Cost becomes higher
Related Works
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
Wu et. al talks about a scheme with 2 transceivers per host
1. RTS/CTS/RES packets sent on control channel2. Sender includes PCL list in RTS, receiver picks one and
tells in CTS3. Sender transmits RES and sends data on agreed channel
No synch is requiredPer packet channel switching can be expensiveControl channel’s BW becomes an issue
Topics
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
IntroductionMotivationProblem Statement
Preliminaries802.11 DCF structure802.11 PSM mode
Issues in multi-channel environmentOther works in multi-channel MACProposed MMACSimulation resultsDiscussions
MMAC
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
Assumptions
- All channels have same BW and none of them are overlapping channels
- Nodes have only one transceiver
- Transceivers are capable of switching channels but they are half-duplex
- Channel switching delay is approx 250 us, avoid per packet switching
- Multi-hop synch is achieved by other means
MMAC
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
Steps –
- Divide time into beacon intervals
- At the beginning, nodes listen to a pre-defined channel for ATIM window duration
- Channel negotiation starts using ATIM messages
- Nodes switch to the agreed upon channel after the ATIM window duration
MMAC
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
Preferred Channel List (PCL)
- For a node, PCL records usage of channels inside Tx range
- HIGH preference – always selected
- MID preference – others in the vicinity did not select the channel
- LOW preference – others in the vicinity selected the channel
MMAC
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
Channel Negotiation
- Sender transmits ATIM to the receiver and includes its PCL in the ATIM packet
- Receiver selects a channel based on sender’s PCL and its own PCL
- Receiver sends ATIM-ACK to sender including the selected channel
- Sender sends ATIM-RES to notify its neighbors of the selected channel
MMAC
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
A
B
C
DTime
ATIM WindowBeacon Interval
Common Channel Selected Channel
Beacon
MMAC
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
A
B
C
D
ATIM
ATIM-ACK(1)
ATIM-RES(1)
TimeATIM Window
Common Channel Selected Channel
Beacon
MMAC
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
A
B
C
D
ATIM
ATIM-ACK(1)
ATIM-RES(1)
ATIM-ACK(2)
ATIM ATIM-RES(2)
Time
ATIM Window
Common Channel Selected Channel
Beacon
MMAC
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
ATIM
ATIM-ACK(1)
ATIM-RES(1)
ATIM-ACK(2)
ATIM ATIM-RES(2)
Time
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
Common Channel Selected Channel
Beacon
RTS
CTS
RTS
CTS
DATA
ACK
ACK
DATA
Channel 1
Channel 1
Channel 2
Channel 2
Topics
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
IntroductionMotivationProblem Statement
Preliminaries802.11 DCF structure802.11 PSM mode
Issues in multi-channel environmentOther works in multi-channel MACProposed MMACSimulation resultsDiscussions
Parameters
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
Transmission rate: 2MbpsTransmission range: 250mTraffic type: Constant Bit Rate (CBR)Beacon interval: 100ms
Packet size: 512 bytesATIM window size: 20msDefault number of channels: 3 channels
Compared protocols802.11: IEEE 802.11 single channel protocolDCA: Wu’s protocolMMAC: Proposed protocol
WLAN - Throughput
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
Multihop Network - Throughput
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
Analysis
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
- For DCA: BW of control channel significantly affects the performance and it’s difficult to adapt control channel BW
- For MMAC:
1. ATIM window size significantly affects performance
2. ATIM/ATIM-ACK/ATIM-RES exchanged once per flow per beacon interval – reduced overhead
3. ATIM window size can be adapted to traffic load
Topics
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
IntroductionMotivationProblem Statement
Preliminaries802.11 DCF structure802.11 PSM mode
Issues in multi-channel environmentOther works in multi-channel MACProposed MMACSimulation resultsDiscussions
Discussions
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
- MMAC requires a single transceiver per host to work in multi-channel ad hoc networks
- MMAC achieves throughput performance comparable to a protocol that requires multiple transceivers per host
- Beaconing mechanism may fail to synchronize in a multi-hop network – probabilistic beaconing may help
- Instead of counting source-destination pair for calculating channel usage, counting the number of pending packets may be a better idea
- Starvation can occur with common source and multiple destinations
Two Questions
ECE 256 / CS 215, Spring 2008
- While criticizing Wu’s protocol – control channel ‘prevents the data channel from being fully utilized’ … why ?
- Source and Destinations may not be in one hop distance and may not be communicated within a beacon interval