echnology Review

Elited at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology May 1961

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Bell Telephone scientists recently trans-mitted the human "Voicefor the first timeon a beam of "coherent" infrared light.

To do this they used their new OpticalMaser-a revolutionary device which maysomeday make light a new medium fortelephone, TV and data communications.

Here's why:Light waves vibrate tens of millions of

times faster than ordinary radio waves.Because of these high frequencies, lightbeams have exciting possibilities for han-dling enormous amounts of information.

Ordinary light waves-the kind put outby your living room lamp-move like anunruly mob. Coherent light waves movelike disciplined soldiers. Theoreticallythey can be controlled, directed and mod-ulated just as radio waves are now.

The possibilities are breath-taking.Light beams might be transmitted throughlong pipes, or could someday be just what

are needed for communications in space-for example, between space ships.

Many other uses for coherent lightbeams are being thought of as Bell Labo-ratories experiments go forward. Contin-uing research like this requires adequatetelephone company profits so that we canbring you the latest service improvementsat the earliest possible time and the low-est possible cost.

Bell laboratories sctentlst adjusts new Optital Masermodel, first such that operates continuously. Maseruses very Iittle power, transmits narrowest Iight beamever achieved. Name stands for "Microwave Ampl if i-calion by Stimulated Emission of Radiation."

@BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM

MAY, 1961 1

THE BREADTH

ME PA ••AND DEPTH OF

OJECT PROBE

Project Probe consists of the division ofresearch activity that slices horizontallythrough the areas of pure and appliedphysical, biological and engineering sci-ences. The basic philosophy of the pro-gram rests on the premise that only bysuch cross-disciplinary investigations andby a deep penetration into the fundamen-tals of science will true advances in elec-tronics be forthcoming.

Melpar Project Probe is not restricted toa fixed family of products, but aims at ex-pansion of knowledge and improvementof capability.

Melpar is seeking scientists and engineerswith creative ability and scientific curi-osity to participate in anyone of the areasof thi Probe.

Scientists and engineers who are interested in participating

in MELPAR: PROJECT PROBE, are invited to write to F. J.

Drummond, 33319 Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church. Virginia.

2

Heterogeneous ReactionsElectrochemistryMillimeter Wave ResearchNeurophysicsAcousticsStellar PhenomenonNMRSolid State PhysicsMagnetohydrodynamicsAdaptive ProgrammingMicrobiologyMicrowave OpticsEnzymologyUpper Atmosphere PhysicsOptics

\ OceanographyElectromagneticsESRMasersBiochemistryBiophysicsBiology

INDICATIVE OF THE AREAS OF ACTIVITY PRESENTLYBEING PURSUED IN PROJECT PROBE ARE:

BionicsBasic MetallurgyBasic CeramicsCrystal PhysicsCryogenicsCommunication ResearchData Processing ResearchHigh Temperature MeasurementsHigh Pressure PhysicsLogic ConnectivesMathematiCal Circuit SynthesisMathematicsPattern RecognitionPhysical ChemistryOrganic ChemistrySemiconductor PhysicsRadiochemistryThin Film PhysicsInorganic ChemistryLasersSpeech CompressionInfra-Red Research

MELPAR~'"fINC-,A Subsidiary of Westinghouse Air Brake Company

THE TECHNOLOGY REVIEW

TechnologyRe,:!~~Volume 63, Number 7 Edited at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology May, 1961

THE ATOMS FOR PEACE AWARD-the gold medallion shown above and a$75,000 honorarium-was presented to Sir John Cockcroft during the observanceof M.I.T.'s Centennial. Sir John was honored for promoting the use of isotopes,developing reactors, and advancing international co-operation.

of Fort Worth, Texas, whose deathwas reported to the Alumni Office.)IFeedbackKind Words Department

FROM CHARLES W. HOLZWARTH, '49:I find I am reading The TechnologyReview and circulating it among myassociates.

Please keep up the good work withyour new format and content.National Lock CompanyRockford, Ill.

An Embarrassing ErrorFROM JOHN C. ADAMS, JR., '48:Since the middle part of last summer,I have known that something waswrong, but was not fully aware ofwhat had happened untilI turned topage 5~ of the March, 1961, editionof your publication and noted myname in the deceased column, effec-tive August 1, 1960.

Having solved this problem, how-ever, a few additional problems haveresulted. For example,if they decideto challenge the Marblehead vote inthe recent presidential elections, theywill find that someone has voted agravestone name. More importantperhaps to me personally is the factthat I have foolishly paid my 1960 in-come taxes on income received afterAugust 1.

In all seriousness, I thought I hadbest advise you that I am very muchalive and kicking and hope to remainstatus quo.6 Elmwood RoadMarblehead, Mass.[The Review apologizes to John CecilAdams, Jr., '48, the author of theabove letter, for omitting the middlename of John Curtis Adams, Jr., '48,

EDITOR: Volta Torrey; BUSINESS MAN-

AGER: R. T. Jape,'28; CIRCULATION MAN-

AGER: D. P. Severance,'38; EDITORIAL AS-SOCIATES: J. J. Rowlands, Francis E.Wylie, John I. Matti1l; EDITORIAL STAFF:Ruth King, Muriel R. Roberts, PaulineGates; BUSINESS STAFF: Madeline R.McCormick, MarianneG. Hagerty; PUB-

LISHER: H. E. Lobdell, '17.

The Technology Review is published monthlyfrom November to July inclusive, on tbe 27th dayof the month preceding the date of issue, by theAlumni Association of M.LT.; ClarenceL. A.Wynd, '27, President;H. E. Lobdell, '17,Execu-tive Vice-president; Thomas F. Creamer, '40,WilUam L. Taggart, Jr., '27, Vice-presidents;Donald P. Severance, '38, Secretary-Treasurer.

Copyrighted,1961, by the Alumni Association ofM.LT.

Editorial and business offices arein Room 1-281,Massachusetts Institute of Technology! Cam-bridge 39, Mass. The ReviewIs publlshea at TheRumford Press,10 Ferry Street, Concord, N.H.

An annual subscriptlon in theU.S. Is $4.00; InCanada and elsewhere,$4.50; a single coey,60cents. Three weeks must be allowed to effect achange of address, for which both the old andthe new address should be given.

Second-class postage paid at Concord, N.H.

MAY, 1961

Contents The Cover

A hat similar to those shownin Fif-teenth Century Venetian paintings wasdesigned by Mrs. Helen Bottomly ofthe Department of Humanities for theMarshals at M.I.T.'s Centennial Con-vocation.

Individuals Noteworthy 4A new Corporation member is electedand a new provost is named . . . oth-er news of M.LT. people.

The Trend of Affairs 13M.LT. is host to the British PrimeMinister and many other distinguishedworld figures . . . a solar wind isfound ... and Professor NorbertWiener is honored by his colleagues.

Future Men and Machines 17

Short reports on the first four lecturesin a Centennial Series dealing withmanagement and computers of thefuture, by Alan J. Perlis, '49, Jay W.Forrester, '45, Herbert A. Simon, andJohn G. Kemeny.

A University's Heritage 23

Professor Arthur R. von Hippel con-tributes to the discussion of interde-partmental research centers.

Education in Art 26Robert O. Preusser describes a recentinnovation at M.I.T.

Books 28

V. A. Fulmer, '53, reviews C. P.Snow's Science and Government.

Weather Satellites 29Arnold H. Glaser, '52, reviews accom-plishments to date and indicates whatimprovements in forecasting now seemlikely.

Institute Yesteryears 33Items that were news at M.LT. 25, 50,and 75 years ago.

3

Individuals Notewort y

George Jobn Leness, '26

Corporation MemberTHE ELECTIONof George John Len-ess, '26, as a life member of theM.LT. Corporation was announcedon March 22 by Chairman James R.Killian, Jr., '26, Mr. Leness is thenewly elected president of Merrill,Lynch, Pierce, Fenner and Smith,Inc., in New York, and previouslyserved on the M.I.T. Corporationas an alumni term member, from1949 to 1954.

Mr. Leness has been with hispresent firm since 1943, when hejoined it as a general partner andhead of the Underwriting Depart-ment. He became vice-president andchairman of the Executive Commit-tee in 1959. He was previously as-sociated with Harris Forbes andCompany, Chase Harris Forbes Cor-poration, and the First Boston Cor-poration. He makes his home at1185 Park Avenue in New York,and is a director of the Sinclair OilCorporation and the BeekmanDowntown Hospital.

Mr. Leness received a degree fromHarvard as well as M.I.T., and is amember of Delta Tau Delta and TauBeta Pi' fraternities. His clubs in-clude the M.LT. Club of New York,the University Club, the Brook, andthe Down Town Association.

4

Charles Hard Townes

M.I.T.'s New ProvostCHARLESH. TOWNESwill fill there-established Office of Provost atM.I.T., starting next fall. As Prov-ost, he will be the senior academicofficer reporting to the Presidentand share responsibility with thePresident for general supervisionof the Institute's research and edu-cational programs. He will work di-rectly with the Deans in furtheringthe programs of the several Schools,and will have primary concern forall inter-School activities, includingthe new interdisciplinary researchcenters.

A native of Greenville, S. C.Dr. Townes received his first de-grees from Furman University andDuke University and his doctoratein physics at the California Instituteof Technology in 1939. He thenjoined the technical staff of the BellTelephone Laboratories, where heremained until his appointment tothe faculty at Columbia University.At Columbia he later served asexecutive director of the ColumbiaRadiation Laboratory "and chair-man of the Department of Physics.

Dr. Townes is a member of theNational Academy of Sciences, afellow and member of the Councilof the American Physical Society, a

member of the American Philosoph-ical Society, a senior member of theInstitute of Radio Engineers, andof other professional and learnedsocieties. He has been a Sigma Xinational lecturer, a Guggenheimfellow, and a Fulbright lecturer atthe University of Paris and theUniversity of Tokyo.

He has received the ComstockAward of the National Academy ofSciences, the Morris Liebmann Me-morial Prize of the Institute of Ra-dio Engineers, the Stuart BallantineMedal of the Franklin Institute,and, most recently, the RumfordPremium of the American Academyof Arts and Sciences. He is editorof Quantum Electronics,publishedlast year by the Columbia Univer-sity Press, and the author of morethan 100 books and scientific pa-pers. His most widely known workrelates to the theory and applica-tion of masers, on which he holdsthe fundamental patent.

Dr. Townes is currently on leavefrom his post as professor of phys-ics at Columbia and is serving asvice-president and director of re-search for the Institute for DefenseAnalyses in Washington.

Faculty PromotionsTHE EXECUTIVECOMMITTEEof theCorporation has approved the "pro-motions of the following membersof the Faculty to the rank of asso-ciate professor:

Judson R. Baron,'48, Aeronau-tics;

Amar G. Bose, '51, ElectricalEngineering;

Gene M. Brown, Biology;Gordon L. Brownell, '50, Nu-

clear Engineering;Steven A. Coons,'32, Mechani-

cal Engineering;Peter S. Eagleson, '56, Civil En-

gineering;Merton C. Flemings, Ir., '51,

Metallurgy;Moise H. Goldstein, Jr.,'51, Elec-

trical Engineering;Martin Greenberger, Industrial

Management;Elias P. Gyjtopoulos, '58, Nu-

clear Engineering;Sigurdur Helgason,Mathematics;Kerson Huang, '50, Physics;Kenneth A. Johnson,Physics;Daniel M. Kan,Mathematics;Jerome Y. Lettvin, '47, Biology;

(Continued on page 6)

THE TECHNOLOGYREVIEW

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Combustion Engineering, experiencedin the use of allkinds of marginal fuels and waste heat, and realizing thepotential worth of open hearth gas as a power source, de-signed its Waste Heat Controlled Circulation Boiler-a trulyefficient unit which makesmaximum use of the tremendousenergy in this gas.

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Squeezing more work out of waste is a finely developedart at C-E. No matter its source, Combustion believes thereis no such thing aswaste heat-only wasted heat.

A C·E Controlled Circula-tion Waste Heat Boiler.Type WCC. being shippedto a major midwesternsteel mill. One of a numberinstalled at this mill. it uti-lizes the heat energy inopen hearth exhaust gasto provide dependable. lowcost steam power.

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6

IndividuaJs Noteworthy(Continued from page 4)

John McCarthy, Electrical En-gineering;

Arthur P. Mattuck, Mathematics;Bruce Mazlish, Humanities;Marvin L. Minsky, Mathematics;StanislawOlbert, '53, Physics;Franklin P. Peterson,Mathemat-

ics;Irwin A. Pless,Physics;Robert O. Preusser, Architec-

ture;Ernest Rabinowicz, Mechanical

Engineering;Norman C. Rasmussen,'56, Nu-

clear Engineering;Richard D. Thornton, '54, Elec-

trical Engineering;Wallace E. Vander Velde,'56,

Aeronautics;Zenon S. Zannetos, '55, Indus-

trial Management.

Joseph Kaye: 1912-1961A NOTED AUTHORITY on generationof electricity directly from heat, Jo-seph Kaye, '34, Professor of Me-chanical Engineering at M.I.T.,died on March 20. Professor Kayehad been associated with the Insti-tute since 1939, and was co-inven-tor of a thermo-electron engine.

Born in Malden, he receivedboth his bachelor's degree and doc-torate at M.1.T. and was for twoyears anA. D. Little post-doctoratefellow in chemistry. He became aresearch assistantin the Division ofIndustrial Cooperation in 1939, in-structor in Mechanical Engineeringin 1940, director of the ResearchLaboratory of Heat Transfer inElectronics in 1952, and a professorin 1955.

He collaborated on the produc-tion of The Thermodynamic Prop-erties of Air (1945), and Gas Ta-bles (1948), and was co-author ofDirect Conversion of Heat intoElectricity (1960). He was a fellowof the American Academy of Artsand Sciences and a member of sev-eral professional and honorary so-cieties.

Professor Kaye is survived by hiswife, Ida; his parents, Mr. and Mrs.Nathan Kaminsky; two brothers,Dr. Abraham Kaye and DavidKaye; a sister, Mrs. Rose Levitts;and four sons, Leonard, Harvey,Sidney, and Charles, all of Boston.

(Continued on page 8)

THE TECHNOLOGY REVIEW

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This work, the first of a two volume sequence, has beenprepared primarily for the undergraduate course in Intro-ductory Electrical Engineering and focuses attention tolinear system analysis, electronic circuits and analog simula-tion and computation. A handy reference for practicingengineers seeking an introductory treatment of linear systemanalysis.

EXPERIMENTS IN HEARINGBy GEORG VON BEKESY, Harvard University. McGraw-HiD Series in Psychology. $25.00

An eminent international psychologist and physicist makesavailable to physiologists and psychologists the results ofhis unique ground-breaking experiments in the field of hear-ing. Over the years, von Bekesy has created-his own experi-ments and has established physiological and neurologicalfacts concerning hearing which have advanced this fieldconsiderably. The book is based on most of the paperspublished by the author during the last 30 years.

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THEORY OF MACHINESBy JOSEPH E. SIDGLEY, University of Michigan. TheMcGraw-Hill Mechanical Engineering Series.

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A technically sound and highly interesting review of thestudy of meteors slanted toward the radio engineer. Majoremphasis is placed on the interesting and useful connectionthat have developed in recent years between the modernscience of radio and the smallftying particle known asmeteors.

CONTROL OF NUCLEAR REACTORS ANDPOWER PLANTS. Second EditionBy M. A. SCHULTZ, Engineering Manager, WestinghouseTesting Reactor, Waltz HiU, Pennsylvania.

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This pioneering work introduces into the literature ofengineering a "discipline of lumped-parameter systemanalysis." This discipline is ba ed on an expanded conceptof conventional electrical network theory, and therebybrings into the domain of E.E. analysis a vastly broaderscope of problems. The book develops the discipline, andshows specifically how a single set of engineering conceptsis applied to the analysis of a wide variety of mixed systems.

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Individuals oteworthy(Continued from page 6)

James McGowan: 1886-1961A LIFE MEMBER of the M.I.T. Cor-poration, James McGowan, Jr., '08,died in Philadelphia on March 15.Mr. McGowan joined the Camp-bell Soup Company in Camden,N. J., as a chemist when graduatedfrom the Institute and became itspresident in 1946 and chairman ofits Board in 1950. He was born inScotland on February 8, 1886.

He became an alumni term mem-ber of the M.LT. Corporation in1947, was elected a life member in1952, and served on four VisitingCommittees of that body.

He was a trustee of the NutritionFoundation, Inc., a member of theInstitute of Food Technologists,and at one time chairman of theexecutive committee of the Nation-al Canners Association. He alsoserved on the advisory board tothe Research and DevelopmentBranch, Military Planning Divisionof the Office of the QuartermasterGeneral; and at the time of hisdeath was a director of the Penn-sylvania-Reading Sea Shore Linesand of the Philadelphia Manufac-turers Mutual Insurance Company.

Mr. McGowan is survived by hiswidow, Elizabeth McGowan, and ason, James P. McGowan.

(Continued on page 46)

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THE TECHNOLOGY REVIEW