,. / "/

•--

•

Tn the modern, hwnan-dorninaced world, a wide

variety of pescs threaten our environn1ent, agriculture,

and health, and muse be controlled. Part of che strategy

for cona·oliing pests is the use of chen1icals that kill or

reduce the numbers of the pesc.

While pesticides are important agents in pest control,

they also can carry significant risks if not used

carefully and srracegically. We now know thac some

pesticides that were once ,videly used can be extremely

dangerous to organisms other than the target pests.

Fifty years ago, a publication

alerted the people ofthe world to potential dangers in pesticide use.

This was the hook, Silent Spring,

written hy Rachel Carson and

published in 1962.

Exhib

it Pan

els

-- ,.~-/ -'....~.....

' :::- .... ' , - '-' ...........

50 Years of Environmental

Awareness

As a direct result of the publication ofSilent

Spring, practices ofpesticide use were subjected Experience the exhibit, to much more intense scrutiny and much has

read the book....changed. Most observers say the changes have

been for the better, but some suggest the itnpacts and be the jztdge. of Silent Spring have been negative.

Exhib

it Pan

els

A NOT-SO-SILENT BOOI< •

Published in 1962, Silent Spring documents the

effects of pesticides on the natural environment and

human and livestock health. It was first serialized

in The New Yorker magazine and subsequently

published in book form by Houghton Miffiin.

In Sil.ml Spring, R:tchcl Carson c,cplorcs several intt:r-rdarcd themes indudlng:

•The imp-Ac.ts ofpcsr.icides 0111101M·atgel Otl.""-llisrns and in n.amra.Lsys:tcms · The toxici,y of ~tkidcs to human he.11th

c~.... ,lit"''+ ..""..,.v -h,:~ "'' .... c,,,..,,r15 ~-.. :-1 1,c,,'I,, ,, ....•The tendency oftarget pcs-rs to build up rt-:.-isttmte to pesticide~ O\'=r time •, l'l'.l ....,,l'tr.'l).)"~S.....-.: tyH ,.,, V !Tl'" I'>',}

,. .-i.~• Alcctnativcs musing pesticides, c.spcdaUy in broad-scale ~tpplkation

Carson scs many di.ffertnt pesticides 1md u~elf numerous n:sc:arch studies or cye-wilncSS acoounl'S as evidence for pesticide impacts. Of the pesticides incntiond, DDT receives particular attention as itwas verywidely used tQ control insects ar that time. She warns:

Jn an lmeosc, somesay ~tlarmist tooe, Silt11I Spriflg's key rJ1eincis Lh:u hwnans are oot scpar.tte from narun: ;md n-:ttur-.U systcms1 but :.ire part of rhcm. C:1rson :t.rg\lCS dmt the bci.t str-.i.regy for surviv·:J--of our crops, ljvestoc:k. a.nd the millions ofJ;pc

RACHEL CARSON: A LIFE IN SCIENCE AND WRITING

Under 1 the Sea.,Wind

av RAc.tm. L C.,.-so.~ _.._"""·---- Can.on btcan)e i11creasiogly aware of the imp:tcts ofpc!;ticidcli on tl1e.1941 1951 1955 e11\'iroomem~ :\nd began

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• • Ill • •

• • • •• • • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • • • •• •• •

WHAT IS A

Pests are organisms that cause problems in .•.

•agricu1nm, aod animal husbandry •humal1 a.id liVCSli>c:khcmh •ourgarden ad ho,,,... •lh,; oanuaJ CIIYilonmcnt

7•

From a human perspective,

these organisms are in the

wrong place at tl1e wrong time.

Pesticides can mrgct. any cype ofpest. ·_D,_ere 3J't four main l'ypcs ofpcstici,lcs:

• Hcroicidc:, (target plant pests)

• Fungicides (taiger fon,,..t pesrs) • ·rnsect.iddes (target insects and other

arthropod pes!S)

• Bacteric;dcs (nugct b•cteri,1 pesrs)

Other J,c$ticides target ,vorm!;, snails a.od slugs, rod.ems} and other 3ninul pests. Some pesticides affect many organisms; others an: mol'e spcci6c.

Plant pests are ofre1\ called weeds. A weed is a pfant th:u is unwanted or causes da01.age in cetmin ateM,

Animal pc~tS can range from tiny worms up ro large mamru.als. Insects and rd:.1.tcd arthropods (such as ticks) arc the most signifk:rnr animal pc:$~-

Pe-S'rs can be microscopic. l'ungi, microbes (singlc·ccllc

WHAT WAS IT Lll'f' ,1169 fa,ds..Alrlf to 1950s-, then: w::.s:igrowi11,g beliefth.:tt rtchno1ogy and engincc.ri:ng could rqolvc all rhe eoonomic. he;1lth. ;ind environmental ch:aUcngc~ facing h\llll3nity.This prou\p1ed a n1pidly e.,qxi.nding dc1.·dormen1 and use ofchcmical'!i, including pesricid.:s. Comp:ml~ like DuPont, Monsanto, Alncrican Cvan:i..mid. 11.0d Dow grew r-J.pidly.

IHf I • 11

•

BETTER LIVING TI-TROUGJ-I CHEivHSTRY OuPQnd adQptcd tho slog,m. ' Better Things (or Bener Living ... Through Cherni:,11·-y" in 193S ftnd lu;ed if until J9S2 wh.c.n ~,. "'llm,ugh Chcmfany ,v,s delct«l. The phrase "Jlctt

Trucks spray DDT at Jones Beach, Long Island, New York, In the1940s.

. "

WHY THE FUSS OVER DDT? THE ORIGIN OF DDT DDT (or didtloro

-

--

an

,,,_ v

directl'Y

AN E)(CHANGE OF LETTERS In 2009, a collection of George Wallace's papers and books was donated

to the MSU Museum by his family. Museum staff discovered 28 letters

exchanged between Rachel Carson and George Wallace. The letters

document a correspondence over six years (1958-1964), revealing great

respect and warmth.

,t"O'JI" w '""'~ l'QICY'C l)Oo:,l ,1,..'llnf,Ol\.,cw

September 1960 to Octobc.r 1961, their com:spon'.iring effects of DD'l" and aoothcr tttat1.nem for Dutch Elin Disease,"I hop()'OIi ranforgiw me t1.'l>e11 I

;, :.a ~~1;, ]}9 ~..~;·· .':-" ·itJ:' ~:······.-·,,~ -:...::·.~··the po.. .J.:.1.~ ~. · · ·.:'·.. ·· · . .. • ••

r.e • .. . ~r.eg;r~s

~

to

THE DYING ROBINS OF MSU In Silent Spring, Rachel Carson refers to nu1nerous case studies and examples of the

negative i1npacts of pesticides. One prominent example is the case of the dying robins on

the campus of Michigan State University.

Here the story of Rachel Carson connects with that of an MSU faculty member, Professor

George Wallace. Wallace, an ornithologist, and his graduate students John Mehner and

Richard Bernard, collected birds-mostly robins- from MSU and surrounding suburbs

from the mid-1950s into the 1960s. The birds were found either dead or dying in tremors.

Tests on many of the birds' carcasses revealed elevated levels of the pesticide, DDT.

In the late 1950s and 1960s, DDTwas being sprayed by plane and from trucks

at MSU and elsewhere in Lansing in an

attempt to control Dutch Elm Disease.

Elms arc a bc:autiful shad

AN AMERICAN ICON AND DDT

America's national symbol-the Bald Eagle-was once headed towards

extinction. It is likely that several factors contributed to its decline including

habitat loss and hunting, but pesticides were the major contributor. Many

raptors (birds ofprey) such as Bald Eagles, Ospreys, Peregrine Falcons, and

others underwent dramatic population declines.

DDT used in agriC1.1lturc ancl forestry \or.ts wash-c

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•• •• •

• • •

\ RIVERS OF DEATH I

1l1t robins and other bitds of M ichjg.1.n State Uoivcrs.ity represented to Rachel Carson ,1 primary case srudy for pt.'Sticidc impacts on l:tnd.

Sir)1il:trly, die AU:mtic i.alntQn :rnd othtr fish of the: 1\1fo1rnichi River in New Brun.flwick, Canada cl~uiy demonstr.ltcd impacts on aquatic $)'l>tt'ms .

ln the early and ntid·1950s, forests near the Miramiclti were sprayed from planes with DDT in an attempt to control the Spruce Budworm (CJ,,,rislo11e11rafumifenma) that attacks conifers .

While the spraying had variable impact on the

budwor1n, runoff of the pesticide into streams

soon resulted in massive fish kills. The pesticide

killed aquatic insect larvae that were the diet

.,. '•~ - l•"c US Fish anti \Vildlife Service in the 1940S confirmed the dc:1tl1 ofin\'ertel)rarcs and fish d"c co DDT poi~oning. 1 n fact, many fish SJ/ccics are more S\1sceptiblc co poisoning tlrnn the salmon and trout in C.'lrson's account ofthe devastation on the Miramich.i RiYcr.

•

• •

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WHAT DOES

MEAN?

Silent Spring not only raised public awareness ofhow

pesticides can cause unintentional impacts on non-target

organisms, but also summarized growing evidence that

insects and otl1er pests can develop resistance to tl1ese toxins.

Resistance occurswhen a .few individuals in in agriculnirc is Qnc reason that insects su$"1 widely lL'ied4,.-ontinucs to grow. After many gcncrntions1 most o( hetbicide in America. 1l1is is t1le 6,s, coofinu:uion rhe population may be resistant. Thi..; is an ex~mp1c of giyphos:uc-rcsistam:t in w«.-ds in iVJichig:rn.ofevolution in action. \Vidcspread use of DD1'

F.ariy signs ofc;hcmical ,c:sisrancc in pests were n,orcd by othm as well.

. . "Hf thought .we htulso,ne ofthe prohlenzs solved when we got such good results fro111 the new

. . . . . .

. insecticides'. DDT.. 111ade 111edicalhistory in 1943and 1944 when an outbreak eftyphus i11 Naples . . - - - . . . - ..

was controlled in afew weeks by its use. Entomologists hoped then that. l)DTcould end all insect-. . .

borne diseases andeven eradicate the house Jly.·Jn less than a decade, ho'1.ue·ver1DDTwasfound to . . . . .

.be a fhilure agfli,1st _t~e body louse _in Korea, and._. Jailed to co11tro_l 1nosquitoes in so1nepl~ces.

/111~52 t/Je /Jo11sefly .'lV_ll,S 11:0 long·ert(!7!frollef/ill ~ any places by qny of _the resitfZJq(-type fn_s~cticiqes_i1,1 use, q_nd}t seertzf4 likely {/Jat ()(/Jer pests . . (th

•

• • • • • • •

• •

• •

• •

WHAT CAN MAl"

Exhib

it Pan

els

A ladybug preying on aphids.

THE RIGHT AND WRONG STUFF OF

In Siltr1! Spring, Rachel Carso11: ad,'OC".ttes biological 001u1

PESTICIDES AT WAR ...

US helicopter spraying Agent Orange in Vietnam.

US armed personne-t ca1rier spraying Agent Orange 1n V1.e1nam

THE RAINBOW HERBICIDES In the Vietnam War (1959-1975), a number of herbicides were used by the US against North Vietnam

and Viet Cong forces. These included Agents Pink, Green, Purple, Blue, White, and Orange. Rachel

Carson does not refer to these chemicals in Silent Spring, as their use only began in 1961.

AGENT ORANGE 1he best known and m0$t widely used was Agco, 01':rnge. 1h1s hctbicide was comprised of,;t mixture f'2,4-dichlon;,pJ1t:n,oxy;u;ctic add (2,4~0) and 2.4,5'-tricMorophenoxyacetic: acid (2,4,5-T). Agent Ora1\ge was later found to be oonr.uninattXI by dioxin, which h,l..S been called "possibly the most toxic molecule c,..er synthesiicd by man".

Agent Orange nnd other herbicides were ~pplicd from the .iir to defoliate r:tinfo~-rs tu give. less covtr to enemy troops, and to destroy crops to starve the e,1omy. Nearly 20,000.000 gallons wen: spr:iycd fro,n 1962 to 1971. Rcsulringfood i.hmrogcs affCCtcd miHtOns-, mostly in South Vkrn!)m.

EFFECTS OF AGENT ORANGE l11e chemicals ali;o caused burns and disfigurement to human skin. M any newborns suffered physical and mental disabilities. Cance, rates increased, with dioxin the likely cause.

Not·011ly the: Victnamt:lS

How the red fire ants

remained undefeated

,W

THE \

OF ENTOMOLOGY'

In the 19.30s, the Red hnpc,rtt.-d Fi.re Ant (So/mopll.1 i,wicu,J

WAS RACHEL CARSON

Almost certainly . . . no.

In Silent Spring, Rachel Carson cites many examples to

demonstrate the negative impacts ofpesticides. Critics

have disputed her use offacts or her conclusions.

Science in the 1950s lacked the powerful analytical

tools that scientists have today. Research subsequent to

Silent Sp1ing has strengthened our understanding ofhow

pesticides operate and how they should be used.

111e relationship between pc&.ticides an

THE POWER OF THE WORD

"It was a spri1zg withoztl voices.,, RACHEL CARSON

Sil EN f SPR//Jli, f'AGE l (1.002. EDll 10 rJJ

S;knl Spring wn.s an immediate succeS$. and had almo:;r immcdi..1rc impact. 1r was placed on the New York Times besr-scllct list. \+Vould the book have been so widety and cmln1si;\stica.Uy received ifit h:id been written in a diftCrcnt style?

Rachel Carson hoJWd her writing skiJls ovt.r many yc.1.ts. lier wotk with US Fish and \ Vildlife Service was largely to rrnnsl:ltc s,ciencc for a gencr.11audi.cncc.

·1hc ~oing chapter ofSilmr Spri11g is titled, ·A Fable for Tomorrow"', scarcely ,he introduc1-ion (>nc: might expect for a scienrific: bo(Jk. Her writing is dt.'$Cribt-d :.\S lyrical ~md poetic,, and th.is style was r:argeced by SOfl)C ofbet critics to suggest an un.scje1ui6c approach to ber ~nalyscs.

Lronically, Si/c,,t Sprfog is 1tot as lyrica.l a book as her three wotks on the sea. Her cooc ln

Sile111 Spring has been de~ribcd hy one s\lpporter -as ~,ooJ ;md furious~··--------~-----------------

':As crude a weapon as the cave man's club, the chemical

barrage has been hurled against thefabric oflife ... "

RACHEL CARSON

SILENT SPRING, PAGE 297 (2002 EDITION)

Yet it is the ftujd nature of her writiJ\g thar has certainly m:tdi.: her so easily re1d by di\'CJ'Se audic1K't'S. A 'dr)1 scientific style ofauthorship is un1ikcly ro have capru.rcd che imaginariOfl of so many people, in so-many w'llh o( life, so qui

stimp~ from se\"(!ml other counrrit.-s. .,..,,°""'

~ ~ ,

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'SA 11c

~ l!IX'l""i.a.t............._ : ....lbll. t>t,11(1"'C...._

WHAT blAPeENEB

5/t~NT- £PR/NQ?

Plenty!

Silent Spring became a best seller. It quickly influenced the thinking and

attitudes of not only the general public but also of legislators, researchers,

and government departments.

DDT wm, ba11ncd inSoon ofter publi

....

ANG AT MICHIGAN SlATE UNIVERSltY •••

"UeputDDTall over. • the latefifties and early... in sixties ••• we had the catastrophe ofthe robins dying."

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i\lSU now hosts the Rachel Carson Dlstingu.iihed Lttt\U'C Serie..., recogni7ing th

THE HEET OF PESTICIDES

Recent studies by Cornell University

suggest that the application of$10 billion

dollars in pesticides each year in the US

results in savings ofS40 billion in crops.

5 billion 'Ihe world uses over 5 billion pounds (2.5 million US tons) of pesticides each year.

150 million In ti>

ADD THE PESTICIDE OR CHANGE THE GENES?

Crops that have been genetically modified (GM) or engineered for pest

and herbicide resistance are increasingly being developed and grown.

Herbicide tolerant (HT) crops Pest-deterring (Bt) crops are arc genericaUy modified to generically modified to repel many withstand herbicides better than insect pests. Genes from the bacterium the ,veeds, so heavier doses of Bacillus thuringiensir that are 'spliced' herbicides can be used. HT into the plant's DNA cause me pfa.nt varieties of soybeans and cotton to make proteins toxic to insects. Bt are now extensively used. varieties ofcorn and cotton have high

usage in the USA.

Recently some pcsis have developed resistance to Bt crops. The Corton Bollworm (fl,licwerp/1

A LEGACY OF SILENT SPRING:

Silent Spring is not just about science; it is also about environmental ethics.

The argument Rachel Carson makes ----c --- ------

is that we not only harm ourselves if r

!5Who ·has,decided -. · ho:has:the·righiOwe misuse technology, but also that we . ..

humans do not have a right to devastate :t:qi(71tfess ](giq!7,S,;ofpipp/

studies the 111oral relationship of Thctc is growing interest in c:ombiniog environmental ethics and cnvironmenral S

OMEN IN SCIENCE

Today. wom"n occupy sdenn~c and managemf:'t'lf rotes ,n lhe US fis.h and Witdble service Glsetci Chapa is refuge l'Nk'lage, of rh• Egmont Key >lotlon..l W,tdhfe ~efuge near Sl Petersl>urg. Florida

Rachel Carson has become a symbol for change in the status ofwomen in science.

Some ofCarson's detractors emphasized her

gender and her unmarried status, labeling

her a "hysterical woman," a "priestess of

nature" and a "spinster."

When changing her major from English to biology,

Carson was warned that "there was no future for

women in science apart from teaching in high

schools or obscure colleges" and that "science was

too rigorous a field for women."

• • • CARSON • • • •RECEIVE ! • :,1963 I • • • • • •

Gniduatc \Vomcu in Science (GWIS) ls a n:m.onal, int cc-disciplinary society of scientists atld cnthu&ias1>-- bout men and womenwho cncour:i~ and support ,.,-omen to enter :lnd ~hievc success m science. Pictured here arc sc:vet'aJ G\VJS me.nix~ :i.t 1\--fSU.

~'ben Carson worked as a scientific writer at tJ,e US f;,h and ,v,1

THE DEBATE

GOES ON •••

...WHERE DO YOU STAND?

Silent Spring was published 50 years ago and still there is debate about the validity

of Rachel Carson's documentation ofpesticide effects and about the impacts the

book J1as had on the use ofpesticides in the US and around the world.

Drop atoken in the bin ofthe statement you agree with most

I think the message of Silent Spring was ...

imj)()rta111, :tkrring dlc txaggnwt~d. Cl.\\1..,ing wcrki to the d;1.nl(Cr.i ol excc~sivc :tfarm and im1,rop

' ~ I lOGol I :ioo& 2«111 I xr1008 ,-. " 20

..

.. '

E • l~. S

A LEGACY OF SILENT SPRING:

INTEGRATED PEST PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Today, environmental and agricultural agencies advocate for managing pests using

a combination of practices. This is called Integrated Pest Management (1PM). IPM

op~rates on the principle that "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound ofcure".

Of the ten elements of 1PM for managing pests, pesticides (chemical controls} are only one:

Planting ForecastingSelect cokmnr crors, alter Uk wt"athet dam w predict jll"!lt

pfanting 1imc al)d &paong- co ouibn:AA>,. Time treatments t.

m,th: rnii;ctl bdtls \\hc:-ro ,lppropriat.:. pro\'idc org,1nk matt~r-

1PM

Pest trapping Sec ,mp$ rh.-l attr:.K:l insect; to 111np()jm- whcl') ~ 2rrivc and

dec;idc ifcopiroJ t~ justified.

Record-keeping Rce()rd p31'\! ·•rptO

A NEW LIFE FOR DDT?

Some esti1nates suggest that DDT has saved millions of ~...OOf ··"""'...'""·°"'"'human lives since 1945 by preventing diseases such as ''''"Vl4 J•',4,

malaria, bubonic plague, sleeping sickness, and typhus.

Insect resi.st.tncc ro DOT was .identified .t.s cady as 1955 i,1 A&ica, and by 1972 popufations of 19 mosquit() spntio.ucs to be w;ed in the fight MALARIA l(ILLS ag,u:ist maL,ria in pans of the developing wo,Id byln light of question~ ibout its persistence, growing

being qmtycd on the im:idc walls Qf house:; t() n:pdrcsistuncc in inscru, and safocy, DDT ha.~ fallen our of 3000 CHILDREN insects. The World Health Organization (W HO) fuvor around the world. It is lr,u'lned in manycounttie$, supporrs this strategy:

EVERY DAV.

The debate continues.

Advocate$ suggest thar D DT restrictions ofperM)nntl spraying DDT (bur with no should be loosened ro aUow more widespread e\.'ident healrh ctfecu) and there is also some U$e :igainst m;1forfal mO:i(luiroes. 1hjs 1,,':lsc evidence linking this 'YI'

•i poimcd by the US Presidentand a1,-provcd by Congl,'CSS. 111¢ Agency h:Js approximately 17,000 employees including engineers. sciemists, ,1od fawyets.

•"The El?;\ c;uri.cs out environmenrn.l :\6!-cssmcnt. research, and education, and ~-nfOf'Ces n.arional stmdards un

TRAINING IN THE ART OF PEST ARFARE

•

When you see photographs of people applying

pesticides in the 1940s and 1950s, what do you

notice? Most obviously, they are not wearing any -protective clothing.

Fifry ycm ago, mosr people applying pesticides for agriculture or human bcahh had Unlc i( any training in how the pesticides should be uwcl or how tQ keep themsdvc:s protected from possible ;adverse effects. •

One ofRacliel Carson's key messages was that pesticides were being used in ignorance oftheir effects - on the environment and on human health.

Since the publication of Silent SprinJ!, people have btcomc muth more careful in how they U$C pestitidcs. lhere is greater awareness that even ifa pesticide is designated :.1s S:)fc to use, this is only if it is applied :10C(lrding to the proper instructions. l r is also better to be s:ifc thim .wrry, so wca.ring protixrhOttf! p,,tarl>W( "'"'t ,.c.-i.:,,.,1o1 ..• •l~WI( ~ P"IT*"'

Exhib

it Pan

els

EoSS-1_2048EoSS-2_2048EoSS-3_2048EoSS-4_2048EoSS-5_2048EoSS-6_2048EoSS-7_2048EoSS-8_2048EoSS-9_2048EoSS-10_2048EoSS-11_2048EoSS-12_2048EoSS-13_2048EoSS-14_2048EoSS-15_2048EoSS-16_2048EoSS-17_2048EoSS-18_2048EoSS-19_2048EoSS-20_2048EoSS-21_2048EoSS-22_2048EoSS-23_2048EoSS-24_2048EoSS-25_2048EoSS-26_2048EoSS-27_2048EoSS-28_2048EoSS-29_2048EoSS-30_2048