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Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
Ecological Impacts of Hydrokinetic Energy:In-stream Tidal Energy
Brian PolagyeUniversity of Washington
April 22, 2009
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Centernnmrec.oregonstate.edu (OSU - Wave)
depts.washington.edu/nnmrec (UW - Tidal)
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
•In-stream Tidal Energy Overview
•Ecological Impacts
•Center Activities
agenda,04-22-09,TID
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center021,04-22-09,TID
Tidal Energy Overview
Advantages Challenges
Predictable resourceNo CO2 emissionsNo visual pollutionOften located near load centers
Intermittent resourceNot invisible to aquatic speciesPotential to place additional stress on estuaries
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center024,04-22-09,TID
Approaches to Tidal EnergyBarrage Hydrokinetic
Comparable to hydroelectricVery high cost and environmental footprint
Comparable to windPotentially lower cost and environmental footprint
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center023,04-22-09,TID
General Device Specifications
■ Deployment currents: > 3 m/s peak
■ Deployment depth: 20-80 m
■ Rotor size: 5-20 m diameter
■ Maximum tip velocity limited by cavitation— Rule of thumb: 12 m/s— Utility-scale device limited to 10-15 rpm
■ Power output in proportion to velocity cubed— Small changes in velocity = large changes in power
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center025,04-22-09,TID
Hydrokinetic Devices(clockwise from left)
• Verdant Power• Clean Current• Marine Current Turbines• Open Hydro
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center022,04-22-09,TID
Common ElementsPile Chain Anchor
Tension Leg
Gravity Base
Gearbox-Generator
Direct Drive Generator
Foundation
Drive Train
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center020,04-22-09,TID
Site CharacteristicsIdeal Real
Uniform, flat-bottomed channelSmooth, bi-directional currents30-40 m water depthElectrical infrastructure to the shorelineNo existing usersBiological desert
Variable width and depth
Variable, turbulent currents with ebb/flood asymmetry15-100 m water depthElectrical infrastructure inlandMany existing usersBiologically vibrant
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
•In-stream Tidal Energy Overview
•Ecological Impacts
•Center Activities
agenda,04-22-09,TID
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center009,04-22-09,TID
Ecological Impacts Overview
■ Different concerns at each stage of a project— Pre-installation— Installation— Operation— Decommissioning
■ Low level of understanding— Unknowns or very broad range of potential effects— Most test data remains proprietary to developers— Challenging environment to make measurements
■ Difficult to perform a cost-benefit analysis
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center009,04-22-09,TID
Pre-installation Studies
■ Establish environmental background— Often not well-characterized
■ Many possible studies— Aquatic species use and abundance— Water quality— Currents— Substrate
■ How to best structure for “before and after”comparison?
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center010,04-22-09,TID
Installation
■ Disturbances to sea bed— Device foundation— Sub sea cabling (offshore and nearshore)
■ Disturbances on surface— Ship traffic— Lights— Noise
■ Potential to mitigate some impacts?— Small foundation footprint— Horizontal directional drilling under the nearshore
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center011,04-22-09,TID
Operation
■ Rotating machinery— Strike, collision, or entanglement danger
■ Noise— Avoidance behavior
■ Hard substrates— Colonization leading to aggregation behavior
■ EMF— Generator and cable
■ Hydraulic fluid and mineral lubricants
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center012,04-22-09,TID
Operation (cont)
■ Changes to local flow field (near-field effects)— Sedimentation, mixing
■ Changes to regional tidal regime (far-field effects)— Currents, mixing, tidal range, transport
■ Cumulative effects of large arrays— Can effects be extrapolated from a single device?
■ Toxicity of anti-fouling coatings
■ …
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center013,04-22-09,TID
Decommissioning
■ Removal of infrastructure— Cables— Foundation— Device
■ Should everything be removed? Would it be less disruptive to leave foundation? Should the cables remain in place for observations?
■ Who pays for removal of a failed project?
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
•In-stream Tidal Energy Overview
•Ecological Impacts
•Center Activities
agenda,04-22-09,TID
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center014,04-22-09,TID
NNMREC Tidal Research Areas
■ Area #1: Environmental effects
■ Area #2: Site and device characterization (mobile testing)
■ Area #3: Array optimization
■ Area #4: Advanced materials for survivability and reliability
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center016,04-22-09,TID
Modeling Extraction in Puget SoundConcerns that tidal energy extraction could exacerbate existing stresses (hypoxia)
Modeling goals:— In-stream power potential
for Puget Sound— Optimal siting of arrays
Assumptions:— Flow dominantly 1D— Neglect salinity effects— Neglect small-scale
features
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center015,04-22-09,TID
Effect of Extraction on Transport
12
4
6
8
Extraction fromAdmiralty InletExtraction fromTacoma Narrows
Extraction fromBoth Sites
C
D
B
A
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center018,04-22-09,TID
Cost-Benefit Evaluation
Species impact(fish, marine mammals)
Changes to physical environment(sedimentation, dissolved oxygen)
Changes to tidal regime(transport, range, mixing)
?
?
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center001,04-22-09,TID
Field measurements to inform all parties• Site developers – resource and site characteristics
• Device developers – device performance and effects
• Regulators – existing environmental and effects
Site and Device Characterization
R/V Jack RoberstonUniversity of Washington, Applied Physics Lab
Students preparing Sea Spider for deployment
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center002,04-22-09,TID
What is the most efficient way to survey a tidal energy site?
Shipboard Survey
Research Question
Survey
CurrentsWater QualityFish AbundanceSeabedAmbient Noise
Equipment
ADCP (RDI Workhorse - 300 kHz)CTD + O2 (SeaBird), Bottle RosetteEchosounder (BioSonics)Bottom grab, ROV (SeaBotix)Hydrophone (Cetacean Research)
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center003,04-22-09,TID
Currents
Currents exceeding 3m/s“Slack water” for 10-20 minutes (currents less than 1 knot)Significant spatial and temporal variability
Survey Area(1 x 1.5 km)
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
-70
-60-50
-40
-30
-20-10
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Turbidity (NTU)
Dep
th (m
) Cast 1Cast 2Cast 3Cast 4Cast 5
003,04-22-09,TID
Water Quality
In-situ measurements show slight halocline and thermocline (for this cast)
Lab results indicate low turbidity (for this season)
(WHO drinking water guidelines: < 1 NTU)
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center006,04-22-09,TID
Hydroacoustics for Fish Abundance
Seabed return
Large Cobbles
Fish School?
• BioSonics echosounder (Center partner)
• Significant cross-talk between echosounder, ADCP, and depth finder
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center004,04-22-09,TID
Grab Samples
Background Noise
Natural noise from strong currentsMany anthropogenic sources
• Shipec grab (spring loaded)― Attempt #1: 3 pebbles― Attempt #2: nothing
• Van Veen grab (not deployed)• Consistent with scoured seabed
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center005,04-22-09,TID
ROV Survey
• Scoured seabed• Relatively flat• Cobbles and gravel• Sponges• Barnacles
• Consistent with high currents and grab samples
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center007,04-22-09,TID
Equipment Package for Stationary Survey
300 kHz ADCP (velocity)
Lead Weight(600 lbs)
Mini-CTD (salinity and temperature)
Hydrophone (background noise)
Sea Spider (heavy duty fiberglass frame)
Acoustic release (redundant recovery)
Programmed for 4 month deployment
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center014,04-22-09,TID
Next Steps in these Areas
■ Modeling changes to physical environment– 3D numerical modeling, including baroclinic effects– Partnership with Pacific Northwest National Labs (PNNL) to
evaluate changes to physical environment
■ Additional shipboard surveys– Every four months for next 8-20 months– Begin to establish seasonal variability
■ Additional instrumentation for stationary survey– Fish tag hydrophone (May)– Upgraded storage and power for ADCP (May)– Echolocation hydrophone (August)
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
Questions?
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Centernnmrec.oregonstate.edu (OSU - Wave)
depts.washington.edu/nnmrec (UW - Tidal)